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	New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. IX: Petri - Reuchlin \| Christian Classics Ethereal Library
		Imprisonment of Philip and Interim in Hesse (§ 8).
		Philip of Hesse, or Philip the Magnanimous, landgrave of Hesse from 1509 to 1567 and one of the most powerful promoters of the Protestant Reformation, was born at Marburg Nov. 13, 1504; d.
		Philip's father-in-law and the bishops of Würzburg and Mainz were active in agitating against the growth of the new heresy, and the combination of several circumstances, including rumors of war, convinced Philip of the existence of a secret league among the Roman Catholic princes.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/encyc09.philip_of_hesse.html (3095 words)

	Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Philip was by all contemporary descriptions a highly intelligent and gifted but also particularly haughty and selfish person; the epithet "magnanimous" thus surprises.
		In 1530 Philip was successful in accomplishing the purpose for which he had so long worked by securing the adhesion of the Protestant powers to the Schmalkaldic League, which was to protect their religious and secular interests against interference from the emperor.
		Philip of Hesse and Christine of Saxony, by Jost v.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Philip_of_Hesse (3313 words)

	Historical Flags (Hesse, Germany)
		Enfeoffed first to the dukes of Franconia, later to the counts of Thuringia, Hesse emerged in 1247 as a landgraviate immediately subject to the emperor under a branch of the house of Brabant.
		Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous (Philip of Hesse), a leading figure in the German Reformation, was responsible for reuniting a territory that had been torn by border disputes with neighboring areas.
		Electoral Hesse, the free city of Frankfurt, and Nassau, having all three sided with Austria in the Austro-Prussian War (1866), were annexed by Prussia and were merged (1868) in the province of Hesse-Nassau, of which Kassel became the capital.
	www.fotw.net /FLAGS/de-he_hi.html (361 words)

	Philip of Hesse. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		With John Frederick I of Saxony and others, Philip formed (1531) the Schmalkaldic League to uphold Protestantism against the opposition of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Philip founded the first Protestant university (Marburg, 1527), helped Ulrich, the deposed Protestant duke of Württemberg, to recover his duchy, and otherwise did much to advance Lutheranism.
		The peace was only temporary, and after Charles V had won Maurice of Saxony from Philip’s camp, the emperor crushed (1547) the Schmalkaldic League at Mühlberg.
		Philip, believing that he would be well treated, surrendered.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ph/PhilipHe.html (236 words)

	Smalkaldic League
		The princes of Saxony and Hesse were appointed military commanders of the confederation, and its military strength fixed at 10,000 infantry and 2000 cavalry.
		At a meeting held at Smalkalden in Dec., 1535, the alliance was renewed for ten years, and the maintenance of the former military strength decreed, with the stipulation that it should be doubled in case of emergency.
		The conditions of peace included the transfer of the electoral dignity from the former to his cousin Maurice, the reinstatement of Duke Henry of Wolfenbüttel in his dominions, the restoration of Bishop Julius von Pflug to his See of Naumburg-Zeitz, and a promise demanded of the vanquished to recognize and attend the Council of Trent.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/s/smalkaldic_league.html (646 words)

	Part V - The Reformation: Lesson No. 30 - The Triumph of Lutheranism
		In the midst of mounting hostility against the Lutheran cause, Philip of Hesse sought to form a defensive league of German and Swiss Protestant forces.
		Philip of Hesse, though strongly devoted to the Protestant cause, was a man of low moral caliber.
		However, Philip's case was a special one not requiring conformity to the general rule.
	www.bible.ca /history/eubanks/history-eubanks-30.htm (1074 words)

	Succession laws of Hesse
		Hesse as an identifiable entity begins with the extinction of the male line in 1247, at the death of Heinrich Raspe, landgrave of Thuringia and count palatine of Saxony.
		Heinrich (1244-1308) is the founder of the house of Hesse.
		Philip went through four testaments (1536, 1557, 1560, 1562), alternating between his desire to maintain the unity of Hesse and introduce primogeniture on one hand, and his wish to treat his children fairly (a particular problem was the treatment of his four sons by his bigamous and unequal marriage to Margarete von der Saale).
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/HGHessen.htm (7350 words)

	Philip II, Landgrave of Hesse-Rheinfels - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Philip was the third son of Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous and Christine of Saxony (1505-1549).
		Philip the Younger received the portion around the castle Rheinfels and city of St.
		In 1569 Philip married Anna Elisabeth of Palatinate-Simmern, thereby becoming the son-in-law to the Elector Frederick III, one of the leaders of Calvinism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hesse-Rheinfels (212 words)

	AllRefer.com - Hesse : History, Germany (German Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous (see Philip of Hesse), a leading figure in the German Reformation, was responsible for reuniting a territory that had been torn by border disputes with neighboring areas.
		At his death (1567) Philip's lands were divided among his four sons, with Kassel, Marburg, Rheinfels, and Darmstadt their respective capitals.
		The Battenberg (Mountbatten) family is a morganatic branch of the house of Hesse.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/H/Hesse-history.html (360 words)

	HESSE - Online Information article about HESSE
		PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro, fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat.
		Saxony, the Thuringian States, Bavaria, Hesse and the Rhine Province.
		Frankfort-on-Main, parts of the grand-duchy of Hesse, the territory of Homburg and the countship of Hesse-Homburg, together with certain small districts which belonged to Bavaria.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /HEG_HIG/HESSE.html (2698 words)

	Philip of Hesse — FactMonster.com
		of Saxony from Philip's camp, the emperor crushed (1547) the Schmalkaldic League at Mühlberg.
		Philip of Hesse - Hesse, Philip of: see Philip of Hesse.
		Hesse: History - History Hesse has no unified history.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0838774.html (271 words)

	Maurice of Saxony
		Maurice, Elector of Saxony, elder son of Henry, Duke of Saxony, belonging to the Albertine branch of the Wettin family, was born at Freiberg on the 21st of March 1521.
		The continued imprisonment of his father-in-law, Philip of Hesse, whom he had induced to surrender to Charles and whose freedom he had guaranteed, was neither his greatest nor his only cause of complaint.
		Maurice obtained a general amnesty and freedom for Philip of Hesse, but was unable to obtain a perpetual religious peace for the Lutherans.
	www.nndb.com /people/393/000096105 (1010 words)

	Hesse, Philip of - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		HESSE, PHILIP OF [Hesse, Philip of] see Philip of Hesse.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Hesse, Philip of" at HighBeam.
		Treasures of German art take the Oregon trail From Renaissance to Art Nouveau, castles of Hesse reveal their glories
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-x-hesse-ph.html (204 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		Münzer's strength lay in the peasants outside, and, when Philip of Hesse with the Dukes of Brunswick and Saxony advanced to crush the revolt, he established his camp at Frankenhausen, some miles from Mühlhausen, while Pfeiffer remained within the city.
		Margrave Philip of Baden, whose humanity was recognised on all sides, pursued a similar policy, and the Landgrave of Hesse also made some concessions.
		This league was the work of Philip of Hesse, the statesman to whom the Reformation in Germany largely owed its success ; his genuine adoption of its doctrines had little effect on his personal morality, yet he risked his all in the cause and devoted to it abilities of a very high order.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh206.html (12459 words)

	The Nazi Roots of the House of Windsor
		During 1931-1932, Philip's four older sisters married as follows: Margarita to a Czech-Austrian prince named Gottfried von Hohenlohe-Langenburg, a great-grandson of England's Queen Victoria; Theodora to Berthold, the margrave of Baden; Cecilia to Georg Donatus, grand duke of Hesse-by-Rhine, also a great-grandson of Queen Victoria; and, Sophie to Prince Christoph of Hesse.
		When Philip arrived at Hahn's school in Schloss Salem, it was in control of the Hitler Youth and the Nazi Party, and the curriculum had become Nazi ``race science.'' Hahn became an adviser to the Foreign Office in London, urging policies of appeasement based upon appeals to the ``centrist'' Nazis.
		Prince Christoph's brother, Philip of Hesse, married a daughter of the King of Italy, and became the official liaison between the Nazi and Fascist regimes.
	members.tripod.com /~american_almanac/naziroot.htm (1650 words)

	Prince Philip's Nazi ties exposed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Nazi ties of Britain's Prince Philip make a farce of his bemoaning the Holocaust while recently in Israel, charged an article in the British magazine Private Eye the week of Nov. 14.
		He need only have asked sister Sophie, who also attended the ceremony: Her first husband, Prince Christophe of Hesse, was one of Goering's top officials as head of Forschungsamt, the Nazis' GCHQ- equivalent.
		Christophe's brother, Prince Philip of Hesse, also an intimate of Goering's, was also a high-ranking SS man. And Prince Philip himself attended the funeral of another brother-in-law, the Grand Duke of Hesse.
	www.aboutsudan.com /dossiers/british_monarchy/philip_nazi.htm (165 words)

	UTC History \| William J. Wright Select Vitae
		"Philip of Hesse as a Revolutionary Leader," Sixteenth Century Studies Conference, October, 1982, St. Louis, Missouri.
		"Philip of Hesse," "Lambert of Avignon," "Adam Krafft," and Heinz von Luder," in The Holy Roman Empire, Jonathan W. Zophy, ed.
		"Philip of Hesse's Vision of Protestant Unity and the Marburg Colloquy," Pietas et Societas.
	www.utc.edu /Academic/History/WrightCV.php (677 words)

	Charisma and History
		When Matthys learned of this confusion, according to the Confession of Obbe Philips, he resorted to threats and terror; Philips writes, "he carried on with much emotion and terrifying alarm, and with great and desperate curses cast all into hell and the devils to eternity.
		Even Philip of Hesse, one of the staunchest supporters of Protestantism, was a faithful supporter.
		Philip of Hesse was especially interested in these interviews in the hope of better understanding the international threat of the Anabaptist faith.
	www.studyworld.com /basementpapers/papers/stack43_7.html (6177 words)

	WELS Questions and Answers-- Do you have a question to ask?
		In 1523 at the age of 19 Philip of Hesse, after a promiscuous period as a teenager, entered into a politically advantageous marriage with Katherine of Saxony, the daughter of Duke George.
		Philip was unfaithful to his wife, but this so troubled his conscience that he communed only rarely.
		Her mother, Anna, would consent to her daughter's relationship with Philip only if it were legitimized as a second marriage.
	www.wels.net /sab/qa/luther-08.html (4264 words)

	The German Reformation From The Death Of Luther To The Death Of Melanchthon (1546-1560).
		To the Protestants he tried to make it appear that it was by no means a religious war which he was conducting; while, at the same time, he leagued with the Pope for the complete overthrow of Protestantism.
		The Elector of Saxony and Philip of Hesse were made prisoners.
		While it was desirable to appease the hatred of the Protestants which had been aroused against him by his treacherous conduct, he found a ground of quarrel with the Emperor, in that he refused to release his father-in-law, Philip of Hesse, from rigorous imprisonment.
	www.edwardtbabinski.us /sheldon/reformation.html (1839 words)

	December 7th
		Philip, landgrave of Hesse, one of the stanchest protectors of Luther, had married Catherine of Saxony; but this princess, though beautiful and accomplished, had never succeeded in finding favour in his eyes.
		Although, in this remarkable document, Philip supplicates the doctors to grant him this favour, he at the same time threatens to appeal to the emperor, or even the pope, should he fail in having his request complied with by the Protestant divines.
		It will be recollected that the very same year (1540) in which the above marriage of Philip of Hesse took place, Henry VIII of England obtained, or rather commanded, the sanction of his clergy and parliament to his divorce from Anne of Cleves, merely because she did not happen to be to his liking.
	www.thebookofdays.com /months/dec/7.htm (2449 words)

	::The Marburg Colloquy::
		Philip of Hesse wanted to unify all the leading Protestants because he believed that as a divided entity they were vulnerable to Charles V.
		Philip’s theory was sound but it failed to take into account one major issue — beliefs.
		If Philip wanted the meeting to be a symbol of Protestant unity he was disappointed.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /2114.htm (338 words)

	M:\Offices\mqr\july2002\RothLutheranMennonite1.HTM
		In the spring of 1536 Landgrave Philip of Hesse-founder of the University of Marburg and champion of the Protestant Reformation-requested the counsel of several leading German theologians as to whether or not Anabaptists captured in his territories should be subjected to the death penalty.
		Of the various replies he received, none were as concise and resolute as that written by the highly regarded professor of theology at Wittenberg, Philip Melancthon.
		In the broader history of the Reformation, Philip Melancthon is almost always described as an irenic person-a moderating influence on the more impassioned and impulsive rhetoric of his co-worker Martin Luther.
	www.goshen.edu /mqr/pastissues/july02roth.html (5027 words)

	Electors of Saxony in Luther’s Time: John the Steadfast
		Having assisted in the suppression of the Thomas Munzer-led uprising, John helped Philip, landgrave of Hesse, to found the league of Rotha in 1526 for the protection of the Reformers.
		This caused John to ally himself again with Philip of Hesse in March 1528.
		He signed the protest against the "recess" of the diet of Spires in 1529, being thus one of the original Protestants, and was actively hostile to Charles V at the diet of Augsburg in 1530.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/lutheranism/107475/1 (650 words)

	The Nazi Roots Of The House Of Windsor
		So, when Prince Philip, co-founder with Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), tells an interviewer that he hopes to be "reincarnated as a deadly virus" to help solve the 'population problem', he is just 'doin' what comes naturally' for any scion of the Anglo-Dutch oligarchy.
		When Philip arrived at Hahn's school in Schloss Salem, it was in control of the Hitler Youth and the Nazi Party, and the curriculum had become Nazi 'race science'.
		Philip's Relatives Work For The SS The husband of Philip's sister Sophie, Prince Christoph, was embraced by the Nazis, who saw him as a channel to the appeasement faction in Britain epitomized by King Edward VIII.
	www.planetquo.com /The-Nazi-Roots-Of-The-House-Of-Windsor (3478 words)

	Take Heed That Ye Be Not Deceived, Teapot Tempests
		History affirms that Martin Luther counseled Philip of Hesse to take a second wife, justifying the idea with the Old Testament.
		Philip of Hesse indeed eventually took a second wife and made a public event of it, to the displeasure of Luther, who wanted the marriage to be done in private.
		In the eighteenth century, "Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia took plural wives on at least two occasions, citing Luther's counsel to Philip of Hesse as a precedent and with the approval of his own Lutheran court chaplain."
	www.fairlds.org /pubs/heed/bnd06.html (5102 words)

	Cor ad cor loquitur: 09/19/2004 - 09/25/2004
		The affair concerning the bigamy of the Landgrave Philip of Hesse is well-known and almost universally detested by Protestant observers.
		Philip, unable to combine romance with marriage, found his satisfaction promiscuously on the outside.
		Philip was given the assurance that he might in good conscience take a second wife.
	socrates58.blogspot.com /2004_09_19_socrates58_archive.html (17032 words)

	Hesse-Kassel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		'''Hesse-Kassel''' (''Hessen-Kassel'') was a German principality that came into existence when the Landgraviate of Hesse was divided in 1568 upon the death of Landgrave Philip of Hesse and his eldest son Wilhelm IV inherited the northern portion and established his capital in Kassel.
		The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (Principal Decree of the Imperial Deputation) of 1803 granted Landgrave Wilhelm IX the position of an Imperial Elector (''Kurfürst'') and took the title Wilhelm I, Elector of Hesse.
		In 1918, Prince Friedrich Karl of Hesse-Kassel, younger brother of the head of the house and a brother-in-law of Kaiser Wilhelm II, was selected by the Finnish pro-German government to be King of Finland, but he never reigned.
	hesse-kassel.iqnaut.net (427 words)

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