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	Philip Freneau - MSN Encarta
		Philip Freneau (1752-1832), American poet and journalist, known as the poet of the American Revolution.
		Philip Morin Freneau was born in New York City and educated at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University).
		While serving in that capacity, Freneau founded and was editor of the National Gazette, a newspaper that gave forceful expression to the libertarian ideals of Jeffersonian democracy and that attacked the American statesman Alexander Hamilton and the Federalist Party.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564280/Philip_Freneau.html (235 words)

	§18. Philip Freneau. IX. The Beginnings of Verse, 1610–1808. Vol. 15. Colonial and Revolutionary Literature; ...
		Philip Freneau was born in New York of Huguenot ancestry in 1752, and died near Freehold, New Jersey, in 1832.
		Freneau’s poems of the “glory of America” type, such as his Rising Glory of America, written in collaboration with H. Brackenridge 10 when the two were seniors at Princeton, were inspired by a great vision and still retain a certain eloquence.
		Freneau’s masters in satire are Dryden, Churchill, and “Peter Pindar”; and his tone ranges from burlesque to invective.
	www.bartleby.com /225/0918.html (1415 words)

	PAL: Philip Freneau (1752-1832)
		Philip was the eldest of the five children of Pierre Freneau and Agnes Watson (Austin 65), and the first to use the spelling Freneau (Bowden 15).
		Philip's mother, however, decided that Philip should continue his education and sent him along to Nassau Hall in due course, but with a tacit understanding between mother and son that he was to seek a degree in Divinity.
		Freneau found himself unpopular with Martha Washington because he wrote he thought her coach, "a very large cream-colored chariot of globular form, surrounded by cupids supporting festoons of flowers emblematically arranged around the panel-work," was not in keeping with the simplicity the Jeffersonians thought more appropriate for a Republic (Austin 163).
	www.csustan.edu /english/reuben/pal/chap2/freneau.html (3216 words)

	PAL: Philip Freneau (1752-1832)
		Philip was the eldest of the five children of Pierre Freneau and Agnes Watson (Austin 65), and the first to use the spelling Freneau (Bowden 15).
		Philip's mother, however, decided that Philip should continue his education and sent him along to Nassau Hall in due course, but with a tacit understanding between mother and son that he was to seek a degree in Divinity.
		Freneau found himself unpopular with Martha Washington because he wrote he thought her coach, "a very large cream-colored chariot of globular form, surrounded by cupids supporting festoons of flowers emblematically arranged around the panel-work," was not in keeping with the simplicity the Jeffersonians thought more appropriate for a Republic (Austin 163).
	web.csustan.edu /english/reuben/pal/chap2/freneau.html (3216 words)

	From Revolution to Reconstruction: Outlines: Outline of American Literature: Democratic Origins and Revolutionary ...
		Philip Freneau, incorporated the new stirrings of European Romanticism and escaped the imitativeness and vague universality of the Hartford Wits.
		Freneau set himself against this holdover of old Tory attitudes, complaining of "the writings of an aristocratic, speculating faction at Hartford, in favor of monarchy and titular distinctions." Although Freneau received a fine education and was as well acquainted with the classics as any Hartford Wit, he embraced liberal and democratic causes.
		Freneau commanded a natural and colloquial style appropriate to a genuine democracy, but he could also rise to refined neoclassic lyricism in often-anthologized works such as "The Wild Honeysuckle" (1786), which evokes a sweet-smelling native shrub.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~usa/LIT/freneau.htm (389 words)

	Philip Freneau: Bibliography
		Philip Freneau and the Cosmic Enigma, Nelson F. Adkins.
		Philip Freneau, The Poet of the Revolution: A History of His Life and Times, Mary S. Austin.
		Philip Freneau: Poems - An index of poems by Freneau.
	www.poetry-archive.com /f/freneau_philip_bibliography.html (222 words)

	Philip Freneau (1752-1832) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Some of Philip Freneau's poems require an explanation of the changing political context of the 1770s through 1790s so that their arguments may be understood.
		Freneau's religious poetry, with its striking absence of scriptural allusion and Christian doctrine, may prove rather alien to students of traditional Christian background.
		Freneau cultivated a variety of styles, most of which were suited to the newspaper readership of common Americans he envisioned as his audience.
	www.georgetown.edu /faculty/bassr/heath/syllabuild/iguide/freneau.html (501 words)

	Coll. 21: Philip Freneau Collection, 1661 - 1939
		Philip Morin Freneau a poet, editor, and mariner, was born on January 2, 1752, on Frankfort Street in New York City.
		He was the son of Pierre Freneau (1718-1767) and Agnes Watson (1727-1817), who was the daughter of Richard Watson (n.d.) of Freehold, N.J. Philip's brother Peter (1757-1813) was a former Secretary of State for South Carolina.
		Philip Freneau was engaged in newspaper work for the next seven or eight years.
	www.monmouth.com /~mcha3/coll21.html (1428 words)

	Heath Anthology of American LiteraturePhilip Freneau - Author Page
		Philip Morin Freneau, the most versatile and vitriolic of the patriot poets, was born in New York, the son of Pierre Fresneau, a tradesman, and Agnes Watson.
		Freneau won an audience for his poetry in 1775 with a series of verse satires of British officials and Tories, of which “A Political Litany,” has proved the most enduring.
		Freneau’s importance as a poet is evident in his work in creating a language and a subject matter adjusted to the increasingly democratic ideology of newspapers and magazines.
	college.hmco.com /english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/eighteenth/freneau_ph.html (752 words)

	Freneau, Philip [Morin]
		Freneau, Philip [Morin] (1752-1832) fulfilled the dream of his wine merchant father, Pierre Fresneau (old spelling) when he entered the Class of 1771 to prepare for the ministry.
		Well versed in the classics in Monmouth County under the tutelage of William Tennent, Philip entered Princeton as a sophomore in 1768, but the joy of the occasion was marred by his father's financial losses and death the year before.
		Although Freneau had produced several accomplished private poems before college, it was the intense experience of pre-Revolutionary-War Princeton that turned the poet's interest to public writing.
	etcweb.princeton.edu /CampusWWW/Companion/freneau_philip.html (798 words)

	Philip Freneau - Poems and Biography by AmericanPoems.com
		Philip [Morin] Freneau fulfilled the dream of his wine merchant father, Pierre Fresneau (old spelling) when he entered the Class of 1771 to prepare for the ministry.
		Freneau soon became the unrivaled "poet of the Revolution" and is still widely regarded as the "Father of American Literature".
		Although Freneau had produced several accomplished private poems before college, it was the intense experience of pre-Revolutionary-War Princeton that turned the poet's interest to public writing.
	www.americanpoems.com /poets/philipfreneau (856 words)

	Freneau, Philip Morin Criticism and Essays
		Freneau was born in New York on January 2, 1752, to Pierre Fresneau and Agnes Watson Fresneau.
		Freneau taught school briefly after graduating and then traveled to Santa Cruz for two years, where he wrote poetry in praise of the natural beauty of his surroundings.
		The rival newspaper called Freneau “a spaniel” and “a fawning parasite,” but Samuel E. Forman, writing in 1902, insisted that Freneau and his newspaper did not deserve this “unsavory reputation.” According to Forman, “the fear and hatred that [National Gazette] won for itself arose from the ability with which it was edited.
	www.enotes.com /nineteenth-century-criticism/freneau-philip-morin/introduction (1473 words)

	Supreme Law Library : Authors : Philip Freneau : freneau
		Philip Freneau: Rules for Changing a Republic [into a Democracy and then] into a Monarchy from: Organizing the New Nation THE ANNALS OF AMERICA Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. 1784-1796 Those who had opposed the constitution thought their fears justified by the conduct of the government that began to function in 1789.
		Under the aggressive leadership of Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury, economic measures were taken that favored the few, while a effective party machine was organized and the army strengthened in such a way as to suggest an intent to control rather than to represent the many.
		Philip Freneau, an experienced journalist of known democratic leanings, was chosen to edit the paper.
	www.supremelaw.org /authors/freneau/freneau.htm (2319 words)

	Philip Freneau (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Democratic Origins and Revolutionary Writers, 1776-1820: Philip Freneau (1752-1832), From Revolution to Reconstruction (University of Groningen): An appreciation of the poet which suggests that Freneau "incorporated the new stirrings of European Romanticism and escaped the imitativeness and vague universality of the Hartford Wits.
		Philip Freneau (1752-1832), American Poems: A biography as well as a small collection of poems, including "The Indian Burying Ground," "On the Death of Dr. Benjamin Franklin," "To a New England Poet," and "To the Memory of the Brave Americans," among others.-MJM
		Philip Freneau (1752-1832), Houghton Mifflin: A biography from the 4th edition of the Heath Anthology of American Literature.
	library.marist.edu /diglib/english/americanliterature/col-early-am-authors/freneau-philip.htm (396 words)

	Philip Freneau: Poetry and Politics
		Philip Freneau was the first American born poet, who earned a reputation as a revolutionary pamphleteer satirizing the British in the struggle for American independence.
		Freneau was first and foremost a poet as well as a deeply spiritual human being.
		Freneau’s “To a Honey Bee” is a delightful little poem that exemplifies the poet’s romantic and spiritual nature.
	poetry.suite101.com /article.cfm/philip_freneau (473 words)

	Philip Freneau
		Biographical sketch of Freneau by noted Americanist Emory Elliott
		Entry on Freneau from the Cambridge History of English and American Literature.
		Poems by Freneau in Selections from the American Poets by William Cullen Bryant (Note: Michigan MOA does not allow easy linking of individual pages, so you must go to the page numbers listed here once you reach the site.
	www.wsu.edu /~campbelld/amlit/freneau.htm (147 words)

	Philip Freneau - Father of American Poetry - History
		Freneau was a romantic at heart, but because of the nature of the political atmosphere in which he lived, he became a political satirist of the British during the revolutionary era.
		Despite his many political and journalistic writings, Freneau was first a poet and a deeply spiritual man who would have preferred concentrating on writing about the mystery of God and the beauty of nature, had his times allowed such.
		Freneau’s own declamation about his age probably reveals much about the possibility of his maintaining a major status in the literary world.
	www.bellaonline.com /articles/art24438.asp (433 words)

	Literary Encyclopedia: Philip Freneau
		Philip Morin Freneau, dubbed by tradition as “the poet of the American Revolution”, was also variously successful as a teacher, political propagandist, journalist, editor, mariner, and postal worker.
		Freneau became socially and politically aligned with Republicans (i.e., anti-Federalists, such as Thomas Jefferson), and during his various attempts to obtain gainful employment he published poems, pamphlets, and newspaper articles supporting their policies.
		Among Freneau’s classmates were James Madison (the “Father of the Constitution” and the fourth U.S. President) and William Bradford (son of the Philadelphia printer of the same name).
	www.litencyc.com /php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=1634 (589 words)

	FirstScience - Freneau, Philip (1752-1832)
		Philip Freneau (1752-1832) was born was born in Monmouth County, New Jersey, USA, the son of a wine merchant.
		At first it seemed that Freneau was destined to become a clergyman, as he prepared for the ministry in 1771, after having entered Princeton in 1768.
		A decision that would be vindicated given that Freneau is now widely regarded as one of the principal poets of the American Revolution, and one of the founding fathers in general of American Literature.
	www.firstscience.com /home/poems-and-quotes/authors/freneau-philip-1752-1832_393.html (227 words)

	PAL: Philip Freneau (1752-1832)
		Freneau was so thoroughly prepared that he entered the sophomore class and his mother received a letter of congratulations from the college president John Witherspoon.
		Freneau believed that his main function in life was to write poetry, and not to become a soldier.
		Freneau became very ill with fever, and was transferred to the Hunter, a hospital ship that continued to treat him poorly (Stovall 221).
	www.ok5266.com /class/liter/am/more/2/freneau.html (2260 words)

	Poetry X » Poetry Archives » Philip Freneau » "Biography"
		Philip [Morin] Freneau fulfilled the dream of his wine merchant father, Pierre Fresneau (old spelling) when he entered the Class of 1771 to prepare for the ministry.
		Freneau's life after Princeton was one of change and conflict.
		Most students of Freneau's life and writing agree that he could have produced much more poetry of high literary merit had he not expended so much energy and talent for his country's political goals.
	poetry.poetryx.com /poets/182/bio (841 words)

	Philip Freneau - Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Freneau, Philip, 1752-1832, American poet and journalist, b.
		Poems of Philip Freneau: The Indian Burying Ground
		Poems of Philip Freneau: A Glossary Of Literary Terms
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Freneau.html (446 words)

	Philip Freneau Cemetery, Matawan, New Jersey
		The cemetery is fenced in, well maintained and easy to find.
		FRENEAU, PHILIP MORIN - died Dec. 18, 1832, a poet, aged 80 years, 11 months, 16 days;
		AGNES - died Oct. 18, 1817, age 91 years, relict of Peter Freneau, mother of Philip, widow of James Kearney.
	www.gjoynson.com /freneau.htm (99 words)

	Poem: "The Indian Burying Ground" - The Early America Review, Fall 1996
		Philip Freneau was known as "the poet of the American Revolution" because of the many ballads and satires he wrote during this period.
		His verse, prose and partisan essays appeared in numerous periodicals, and several volumes of his works were published over a half-century.
		After visiting an Indian burial ground, Freneau wrote the following poem, considered to be one of the first to idealize the Indian.
	www.earlyamerica.com /review/fall96/freneau.html (125 words)

	Philip Morin Freneau Biography and Summary
		Regarded during his lifetime and for a century after his death chiefly as a political propagandist, Philip Morin Freneau has come to be seen in recent decades as an accomplished informal essayist and as a gifted and versatile lyric poet.
		Philip Morin Freneau(January 2, 1752 – December 18, 1832) was a United States poet and newspaper editor and polemicist, and one of the most important writers/poets of "The Age of Reason".
		In the following excerpt, Adkins explores the formation of Freneau's complex religious philosophy from his abandonment of the orthodoxy of his parents to his turn toward nature and deism.
	www.bookrags.com /Philip_Morin_Freneau (281 words)

	Philip Morin Freneau Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Philip Morin Freneau (1752-1832) was an American poet, essayist, and journalist.
		Philip Freneau's life alternated between ardent political activity and attempts to escape to the solitude he thought necessary to a poet.
		The most prolific poet of his generation, Freneau produced verse uneven in quality, often marred by anger, haste, or partisanship, but sometimes exhibiting original lyric power.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/philip-morin-freneau (413 words)

	Philip Freneau
		However, Freneau’s best work was done while he was the editor of the National Gazette and a foreign translator in Philadelphia, encouraged by Thomas Jefferson.
		Meanwhile, Freneau became known as a critic of George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and John Adams, and a fiery exponent of the Jefferson Republic.
		Freneau is surely the “Poet of the Revolution,” as his work reflects the subject and “sense of mission of his time,” and one who lived to drive America in the direction of freedom.
	www.uncp.edu /home/canada/work/allam/edit/freneau.htm (949 words)

	Philip Freneau, Biographical Notes ...
		Philip Freneau [Morin] (1752-1832) fulfilled the dream of his wine merchant father, Pierre Fresneau (old spelling) when he entered the Class of 1771 to prepare for the ministry.
		Although Freneau had produced several accomplished private poems before college, it was the intense experience of pre-Revolutionary-War Princeton that turned the poet's interest to public writing.
		Jefferson later praised Freneau for having "saved our Constitution which was galloping fast into monarchy," while Washington grumbled of "that rascal Freneau" -- an epithet that became the title of Lewis Leary's authoritative biography (1949).
	amb.cult.bg /american/1/freneau/_notes.htm (855 words)

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