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Topic: Philippine Insurrection

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	Medal of Honor Recipients - Philippine Insurrection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Citation: For extraordinary heroism and eminent and conspicuous conduct in battle at the junction of the Cadacan and Sohoton Rivers, Samar, Philippine Islands, 17 November 1901.
		Citation: For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy at Samoa, Philippine Islands, 1 April 1899.
		Citation: For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy in battle at Katbalogan, Samar, Philippine Islands, 16 July 1900.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/mohphil1.htm (5230 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		John M. Gates, one of the foremost experts on the Philippine Insurrection, claims that the conflict was a “war of conquest” from the U.S. point of view and a “people’s war of prolonged guerrilla struggle.” However, he goes on to state that the Filipinos were not insurgents.
		The oldest name for the conflict is the Philippine Insurrection, reflecting the legal status of the country as a colonial possession of the United States.
		The basic tactics, developed on the frontier, were initially applied to the fighting in the Philippines. While the Army with this experienced core of officers and sergeants used the same basic Indian fighting methods in the Philippines, it ultimately discovered the ineffectiveness of these methods in the new environment.
	www.nadn.navy.mil /History/honors/2003/BensonThesis.doc (12403 words)

	U.S. colonization outside North America - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Formal US colonization outside North America began during the administration of William McKinley, with the Spanish-American War of 1898 and the seizure of Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam, and the unrelated annexation of Hawaii.
		The Philippines became a U.S. colony in the fashion of Europe's New Imperialism, with benevolent colonial practices.
		The independence movement was not subjugated until 1913, after 4,000 Americans and 250,000 Filipinos had died, a conflict in which the Philippines failed to achieve their desired independence and remained under US or Japanese rule until after WWII.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/US_colonization_outside_North_America (534 words)

	Philippine Congressional Medal
		The Philippine Congressional Medal was established by Act of Congress (Public Law 360, 59th Congress) on June 29, 1906, and implemented by War Department General Orders Number 125 of July 9, 1906.
		As this medal was voted by Congress to be given to soldiers "who followed the flag" in the Philippine Islands "under unusual circumstances," it seemed appropriate to Millet to employ the symbolism of a color guard bearing the American flag.
		The highly distinctive wreath alludes to the Philippines (palm) and the to goals of autonomy and self-determination (pine).
	foxfall.com /fmc-pcm.htm (467 words)

	Philippine Campaign Medal
		The Philippine Campaign Medal was worn after the Puerto Rican Occupation Medal and before the Philippine Congressional Medal.
		When authorized for gallantry in action during the Philippine Insurrection, the Silver Citation Star could be worn on the ribbon of the Philippine Campaign Medal.
		The palm tree was often used by Romans on their coins and medals to record their conquests on the southern shores of the Mediterranean, and it was this use which inspired Millet to employ the palm tree as the central theme on the medal (alluding to American conquest in the Pacific).
	foxfall.com /csm-army-pcm.htm (642 words)

	Combined Arms Research Library KD White Diary
		In this treaty, the Philippine Islands, formerly a Spanish territory, was sold to the United States.
		Many residents of the Philippines were angry that they had not been granted independence.
		Upon its arrival in the Philippines, it took part in the general American advance in November 1899.
	www-cgsc.army.mil /carl/resources/archival/white/kdwindex.asp (624 words)

	Las Vegas SUN: Philippine independence: Is the real story told in U.S.?
		Today is the 102nd anniversary of Philippine independence from Spain and a day for many Filipinos to reflect once again upon how this subject is portrayed in American history books as opposed to their own knowledge.
		The fight for independence has been institutionalized in Western mainstream thinking as the "Philippine Insurrection of 1899." This has become a forgotten war that involved at its height 70,000 U.S. troops and the killing of 200,000 to 500,000 Filipino civilians, depending on whose account you read.
		Thus began the "Philippine Insurrection of 1899." This prompted the ratification of the Treaty of Paris on Feb. 6, 1899, with a two-thirds majority vote on the tie-breaking ballot of Vice President Garret Hobart.
	www.lasvegassun.com /sunbin/stories/text/2000/jun/12/510373498.html (1867 words)

	Military.com Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		As a direct result, General Emilio Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from Spain on June 12, 1898 and established the first known Asian republic with a democratic constitution.
		Shortly after President McKinley made it clear that the Philippines would not be granted independence, fighting broke out, and the subsequent war would cost the lives of over 4,000 American troops, 20,000 Filipino soldiers, and 500,000 Filipino civilians.
		Philippine Insurrection - Thorough resource offers articles that examine the struggle between the US and the Philippines.
	www.military.com /Resources/HistorySubmittedFileView?file=history_philippineinsurrection.htm (318 words)

	John M. Gates, Ch. 3, The Pacification of the Philippines - Title
		Pitted against the Philippine revolution in the beginning was the waning power of imperial Spain, a nation that some 300 years earlier had been the strongest in Western Europe but by the end of the nineteenth century had been in a period of decline for over a century.
		Although tensions within the revolution were heightened by the American presence, one important division in Philippine society was masked by it, that between liberal revolutionaries seeking to enhance their political and economic power in a modernizing Philippine state and peasants longing for the stability and continuity of traditional village life.
		In the Philippines such responses had begun long before the revolt against Spain, and they continued long after the revolutionary leaders of 1896 and 1898 had joined with the Americans in the administration of the colonial government.
	www.wooster.edu /history/jgates/book-ch3.html (5422 words)

	[No title]
		Insurrection p.2 Davis, George W. Report on the Military Government of the City of Manila, P.I. from 1898 to 1901.
		Insurrection p.5 Taylor, John R.M. "The Philippine Insurrection Against the United States: A Compilation of Documents with Notes and Introduction." 5 vols.
		Insurrection p.6 U.S. War Dept. Letter from the Secretary of War, Transmitting, with Accompanying Documents: A Response to the Inquiry of the House in Relation to the Transport Service Between San Francisco and the Philippine Islands.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/academic/history/marshall/military/mil_hist_inst/p/pi2.asc (1757 words)

	The Spanish-American War in Motion Pictures
		The Philippines were ceded to the United States by Spain for $20 million by the Treaty of Paris, signed on December 10, 1898.
		In response, the Philippine Republic was declared on January 1 with Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy as its president, but the United States refused to recognize it as the legitimate government.
		The fighting eventually came to be known by a variety of names: the Philippine Insurrection, the Philippine-American War, the Filipino-American War, the Philippine War, and the Philippine Revolution, to name a few.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/sawhtml/sawsp5.html (747 words)

	The History Guy: Philippine American War
		After defeating Spain in Cuba and in the Philippines in 1898, the U.S. purchased the Philippines, Puerto Rico and several other islands from the Spanish.
		Following the surrender of the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines to American military forces in August,1898, tensions developed between U.S. and Filipino forces near Manila.
		--Sentenaryo/Centennial is a collaborative exploration of the enduring cultural and political impacts of the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War.
	www.historyguy.com /PhilipineAmericanwar.html (1106 words)

	Sentenaryo/Centennial - The Philippine Revolution and Philippine-American War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Philippine Bases and the Nuclear Madness, by Daniel B. Schirmer (1978).
		Through it, nationalist aspirations were developed and spread throughout the country, the Spanish were driven from the islands, and an independent Philippine Republic was established with Emilio Aguinaldo as its president.
		Today, the nearly 50 years of U.S. colonial rule in the Philippines is usually referred to with euphemisms about the countries' "shared history," a phrase that obscures the nature of the relationship between them.
	www.boondocksnet.com /centennial (451 words)

	Military Review: An unconventional war: the Philippine Insurrection, 1899
		In 1899 in the Philippines, the Army had to change its tactics and weaponry, incorporate native constabulary forces, and develop pacification techniques and procedures.
		The Samar region of the Philippines is home to the infamous Moros who to this day conduct kidnapping and terrorist activities against conventionally armed and trained Philippine government forces.
		During the 1899 Philippine Insurrection, a few dozen Moro laborers entered a U.S. military compound carrying bolos (short broadswords) concealed inside coffins containing the corpses of children.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0PBZ/is_2004_May-June/ai_n6123988 (1226 words)

	NARA - Prologue - Prologue: Selected Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Philippine Insurrection is a difficult and often confusing war to study.
		Other records related to nurses in the Army Nurse Corps during the Philippine Insurrection can be found in Record Group 112, entries 104 and 105, case files of candidates seeking appointments as army nurses and the register of military service of members of the Army Nurse Corps, 1901-1902.
		The Philippine Congressional Medal was established June 29, 1906, for members of the U.S. Army who volunteered to remain in the Philippines beyond their discharge date.
	www.archives.gov /publications/prologue/2000/summer/philippine-insurrection.html (3612 words)

	Philippine Insurrection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		During the War with Spain, Emilio Aguinaldo (who had led an unsuccessful insurrection in 1896-97) organized a native army in the Philippines and secured control of several islands, including much of Luzon.
		Among its conditions was the cession of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the United States (Cuba was granted its independence).
		Aguinaldo was captured at Palanan on March 23, 1901, by a force of Philippine Scouts loyal to the United States and was brought back to Manila.
	www.geocities.com /Pentagon/Camp/7624/Philippines.htm (814 words)

	Jungle Patrol - 3. Birth of the Jungle Police
		Unofficially and actually, the sputter of insurrection persisted until the middle of the year 1902, at which time it was replaced with a definite era of banditry.
		The northern islands of the Philippine group were in a state of ruin, with anthrax destroying the work animals and cholera sweeping the population.
		The rivers of the Philippines are many, but for the most part they are too shallow for navigation in the dry season and they become raging torrents when the rains come in April.
	www.bakbakan.com /junglep/jp-3.html (6223 words)

	Philippine Collection \| University of Hawaii at Manoa Library
		The Phillippine Collection supports the Center for Philippine Studies, one of nine studies centers of the School for Hawaiian, Asian and Pacific Studies.
		Materials about the Philippines and Filipinos in the social sciences and humanities, regardless of place of publication, are actively collected.
		Philippine Radical Papers in the University of the Philippines Diliman Main Library.
	www.hawaii.edu /asiaref/philippines (938 words)

	Fire Fight, 1899
		At a cost of approximately 400 dead or wounded, the United States acquired the former Spanish possessions of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.
		America's acquisition of the Philippines came almost as an afterthought and as a result of broken communications between Washington and U.S. forces fighting on the islands.
		In many ways, the Insurrection was a harbinger of America's experience in Vietnam 65 years later.
	www.eyewitnesstohistory.com /vopi.htm (416 words)

	The Philippine-American War (1899-1902) from Filipino-Americans.com
		He made the declaration after the Philippine Commission reported to Roosevelt that the recent “insurrection” in the Philippines was over and a general and complete state of peace existed.
		During the duration of the war, the Philippines was ruled by the president of the United States in his capacity as commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
		The next stage in the development of civil government in the Philippines was the passing of the Cooper Act on July 1, 1902, or the Philippine Bill of 1902.
	www.filipino-americans.com /filamwar.html (7214 words)

	NAMED CAMPAIGNS - PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION
		Cession of the Philippines to the United States (Treaty of Paris, 10 December 1898) disappointed many Filipinos, and on 4 February 1899 Aguinaldo's followers clashed with American troops near Manila.
		During this pause the first Philippine Scout units were organized and large numbers of additional troops began to arrive, bringing the strength of the American force (Eighth Army Corps) to some 47,500 men by the end of the year and 75,000 a year later.
		In May 1905, March 1906, and June 1913, Regulars had to cope with disorders too extensive to be handled by the local constabulary and Philippine Scouts on the island of Jolo, a Moro stronghold.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/reference/picmp.htm (921 words)

	American Foreign Policy and the Philippine Insurrection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		President McKinley appoints the First Philippine Commission, a five person group to investigate conditions in the islands and to make recommendations as conditions worsened in Filipino-American relations.
		Republic of the Philippines was formally inaugurated, by the Filipinos.
		The Philippine Bill of 1902, was passed by the U.S. Congress.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~saaposto/WorldPolitics116/timeline.html (203 words)

	[No title]
		Howland, Charles R. "The Philippine Insurrection of 1899: A Study." Inf Jrnl 30 (Apr 1927): pp.
		Taylor, John R.M. "The Philippine Insurrection Against the United States: A Compilation of Documents with Notes and Introduction." 5 vols.
		Weed, Frederic A. "The Origins of the Philippine Insurrection Against the United States." MA thesis, Columbia, 1941.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usamhi/Bibliographies/ReferenceBibliographies/Philippines/insurrec.doc (1828 words)

	U.S. Government Must Officially Apologize for Atrocities in Philippine-American War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This was a "dirty" war treacherously begun when the United States from 1899 to 1902 snatched away the gains of the newly-born Philippine republic, and committed atrocities of genocidal proportions in a conflict which was objectively an American war of conquest.
		Worse, all of these are treated in all official U.S. documents and history books as part of "the Philippine Insurrection" to disguise the nature of the Filipino people's heroic resistance.
		The term "Philippine Insurrection" implies an uprising against an already established American regime in the Philippines where for the most part, the conflict was objectively an American War of conquest, invasion and forcible occupation.
	www.boondocksnet.com /centennial/sctexts/simbulan980704.html (960 words)

	Philippine Insurrection Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross - Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		During an attack by a greatly superior number of insurgents on the town which he was occupying with a small detachment, Lieutenant Andrews displayed exceptional courage, initiative, and highest qualities of leadership in successfully repulsing a desperate attack of the enemy, most of whom were armed with bolos.
		Lieutenant Harris gallantly and fearlessly directed the movements of the most exposed part of the firing line, and, without regard for his personal safety, was the first man to enter the cotta, a stronghold of the enemy, where it was expected that a last stubborn stand would be made by the insurgents.
		Captain Sheen, at the imminent risk of his own life succeeded in saving the life of a brother officer from drowning while the detachment under his command was attempting to cross the Imus River and effect a surprise upon a rendezvous of a ladrone band in the vicinity.
	www.homeofheroes.com /verify/1_Citations/dsc_02philippines.html (4432 words)

	Regimental History --Philippine Insurrection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The United States acquired the Philippine Islands from Spain in the Spanish-American War.
		General Adna Chaffee, Commander of the Division of the Philippines, issued a proclamation stating the purposes of the American forces were to open roads, explore and to foster commerce between the interior and the outside world.
		Colonel Baldwin was convinced that the only way to gain a lasting peace would be to advance troops to the region of Lake Lanao and subdue the chiefs responsible for the trouble.
	www.kolchak.org /History/PI/phil.htm (2039 words)

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