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	Philip II of Spain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands, Philip II continued the policies of heavy taxation since Charles V. Like Charles V, he continued to exclude local nobility from administration, preferring the use of a Castilian Consulta, maintained an army of occupation, and upheld an Inquisition to stop the advance of Calvinism.
		Philip's interventions in the French wars of religion (sending Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma to relieve the siege of Paris in 1590, and again into Rouen in 1592), to aid the Catholic faction, although producing military victories, was disastrous in terms of the Dutch Revolt, allowing the rebels time to regroup and refortify their defenses.
		Philip's enemies (generally protestant propagandists), were instrumental in the creation of the Black Legend of Spain, depicting Philip II as a bloodthirsty tyrant among other things.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain (2935 words)

	Philip II of Macedon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Philip II of Macedon (382 BC–336 BC; Greek: ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΣ) was the King of Macedon from 359 BC until his death.
		Born in Pella, Philip was the youngest son of King Amyntas III and Queen Eurydice.
		All that remains of Philip II is ash, contained in a magnificent golden larnax, decorated with the Vergina sun, within his stone sarcophagus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon (1216 words)

	Philip II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Demosthenes saw Philip now as a bar to Athenian greatness and a threat to its freedom and existence; he talked tirelessly to warn the Athenians of the danger and to convince the Greeks in general that it was their danger too.
		Philip's so-called League of Corinth, established in 337, was an organization designed to preserve and perpetuate a general peace (koine eirene), inaugurated when the delegates of all the states of Greece (except Sparta) and the islands swore to abide by it and to recognize Philip as president (hegemon) for this purpose.
		Philip designed a council of representatives from all the states (synedrion), which was empowered to deliberate and decide on action to be taken in the event of the peace being broken or threatened.
	www.kat.gr /kat/history/Greek/Gn/PhilipII.htm (2672 words)

	Philip II, king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Philip ascended the Spanish throne on the abdication of his father, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, who had previously made over to him Naples and Sicily, the Low Countries, Franche-Comté, and the duchy of Milan.
		Philip’s half-brother, John of Austria (1545–78), defeated the Ottomans at the battle of Lepanto (1571), and Tunis was captured and held briefly (1573–74).
		The only major military success of Philip’s later reign was the conquest of Portugal, to which he had a claim as the son of Isabella of Portugal, daughter of Manuel I. When King Henry of Portugal died (1580) without issue, Alba overran the country, and Philip was recognized as king by the Portuguese Cortes.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ph/Philip2-Sp.html (815 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philip II (King of Spain)
		At a solemn conference held at Brussels, 22 Oct., 1555, Charles V ceded to Philip the Low Countries, the crowns of Castille, Aragon, and Sicily, on 16 Jan., 1556, and the countship of Burgundy on the tenth of June.
		Philip granted this on the most favourable terms and the Duke of Alva was even obliged to ask the pope's pardon for having invaded the Pontifical States.
		Apparently Philip II failed to grasp the situation, since he continued for two years more the war against Henry IV, but his fruitless efforts were finally terminated in 1595 by the absolution of Henry IV by Clement VIII.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12002a.htm (1842 words)

	Philip II (1527-1598) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Philip was the son of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal.
		Philip's third marriage, with Elizabeth of Valois, daughter of Henry II of France, in 1559, was the result of the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559), which, for a generation, ended the open wars between Spain and France.
		Philip had received the Duchy of Milan from Charles V in 1540 and the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily in 1554 on the occasion of his marriage to Mary of England.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/britannicapages/Philip-II/Philip-II.html (1436 words)

	Philip II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Philip had several political and military innovations that helped make Macedonia the power that it was at the time of his assassination in 336 B.C.E. Philip increased the size of the group of Royal Companions, the hetairoi, giving more people positions of power and more of a sense of belonging to the kingdom.
		Philip's military zenith was at the battle at Chaeronea in August of 338 B.C.E. Philip's army was greatly outnumbered by the Athenian and Theban forces, yet his phalanxes overwhelmed the Athenians and Thebans.
		Philip wanted his march into the theater to be triumphant, and so he asked his bodyguards to stand back and out of the way to show to his people that he had nothing to fear.
	wso.williams.edu /~junterek/philip.htm (732 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philip II
		Philip II sent William, Archbishop of Reims, to Henry VI to request that Richard should remain the captive of Germany or that he should be delivered to Philip as his prisoner.
		This was sufficient to cause Philip to interfere in favour of Philip of Suabia.
		Philip, however, was pious in his own way, and in the advice which St. Louis gave to his son he said that Philip, because of "God's goodness and mercy would rather lose his throne than dispute with the servants of Holy Church".
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12001a.htm (2009 words)

	Macedonia FAQ: Philip II of Macedonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Philip II of Macedonia (382-336 BC), king of Macedonia (359-336 BC), son of Amyntas II and Eurydice was born in Pella, the capital of ancient Macedonia.
		Philip II was a hostage in Thebes, from 370 BC to 360 BC.
		Philip showed that he had never intended to put Alexander's position as crown prince in jeopardy, by taking trouble to be reconciled with Alexander.
	faq.macedonia.org /history/philip.html (2236 words)

	Worldroots.com
		Philip II was made King of Naples and Sicily and his marriage to Mary Tudor was arranged.
		Philip II had ensured that he was present at each birth and, though disappointed with daughters, Isabella had come to mean more to him than anyone else in his family.
		In 1581 Philip II was recognised as King of Portugal but The Netherlands declared that they had replaced him with the French Duke of Anjou; and when this Duke announced that he was engaged to Queen Elizabeth of England, Philip II's enemies united.
	worldroots.com /brigitte/royal/bio/philip2ofspainbio.html (2171 words)

	Philip II of Macedonia
		Philip II of Macedonia (382-336 BC), king of Macedonia (359-336 BC), son of Amyntas II was born in Pella, the capital of ancient Macedonia.
		Philip came to the throne suddenly and unexpectedly in 359 BC, after his brother Perdiccas III was killed meeting an Illyrian invasion.
		Philip's League of Corinth (337 BC) was intended to maintain and perpetuate a general peace (koine eirene); it was not a league at all, for it did not have the word symachia in it.
	www.mymacedonia.net /history/philip.htm (2087 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Phillip the Arabian
		Philip was acclaimed the new emperor and was firmly in control by late winter 244.
		Philip's troops were bested, and the emperor either died in the battle or was assassinated by his troops.
		Philip needed cash during his reign: he, for example, had to pay the Persians for the peace at the beginning of his reign, he launched the building of his hometown in Arabia, Philippopolis, and the celebration of the thousandth anniversary of Rome was certainly very expensive.
	www.roman-emperors.org /philarab.htm (5138 words)

	History - Hellenistic: Philip
		Philip II of Macedonia reigned from 359-336 B.C.
		Philip's work with the Macedonian army and establishment of alliances with the Balkan region gave both himself and Alexander the resources necessary to carry out such conquests.
		Philip's military zenith was at the battle at Chaeronea in August of 338 B.C. Philip's army was greatly outnumbered by the Athenian and Theban forces, yet his phalanxes successfully overwhelmed them.
	www.archaeonia.com /history/hellenistic/philip.htm (739 words)

	PHILIP II
		The monarchy of Macedonia was of Greek descent, and Philip II, ruler from 359 to 336 B.C. was determined to bring his kingdom into the mainstream of a unified Hellenistic civization under his leadership.
		Philip's loss of an eye, according to Plutarch, the ancient historian, was foretold by the oracle of Apollo at Delphi.
		Philip had looked through a peephole into his wife's, Olympias', bedchamber, and saw her cavorting with the god Ammon, who had assumed the form of a serpent.
	www.jkerncoins.com /philipii.htm (1665 words)

	Hellenistic Greece: Philip of Macedon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Philip lived a good life in Thebes and was well-integrated into the politics and military.
		The Persian Wars still festered in the Greek memory, and the Spartan invasion of Persia in 379 BC showed Philip that it was possible to defeat the mightiest empire known to humanity.
		So in 337, Philip announced the the League would attack Persia as revenge for the wars, and in 336 he stood poised to prosecute his mighty invasion of the Persian Empire, but an assassin's sword ended his great campaign.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/GREECE/PHILIP.HTM (384 words)

	Philip II, Roman Imperial Coins of, at WildWinds.com
		Philip II Æ 29mm of Syria, Seleukis and Pieria, Antioch.
		Philip II, as Caesar, AR Tetradrachm of Antioch, Syria.
		Philip II & Serapis Æ 26mm of Mesembria, Thrace.
	www.wildwinds.com /coins/ric/philip_II/i.html (2320 words)

	AllRefer.com - Philip II, king of Macedon (Ancient History, Greece, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		By 348 Philip had annexed the Chalcidice (now KhalkidhikI), including Olynthus, and was involved in a war over Delphi between Phocis and its neighbors.
		Philip's consolidation of his kingdom and his reduction of Greece to relative peace made possible the campaigns of his son, Alexander the Great.
		Philip was the true founder of Alexander's army and trained some of his best generals, e.g., Antigonus Cyclops, Antipater, Nearchus, Parmenion, and Perdiccas.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/Philip2-Mac.html (407 words)

	King Philip II - Alexander The Great - Father of Alexander - Husband of Olympias - Phillip
		Born in 382 B.C. Philip II of Macedon was the father of Alexander the Great.
		Philip overthrew his infant nephew and crowned himself king in 359 B.C. Philip had been a Macedonian hostage living in Thebes during his twenties and grew to think of himself as a Greek rather than as a Macedonian.
		Philip was a philanderer and Olympias became a very jealous and bitter woman.
	www.alexander-the-great.co.uk /philip.htm (287 words)

	Philip of Macedon Philip II of Macedonia Biography
		Philip II was a hostage of the Greeks at Thebes, between 368 and 365 BC.
		Philip ascended on the Macedonian throne in the most difficult times; the country was virtually at the brink of collapse, its neighbors ready to put an end to its existence.
		Philip won a stunning victory in which the Scythian king Areas was killed and took 20,000 Scythian women and children as slaves.
	www.historyofmacedonia.org /AncientMacedonia/PhilipofMacedon.html (5131 words)

	Philip II -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Philip Roth was a celebrated author of the middle and late 20th century.
		The grandson of Philip I, Philip II believed that his mission in life was to win worldwide power for Spain and the Roman Catholic church.
		Called Philip Augustus (from the Latin augere, “to increase”) because he enlarged the boundaries of the state, Philip II was a contemporary of Richard the Lion-Hearted of England and the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I (Frederick Barbarossa).
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9059660 (896 words)

	Old World Contacts/Armies/Philip II of Macedon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Philip II of Macedonia ruled from 359-336BCE, laying the foundations for the military and political achievements of his son, Alexander.
		Philip introduced numerous innovations to the Macedonian army and established alliances with the Balkan peoples that provided both himself and Alexander with the organisation and resources necessary to carry out such conquests.
		Philip made several political and military innovations that contributed to the expanded power of Macedonia.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/oldwrld/armies/philip2.html (427 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Philip II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Philip fashioned the Macedonian army into the tool by which he exercised his foreign policy, using the service of his troops as a means by which they expressed their loyalty to him and to the Macedonian cause.
		It is not clear just when Philip developed the plan to invade Asia, but it appears that his policy toward the Greek cities intended to create an alliance whose security he would guarantee through his military hegemony, thereby freeing him to pursue his Asian expedition.
		Philip normally preferred diplomacy to military force: he was too careful a commander to risk good troops unnecessarily.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_040700_philipii.htm (306 words)

	Philip II Holding a Rosary by SANCHEZ COELLO, Alonso
		During the reign of Philip II the Spanish Society was hierarchical, insular and élitist.
		Its code of honour was based on purity of faith, purity of blood and legitimate birth, and was manifested in the practice of virtue.
		Philip II himself had introduced a fashion for shorter hair and shorter beards, and for sober dress, particularly fl.
	www.wga.hu /html/s/sanchez/coello/philip_2.html (165 words)

	Philip II of Macedonia
		Philip II (*382): king of Macedonia (360-336), responsible for the modernization of his kingdom and its expansion into Greece, father of Alexander the Great.
		Philip was now at an age to understand what he saw, and learned a lot about warfare, about city life, and the importance of Persia, a Theban ally.
		Shortly before Philip set out to the Paeonians, king Artaxerxes II Mnemon of Persia died and was succeeded by his son Artaxerxes III Ochus, an energetic man whose main aim was to reconquer Egypt.
	www.livius.org /phi-php/philip/philip_ii.htm (1043 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Philip II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Parker appears to exonerate Philip II of many simple-minded charges, and portrays him as a very competent and astute ruler with a strong intellectual curiosity who devoted his life to the Catholic Church.
		Philip II was somewhat of a connoisseur on art, who enjoyed the works of Bosch and Titian, but who happened to overlook the genius of El Greco.
		Philip II is portrayed as an enlightened ruler who at times showed incredible mercy to his subjects.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0812692799 (700 words)

	PHILIP II, KING OF FRANCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Philip II was King of France from 1180 to 1223.
		Philip's penetration of Flanders was aided when Count Baldwin IX went on the Fourth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1202, leaving a small girl as heiress to the county.
		Philip was free thereafter to intervene in southern France, where the crusade against the Albigenses gained the French crown important lands.
	www.byu.edu /ipt/projects/middleages/People/PHILIP.html (320 words)

	Philip II
		Philip, the only son of Emperor Charles V, was born in Valladolid in 1527.
		In 1555 Charles V abdicated and Philip became king of Spain, the Netherlands, and all Spanish dominions in Italy and America.
		Philip attempted to arrange a marriage with Elizabeth but she rejected the idea and he therefore married Isabella, the daughter of King Henri II of France in 1559.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /TUSphilip2.htm (785 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: The Grand Strategy of Philip II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Geoffrey Parker's study of Philip II is a landmark.
		Philip's inability to discipline himself to focus on one event to see it through to completion, his inabiltiy to keep himself from micromanaging decisions from over 600 miles away, and his inability to see past his divine mission to perceive reality will all strike familiar chords.
		In this book, Philip II is judged through the lenses of planning, and most importantly, of results and achievements.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0300075405 (820 words)

	Philip II on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		By 348 Philip had annexed the Chalcidice (now Khalkidhikí), including Olynthus, and was involved in a war over Delphi between Phocis and its neighbors.
		The life of an inside agitator: pacifist prophet Philip Berrigan fought unholy church-state collusion.
		La reine Elizabeth II et le prince Philip quittent Toulouse mercredi "Le prince Philip et moi-même, nous ne sommes pas prê.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/P/Philip2-M1ac.asp (670 words)

	Philip I - Antoninianus Presentation
		He married Marcia Otacilia Severa, and their son Philip II was born in 237.
		Philip was Praetorian Praefect when Gordian III mysteriously died in 244 on the Sassanian campaign.
		Philip marched north, but was killed in the battle of Verona in August, 249.
	ettuantiquities.com /Philip_1 (859 words)

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