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Topic: Phibun Songkhram

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	BookRags: Luang Phibun Songkhram Biography
		Luang Phibun Songkhram (1897-1964) was a military officer and prime minister of Thailand.
		Phibun was one of the organizers of the Revolution of June 24, 1932, which ended the absolute monarchy, and served in the first governments of the new regime.
		Phibun's second term as prime minister was clouded by rivalries among his military supporters and by increasing public dissatisfaction with corruption and economic stagnation.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/luang-phibun-songkhram (595 words)

	Thailand - MSN Encarta
		In 1939 Phibun changed the name of the country from Siam to Thailand in an effort to popularize the idea of its leadership of all speakers of the Tai languages, not just those inhabiting Siam’s narrow bounds.
		In 1943 Japan rewarded the Phibun government for its cooperation with the Japanese by awarding Thailand part of the territory that had been incorporated into British Burma in 1885 and the four Malay states that Siam had been forced to cede in 1909.
		Phibun’s government, like the military regimes that followed it, made close relations with the United States and other Western nations central to its foreign policy.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561385_11/Thailand.html (1856 words)

	Phibun Songkhram
		Field marshall Phibun Songkhram (July 14, 1887 - June 11, 1964) (also sometimes spelled Phibul Songkhram) was prime minister and military dictator in Thailand from 1938-1944 and 1948-1957.
		He was born on July 14, 1887 in the Nonthaburi province[?] as son of Mr.
		The resulting unrest led to a coup by Field Marshal Sarith Thanarath in 1957, after which Phibun Songkhram had to leave the country.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ph/Phibul.html (220 words)

	Phibun Songkhram - the master of the coup d'etat
		In his political career spanning 25 years, Phibun Songkhram was responsible for four coups, put down a rebellion, was Prime Minister for two terms, totaling 14 years, survived three coups while in power and was finally overthrown in a coup.
		During a rebellion of royalist troops against the government in October 1933, it was Lieutenant-Colonel Phibun Songkhram who commanded the government troops that crushed the rebellion after three days of intense fighting.
		Phibun bided his time and on 08 April 1948, Khuang Apaiwong, the man who replaced Phibun four years ago, was forced out from office.
	tour-bangkok-legacies.com /phibun-songkhram.html (771 words)

	CPAmedia.com: A Forgotten Invasion: Thailand in Shan State, 1941-45
		Phibun's reward for entering into this alliance was a secret Japanese guarantee to return to Thailand the Malayan provinces ceded to the British in 1909, as well as - with no comparable historical justification - the "lost territories" of Burma's Shan State.
		Phibun, however, was determined that Thailand should both be on the winning side, and that it should benefit from the spoils of victory.
		Phibun eventually turned his attention to the problem in January, 1943, when he ordered ten tons of quinine to be sent to the Northern Army.
	www.cpamedia.com /history/thailand_in_shan_state (2126 words)

	BookRags: Sarit Thanarat Biography
		The Thai army officer and prime minister Sarit Thanarat (1908-1963) overthrew the government of Phibun Songkhram in 1957 and was responsible for initiating major programs of economic development and social welfare.
		The restoration of Phibun by the 1947 coup was in effect the assumption of power by a generation of army officers which, unlike Phibun and the leaders of prewar governments, had not had foreign training.
		Phibun's power slipped rapidly in the 1950s as economic conditions worsened after the Korean War boom; official corruption became more blatant; and Phao's ruthless attacks on political rivals, the Chinese business community, and civilian political figures got out of hand.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/sarit-thanarat (827 words)

	Thailand - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Thailand
		This was refused, but after a brief struggle Phibun signed a treaty with the Japanese, and by 1942 Thailand had declared war on the Allies.
		However, there was an anti-Japanese guerrilla movement, the Free Thai, which succeeded in forcing the resignation of Phibun in 1944.
		The year 1947 saw a military coup by the wartime leader Phibun Songkhram, and the army retained control during the next two decades, with the leader of the military junta periodically changed by a series of bloodless coups: Field Marshal Phibun Songkhram 1947–57, Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat 1957–63, and Gen Thanom Kittikachorn 1963–73.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Thailand (2510 words)

	Thailand's Secret War - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		American officials viewed Phibun’s saber-rattling as a threat to the Asian status quo, so in November 1940 they abruptly halted the delivery of warplanes purchased by the Thai government in the USA.
		These maneuvers put Phibun in a position to claim that he had kept his pledge to defend Thai neutrality, but had bowed to overwhelming force.
		Because the Japanese were suspicious of Pridi, Phibun relieved him of the finance portfolio in mid-December 1941, softening the blow by appointing him to the prestigious, but politically impotent, Council of Regents that acted for the nation’s absent monarch, the teenaged King Ananda.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0511079508&ss=exc (3456 words)

	History of South East Asia
		Phibun and his supporters, unimpressed by the floundering Western democracies of the period, were attracted to other political models – fascist Italy, Germany and above all Japan, the one Asian country which seemed to offer Thailand a pattern for modernisation.
		Phibun pointed out that Siam’; was originally a term for the area used by Chinese and other foreigners, but the change also had irredentist implications – should ‘the land of the Thais’ include ‘Tai’ people who lived beyond its borders, many as a result of Western pruning of the old Bangkok empire?
		At first, however, Phibun’s actions were widely supported, and Thailand was rewarded by Japan with the Shan states of Burma in 1942 and the four northern Malay states in 1943.
	www.aseanfocus.com /publications/history_thailand.html (7416 words)

	Pridi Banomyong — the father of Thai democracy
		It was the radical politics in France that sowed the seeds of socialism and democracy in Pridi Banomyong's mind.
		With Phibun gone, Pridi Banomyong as Regent nullified Thailand's declaration of war on the Allies and repudiated all previous agreements made with Japan.
		In November 1947 Phibun struck with a coup.
	www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com /pridi-banomyong.html (1258 words)

	Pridi Phanomyong - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Pridi Phanomyong (1900-1983), Thai statesman, who, along with Phibun Songkhram, led the coup that changed Thailand from an absolute to a...
		On June 24, 1932, a small revolutionary group, including European-educated civilians and discontented army officers, overthrew the absolute monarchy...
		Phibun Songkhram (1897-1964), Thai field marshal and statesman who, with Pridi Phanomyong, organized a successful revolt against absolute...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Pridi_Phanomyong.html (75 words)

	Burma Net News: June 7,1996. #436
		Field Marshal Phibun Songkhram, then Thai ruler, ordered a ceasefire, his government having agreed that to fight the Japanese would be suicidal.
		One week later, on Dec 211, 1941, Phibun signed a formal treaty of alliance with Japan in front of the Emerald Buddha at Wat Phra Keo, considered the most sacred object in all Thailand.
		Phibun eventually turned his attention to the problem in January,1943, when he ordered ten tons of quinine to be sent to the Northern Army.
	www.ibiblio.org /obl/reg.burma/archives/199606/msg00120.html (6542 words)

	Puloinfo.net
		General Phibun was an extreme right-wing nationalist who was very much influenced by the neo-fascist and ultra-nationalist ideas of Nazi Germany and Japan at the time.
		In 1939 General Phibunâs government introduced the Thai Ratthaniyom (Thai Customs Decree) which forced all Thai citizens to conform to a set of common cultural norms and which forced all minority groups to follow the model set by the government.
		Under General Phibunâs decree Patani Malays were not allowed to dress according to their Malay customs, were forced to use the Thai language, and in some cases even forced to participate in the public worship of Buddhist idols.(3) Phibunâs policy led to an immediate response from the Patani Malays who rebelled against the government.
	www.puloinfo.net /?Show=Sejarah (2076 words)

	The Thai Vietnamese War Japan Alternate History
		Merdeka War, conflict that marked the ascent of Indonesia as an independent nation, and the Thai-Vietnamese War, a bloody but short conflict where the Thai kingdom regained some of the territory its lost to the western powers in the nineteenth and twentieth century.
		Thai nationalists desired to expand his country’s borders and based his territorial ambitions on the fact that from the latter part of the eighteenth century the Thai state had rapidly expanded the scope of the lands over which it claimed suzerainty and accepted tribute.
		In the expansive view of Phibun’s chief ideologue, Luang Wichit Wichitwatakan, these included not only the Lao, the Shans, and the T’ai peoples in southwestern China, but the Cambodians as well.
	www.angelfire.com /gundam/japanese_empire/altjap/thaiviet.htm (1424 words)

	Thailand's Opium: The Fruits of Victory
		One of these was composed mainly of ambitious young army officers led by Sarit; the other was led by the commander in chief of the army, General Phin, and sparked by his aggressive son-in-law, Col.
		But after the Phibun government allied itself with the United States in 1950, it took a harder line, generally urging the Chinese to remain neutral about politics in their mother country.
		Prime Minister Phibun was the first to attack Phao, commenting to the press that the high opium rewards seemed to be encouraging the smuggling traffic.
	www.drugtext.org /library/books/McCoy/book/30.htm (3628 words)

	South Thailand insurgency - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		There has been a separatist movement in Pattani since at least the 1930s, but under successive Thai military regimes it was firmly suppressed.
		During World War II, when Thailand under the nationalist regime of Marshal Phibun Songkhram was an ally of Japan, Tengku Mahmud Mahyuddin, a prominent Pattani leader who was the son of the last Raja of Pattani, allied himself with the British in promises that after the war should they win, Pattani would be granted independence.
		In the late 1940s when the Phibun regime tried to impose Thai-language education on the area the Pattani leader Haji Sulong Tokmina (who had supported the Japanese during war as a rival to the pro-British Tengku Mahmud Mahyuddin), wanted cultural autonomy but not independence.
	www.voyager.in /South_Thailand_insurgency (1855 words)

	Asia Times - News and analysis from throughout Southeast Asia
		Moreover, military generals have served in the position of prime minister for 48 of the past 72 years.
		By the time Thanom took power in the 1960s, the country had endured the military dictatorships of Phibun Songkhram and Sarit Thanarat.
		Thanom's contemporaries in the region were men whose capacity for oppression is legendary: Myanmar's military leader Ne Win, Filipino leader Ferdinand Marcos and Indonesian leader Suharto.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Southeast_Asia/FF22Ae03.html (942 words)

	The Thai Resistance in World War II
		In the years preceding the outbreak of World War II (WWII), the countries bordering Thailand had all been colonized by European nations, while Thailand itself had only recently become freed from rule by absolute monarchy.
		The political scene was dominated by two factions, one of which was authoritarian and pro-monarchist – unofficially led by Phibun Songkhram – and another of a more liberal persuasion, concerned to a greater degree with improving equality throughout the kingdom, which coalesced around the figure of Pridi Banomyong.
		When the Japanese launched their plan to create the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere through invasion of East and Southeast Asia, pressure on resources meant that they were prepared to come to an arrangement with leaders of Thailand rather than outright military annexation.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/east_asian_history/105979 (470 words)

	General Thailand Information
		This finally led to a takeover by Thai intellectuals, along with military help, in 1932.
		The name of the country was changed from Siam to Thailand in 1939 by Prime Minister Phibun Songkhram, mainly because he wanted to disassociate his country from the past.
		Translated literally, Thailand means "Land of the Free".
	www.thaivisit.com /info (322 words)

	Untitled Document
		One week earlier, on December 14, the Thai Prime Minister Phibun had agreed to a Japanese request of supporting Japanese forces on the northern Burmese front.
		Traditionally, the RTAF had had strong ties with France, Great Britain and the USA, but there was no option other than becoming a reluctant ally to Japan.
		To operate the new Ki-30s, two new squadrons, Foong Bin Phibun Songkhram 1 and 2 were formed at Don Muang.
	www.j-aircraft.com /research/jan_forsgren/j-aircraft_royal_thai.htm (5883 words)

	The Japanese Occupation
		One officer Major H.P. Seagrim had been assigned the task of training and working with the Karens in preparation for the oncoming Japanese invasion.
		In 1941 the Japanese requested that the then Thai Prime Minister, Phibun Songkhram, allow safe passage to Japanese troops so that they may attack Burma.
		Karen frontier guards in the Salween district near Papun were put on alert and a number of armed exchanges with their Thai counterparts were reported as the Japanese moved through Thailand towards Burma.
	www.ibiblio.org /obl/docs3/History/japanese_occupation.htm (1024 words)

	Find Military Schools Surplus Aircraft Banks and Schools
		The Democracy Monument in Ratchadamnoen Avenue was erected in 1939 to commemorate the 24 June 1932 coup.
		That was the year when the People's Party led by Pridi Banomyong and the military faction under Phibun Songkhram staged a coup that changed the face of Thai politics for years to come.
		The 150-year-old absolute monarchy came to an end and Thailand changed to a constitutional government.
	www.find-military.us /articles/220.html (663 words)

	[No title]
		In many Asian countries, betelnut consumption has receded with economic development.
		In Thailand, for example, chewing betel fell into disfavour after being attacked by the country's long-time military strongman, Phibun Songkhram.
		Along with encouraging men to kiss their wives before going to work and calling on everyone to use forks and spoons instead of their hands to eat, Mr Phibul fought the betelnut habit because he wanted Thais to have white teeth, as in western countries.
	courses.wcupa.edu /rbove/eco343/040Compecon/SEAsia/Taiwan/040101nuts.txt (736 words)

	[No title]
		XE "Documents:A Policy Statement by the New Government under Phibun Songkhram in January, 1939"
		The purpose of this so-called ‘Grand Palace Coup’, named after the plotters’ chose to start it with capturing the Grand Palace, was to wrestle power from the military and Phibun Songkhram, respectively.
		However, the coup was poorly executed, crushed by Sarit Thanarat, and Pridi went into exile, first in China and then in France, never to set foot on Thai soil again until he died in 1983.
	www.leeds.ac.uk /thaipol/Bibliog.htm (2815 words)

	Thailand Travel Guide - Things to do, Eating Out, Entertainment etc in Thailand
		The then Prime Minister, Phibun Songkhram, wanted to forget the country of the past and gave it a name which translates literally as ‘Land of the Free’.
		Despite the desire of Songkhram to disassociate his country from the past, Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia which has never been colonized.
		This has resulted in more historical evidence of past native cultures than any other country in the region too.
	www.hostelworld.com /spanish/countryinfo/country.php/ChosenCountry.Thailand (496 words)

	Military Coups In Asia - Encyclopedia FunTrivia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Military coup brought Gen. Park Chung Hee to power 1961.
		Thailand became a puppet ally of Japan under Field Marshal Phibun Songkhram 1941.
		Phibun regained power in military coup 1947, but he was ousted in another coup 1957.
	www.funtrivia.com /en/subtopics/Military-Coups-In-Asia-79918.html (455 words)

	2001 Annual Meeting: Interarea Sessions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Thailand nationalist leader in the late 1930s, Phibun Songkhram, stirred his countrymen by evoking the nation’s past glories and emphasizing the critical importance of military power in an unsettled time.
		This created a dilemma for the Japanese, who desired Phibun cooperation but were unwilling fully to endorse his territorial ambitions.
		Pridi, however, failed to consolidate his domestic political position and his hopes for a Thai-led regional movement were dashed when the army seized power in Bangkok in 1947 and Southeast Asia divided into hostile camps with the intensification of the Cold War.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/2001abst/Interarea/Sessions.htm (17154 words)

	Thailand Law Forum: Revitalizing the Law and Development Movement.
		Chulalongkom was not alone among Thai leaders in his belief that law could lead development.
		Prime Minister Field Marshal Phibun Songkhram, apparently in hopes of modernizing Thailand, passed a law during the 1940s forcing women to wear hats while on the street and forbidding anyone not wearing coat, hat and shoes from entering a building.
		See also Sharp, Lauriston and Hanks, Lucien M. Bang Chan: Social History of a Rural Community in Thailand 156 (anecdote about the effect of this law on villagers' lives).
	www.thailawforum.com /articles/revitalizing7.html (1512 words)

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