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Topic: Philippine presidential election, 1986

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Philippine general election, 1953 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Seal of the President of the Philippines The President of the Philippines is the head of state and of the government of the Republic of the Philippines.
		The Senate of the Philippines is the upper chamber of the bicameral legislature of the Philippines, the Congress of the Philippines.
		Presidential, legislative and local elections were held on November 10, 1953 in the Philippines.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Philippine-general-election,-1953 (893 words)

	Elections in the Philippines - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Philippines elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature.
		Philippines has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.
		The Commission on Elections is responsible for running the elections.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines (198 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Philippine general election, 1969 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES Ferdinand Marcos Ferdinand Edralin Marcos (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was the tenth President of the Republic of the Philippines.
		In the legislative elections, voters elected twelve Senators (half the members of the Senate), who are elected at large with the whole country voting as one constituency, and all 208 members of the House of Representatives, who are elected from single-member districts.
		Philippine opposition to García on issues of government corruption and anti-Americanism led, in June, 1959, to the union of the Liberal and Progressive parties, led by Vice President Diosdad Macapagal, the Liberal party leader, who succeeded García as president in the 1961 elections.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Philippine-general-election,-1969 (881 words)

	Philippine general election, 2004 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Presidential elections, legislative elections and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 10, 2004.
		In the legislative elections, voters elected twelve Senators (half the members of the Senate), who are elected at large with the whole country voting as one constituency, and all 208 members of the House of Representatives, who are elected from single-member districts.
		The political climate leading up to the 2004 elections was one of the most emotional in the country's history since the 1986 elections that resulted in the exile of Ferdinand Marcos.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Philippine_general_election,_2004 (2843 words)

	Transformation: Philippines
		Democratic transformation in the post-1986 period was further characterized by 1) the free election of legislators and local officials; 2) the strengthening of the legislature; 3) the reestablishment of an independent and credible judiciary; 4) restoration of a free press; and 5) institutionalization of a decentralized bureaucracy and local government autonomy.
		The Philippine Constitution, which was overwhelmingly ratified by almost 76% of the electorate in 1987, clearly defines citizenship and equally accords its rights and privileges to include the cultural minorities in the autonomous regions of Cordillera and Mindanao.
		The Philippines continues its struggle to escape economic stagnation, and infrastructural and institutional capabilities have yet to materialize, as growth in 2004 was based on factors susceptible to fluctuations, such as weather conditions, consumer-spending patterns and export market demands.
	www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de /122.0.html (6292 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Philippine presidential election, 1986 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Salvador Laurel (November 18, 1928â€“January 27, 2004) was vice-president of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992 under Corazon Aquino.
		NAMFREL Tally PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES Ferdinand Marcos Ferdinand Edralin Marcos (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was the tenth President of the Republic of the Philippines.
		The political climate leading up to the 2004 elections was one of the most emotional in the country's history since the 1986 elections that resulted in the exile of Ferdinand Marcos.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Philippine-presidential-election,-1986 (1313 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Philippine general election, 1949 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Presidential, legislative and local elections were held on November 8, 1949 in the Philippines.
		Incumbent President Elpidio Quirino won a full term as President of the Philippines after the untimely death of President Manuel Roxas in 1948.
		PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES Jose P. Laurel José Paciano Laurel y García (March 9, 1891 - November 6, 1959) was the president of the Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines from 1943 to 1945.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Philippine-general-election,-1949 (891 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Philippine general election, 1941 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Presidential and legislative elections were held on November 11, 1941 in the Philippines.
		PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES Manuel L. Quezon Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (August 19, 1878 - August 1, 1944) was the first president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
		Sergio OsmeÃ±a Sergio OsmeÃ±a (September 9, 1878â€”October 19, 1961) was the second President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Philippine-general-election,-1941 (847 words)

	MARCOS, Ferdinand Edralin
		Elected to the Philippine house of representatives in 1949 and to the senate in 1959 as a Liberal, he switched to the Nationalist side in 1964 and the following year ran for the presidency against the incumbent, Diosdado Macapagal (1910–97).
		Widespread fraud in the presidential elections of 1986, in which he claimed to have defeated Corazon Aquino, the widow of the murdered opposition leader Benigno Aquino, provoked a popular uprising that forced Marcos and his wife into exile in Hawaii.
		While appealing her conviction, she was elected in May 1995 to the Philippine house of representatives; her appeal was upheld by the supreme court in October 1998.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=215776 (715 words)

	Philippines: History, Geography, Government, and Culture — Infoplease.com
		University of the Philippines - Philippines, University of the Philippines, University of the, main campus at Quezon City, the...
		The Philippines - Philippines, The Philippines, The, officially Republic of the Philippines, republic (2005 est.
		Korea and the Philippines: a century of U.S. intervention.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0107887.html (1564 words)

	More die in Philippine election as police cut toll - Boston.com
		Philippine police shot dead a gunman on Thursday who tried to assassinate the wife of a mayoral candidate in an increasingly bloody aftermath to this week's congressional and local elections.
		Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo described this week's congressional polls as a victory for the economy on Thursday, but investors believe only political pragmatism will ensure the country's take-off.
		Half of the Senate, all of the 275-seat House of Representatives and nearly 18,000 local positions are up for grabs in the election, which the government has hailed as relatively peaceful compared to the 2004 presidential poll, when at least 189 people were killed.
	www.boston.com /news/world/asia/articles/2007/05/17/more_die_in_philippine_election_as_police_cut_toll (550 words)

	Philippines - The Snap Election and Marcos's Ouster (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Indicative of the importance of United States support for his regime, Marcos announced his decision to hold a "snap" presidential election on an American television talk show, "This Week with David Brinkley," in November 1985.
		Although Marcos held an inauguration ceremony at Malacañang Palace on February 25, it was boycotted by foreign ambassadors (with the exception, in an apparently unwitting gaffe, of a new Soviet ambassador).
		Crisis in the Philippines, a collection of essays edited by John Bresnan, provides an excellent academic discussion of the Marcos years and the events that brought Corazon Aquino to the presidency.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-10408.html (977 words)

	Dynasties and female political top leaders in Asia - Leaders' Profile - Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
		Her father, Diosdado P. Macapagal, was president of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965 and gained a reputation as a committed economic reformer.
		In 1968, after returning to the Philippines to marry Jose Miguel Tuason Arroyo, a businessman and lawyer, she graduated magna cum laude from Assumption College, Manila, with a Bachelor of Science in Commerce.
		Arroyo's victory was marred by violent incidents during the election campaign and accusations of widespread irregularities from her rivals.
	www.uni-duisburg-essen.de /oapol/dyn_pol_glo.shtml (761 words)

	Philippine History
		The Philippine legislature ratified the bill; a constitution, approved by President Roosevelt (Mar., 1935) was accepted by the Philippine people in a plebiscite (May); and Quezon was elected the first president (Sept.).
		Philippine opposition to García on issues of government corruption and anti-Americanism led, in June, 1959, to the union of the Liberal and Progressive parties, led by Vice President Diosdado Macapagal, the Liberal party leader, who succeeded García as president in the 1961 elections.
		After the Feb., 1986, presidential election, both Marcos and his opponent, Corazon Aquino (the widow of Benigno), declared themselves the winner, and charges of massive fraud and violence were leveled against the Marcos faction.
	pinas.dlsu.edu.ph /history/history.html (2904 words)

	THE DOWNFALL OF MARCOS
		It portrayed the Philippine president as a slightly mysterious, distant, omnipotent, and inspired father figure through which the destiny of the Philippine people was being realized.
		The Philippine economy grew at a steady annual rate, a land reform program was initiated, law and order seemed improved, the Muslim and Communist rebellions were contained, and urban employment increased.
		Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos—one of the most powerful authoritarian leaders in the post-World War II era—was forced to abdicate in February 1986.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1986/mar-apr/hill.html (3454 words)

	Philippine History \| Bansa.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Following a February 7, 1986, presidential election hopelessly compromised by regimeperpetuated abuses, she was brought to power by a popular movement that encompassed practically every major social group.
		The Marcos era from 1965 to 1986 and the ensuing democratic resurgence under Corazon Aquino revealed both the strengths and weaknesses of the nation's democratic institutions.
		On November 15, 1935, the self-governing Commonwealth of the Philippines was established.
	www.bansa.org /history (694 words)

	Asian Political News: 3RD LD: Violence mars Philippine presidential election (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Scattered violence, vote buying, confusion and harassment marred Monday's Philippine presidential election, which is considered to be the most contentious and bitter since the 1986 contest between strongman Ferdinand Marcos and Corazon Aquino, widow of slain Sen. Benigno Aquino.
		Philippine election officials began tallying votes in the afternoon after voters cast ballots to elect the country's next president, vice president, 12 senators, more than 200 members of the House of Representatives and about 17,000 local officials.
		Election Commissioner Resurreccion Borra, however, said the conduct of the elections was ''relatively peaceful,'' despite scattered violence.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2004_May_17/ai_n6264433 (759 words)

	Philippine president fails to obtain a clear mandate in national elections
		In the 1998 presidential election, Estrada, who is just as much a big business politician as Arroyo, campaigned on the basis of the slogan “Erap [buddy] for the poor” and traded on his career as a film star playing tough guy roles.
		When tens of thousands of demonstrators converged on the presidential palace on May 1, Arroyo reacted by claiming that the opposition was attempting a coup, then declared “a state of rebellion” and ordered the arrest of key opposition senators on charges of conspiracy.
		The bitterly fought character of the election was also evidenced by the greater than usual level of violence.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2001/may2001/phil-m19.shtml (1367 words)

	PREVIEW: Manila Folder
		In February 1986, Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos--unpleasant, unwell, and unloved--held a "snap election." This was a somewhat baffling attempt to bolster his authority by running against Corazon Aquino, widow of the opposition leader assassinated by Marcos henchmen.
		Lugar said his delegation's purpose was "to demonstrate the importance to the United States of free and fair elections in the Philippines." Marcos had ruled the country, by means electoral and otherwise, since 1965.
		The elections proceeded predictably with, as I wrote at the time, "voter-registration records being destroyed, ballot boxes stolen, opposition poll watchers barred from their stations, and army trucks full of 'flying voters' moved from one spot to another." And worse.
	www.weeklystandard.com /Utilities/printer_preview.asp?idArticle=3947&R=9DD91E71D (1489 words)

	Arroyo is declared winner of election - The Boston Globe
		PHILIPPINES MANILA -- The Philippine Congress proclaimed incumbent Gloria Mapacagal Arroyo the winner of last month's presidential election early today after an all-night session.
		The opposition repeated claims that massive vote fraud stole the May 10 election from action film star Fernando Poe Jr.
		MANILA -- The Philippine Congress proclaimed incumbent Gloria Mapacagal Arroyo the winner of last month's presidential election early today after an all-night session.
	www.boston.com /news/world/articles/2004/06/24/arroyo_is_declared_winner_of_election (584 words)

	Philippines - From Aquino's Assassination to People's Power
		The People's Power movement, which bore fruit in the ouster of Marcos on February 25, 1986, was broad-based but primarily, although not exclusively, urban-based, indeed the movement was commonly known in Manila as the EDSA Revolution.
		Following Aquino's assassination, Cardinal Jaime Sin, archbishop of Manila and a leader of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, gradually shifted the hierarchy's stance from one of "critical collaboration" to one of open opposition.
		Both in the 1984 balloting and the February 7, 1986, presidential election, NAMFREL played a major role in preventing, or at least reporting, regime-- instigated irregularities.
	countrystudies.us /philippines/29.htm (2463 words)

	[No title]
		DANAO CITY, Philippines, Nov 29 (Reuters) - With the whiff of elections in the air, the gunsmiths of Danao City are working overtime to meet demand for their signature.38-calibre revolvers.
		But it is during the Philippines' bitterly fought elections that gun violence traditionally surges as rival clans, with long-running feuds, battle it out for dominance.
		In May's election, half of the 24-seat Senate, all of the 235-member House of Representatives and thousands of local government seats are up for grabs.
	www.alertnet.org /thenews/newsdesk/MAN289646.htm (910 words)

	Philippine Military to Help Quell Violence During Elections
		Philippine National Police Chief Gen. Oscar Calderon, left, presents to the media firearms confiscated since the implementation of the gun-ban for the local election period, 30 Apr 2007
		Presidential spokesman Ignacio Bunye says the country should unite and bring the situation under control.
		Analysts are watching the election closely because it could change the balance of power in the House, where two bids to impeach President Arroyo have been defeated.
	voanews.com /english/2007-05-01-voa10.cfm (395 words)

	CORAZON C. AQUINO
		Marcos called presidential elections for February 1986, and she became the opposition candidate for president.
		In 1995 she ran a “Never Again” campaign during national elections to prevent the election of Marcos’s son, Ferdinand Marcos, Jr., and the former army colonel and coup plotter Gregorio Honasan.
		Although she won a vote of confidence in legislative elections that May, military unrest, coupled with popular discontent at the slow pace of economic reform, continued to threaten her government.
	www.angelfire.com /on/philpres/aquino.html (475 words)

	Philippine History, Flags & Presidents
		Early inhabitants of what will later be called the Philippine Islands and eventually the Republic of the Philippines came by passing through land bridges about 250,000 years ago during the last ice age when the water levels was still low.
		In 1934, the Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed by the U.S. Congress, established the Commonwealth of the Philippines and promised Philippine independence by 1946.
		A tape recording of Arroyo talking with a commissioner on elections surfaced establishing impropriety by Arroyo and suggesting that she might have influenced the outcome of the last elections.
	philippine-history.philsite.net (1775 words)

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