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| | philipboniface |
 | | In the fourteenth century, Pope Boniface VIII and Philip IV of France clashed over two basic issues, both crucial to the ability of the Church to have an independent voice in France. |
 | | As we discussed in lecture, Philip's intimidation of Boniface, as well as political turmoil in Rome, was one of the largest reasons that his successor, Clement V, moved his church to Avignon, France. |
 | | Philip claimed that anyone breaking secular law should be tried in a secular court, but Boniface disagreed, feeling that the Church could not be independent if its personnel could be arrested at any time by secular officials. |
| www.d.umn.edu /~aroos/philipboniface.html (890 words) |
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