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	Phillipe Pinel
		Phillipe Pinel, one of the founders of modern psychiatry, was a major figure in early efforts to provide humane care and treatment for the mentally ill.
		The real crucial moment in Pinel's life came when a close friend of his became mentally ill, and during a psychotic break ran into a forest and was devoured by a pack of wolves.
		In 1795, Pinel was appointed as chief physician at Salpetriere, the female asylum in Paris.
	www.nsfoundation.org /pinel.htm (566 words)

	Alain Pinel Realty
		Philippe Pinel (20th April 1745 - 25th October 1826), regarded by many as the father of modern psychiatry, was born in a small town in Languedoc, the son and nephew of physicians.
		Pinel was an Ideologue, a disciple of the abbé de Condillac.
		Phillipe Pinel is credited as being the first to introduce humane methods into the treatment of the mentally ill as the superintendent of the Asylum de Bicêtre in Paris.
	www.artistbooking.com /trips/3/alain-pinel-realty.html (1240 words)

	TN Encyclopedia: TENNESSEE LUNATIC ASYLUM
		The movement for an asylum in Tennessee arose in the context of the nationwide reforming furor associated with the Second Great Awakening.
		The asylum movement in America built its ideological arguments upon the theories of a group of European physicians including Phillipe Pinel of France, Daniel Hawke Tuke of England, and Vincenzo Chiarugi of Italy.
		These thinkers advocated a system known as "Moral Treatment." The heart of this system consisted of the theory that insanity often arose in the context of a disordered environment.
	tennesseeencyclopedia.net /imagegallery.php?EntryID=T047 (694 words)

	Online edition of Daily News - Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		One of the early pioneers in this regard was Phillipe Pinel (1745-1826), a French physician, who ran the Bicetre Asylum in Paris at the end of the eighteenth century.
		Pinel saw his patients as ill, suffering from physiological disorders.
		Pinel helped to introduce what has come to be known as the 'medical model' of abnormal behaviour.
	www.dailynews.lk /2003/08/30/fea01.html (1131 words)

	History of Treating Psychological Disorders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In another part I found many of the unfortunate women locked in the cells, naked and chained on straw, with only one blanket for covering.
		Pinel, 1801: "On my entrance upon the duties of that hospital, everything presented to me the appearance of chaos and confusion.
		Some appeared to possess a correct judgment upon most subjects, but were occasionally agitated by violent sallies of maniacal fury; while those of another class were sunk into a state of stupid idiotism and imbecility." (Pinel, 1801, pp.
	www.artsci.gmcc.ab.ca /people/easterbrookm/index/notes19_105.htm (508 words)

	Jean Itard
		It was Phillipe Pinel himself who was first commissioned to examine the boy.
		Nevertheless, because the boy promised to be a perfect example of a "noble savage," Pinel and other leading social scientists of the day (members of a group called "The Society of Observers of Man") wanted to see him.
		According to Pinel, Victor was simply a profoundly retarded boy, "an incurable idiot, a hopeless case" (Shattuck, 1980, p.
	www.cyc-net.org /cyc-online/cycol-0103-mcdermott.html (5266 words)

	How we saw the Mentally Ill 2
		It was at this time that mental illness began to be classified and treatment tailored for the appropriate affliction.
		Phillipe Pinel the French psychiatrist identified four categories of mental illness: mania, melancholia, dementia and idiocy.
		Pinel was also the governor of the Bicêtre asylum in France and is credited as being the first to release the insane from their shackles thus sparking the debate over the necessity of physical restraint which continued throughout the century.
	www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk /studentwebs/session4/42/html/how_we_saw_the_mentally_ill_2.html (1337 words)

	History of Occupational Therapy in Mental Health
		This dramatic change can be attributed to two very different men, Phillipe Pinel, a French physician, scholar and natural philosopher and William Tuke, an English Quaker.
		Phillipe Pinel was of the belief that morally treating the mentally ill meant treating their emotions.
		The doctrine of Moral Treatment utilized occupation; man's goal directed use of time, interests, energy, and attention; in combination with purposeful daily activity for treatment.
	www.angelfire.com /ut/otpsych/history.html (566 words)

	Romance Language Psychiatry (Surnames P-Y) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Yet huminatarian treatment of the insane, although crucial to Pinel's psychiatric work, was not that work's sole focus, for Pinel also devoted himself to establishing psychiatry as a scientifically based branch of medicine.
		Pinel was the first to keep detailed psychiatric case histories -- a tradition carried on and systematically elaborated by his brilliant pupil Esquirol.
		Phillipe Pinel's son and a distinguished psychiatrist in his own right, Scipion was physician to the Bicêtre.
	www.gach.com /Gach/l1424-03.htm (4162 words)

	WE Media's Timeline
		Phillipe Pinel, a physician at La Bicetre, an asylum in Paris, unshackles people with mental illnesses.
		James Potts of London designs a prosthesis that consists of a wooden shank and socket, a steel knee joint, and an articulated foot controlled by catgut tendons from the knee to the ankle.
		Phillipe Pinel writes Treatise on Insanity in which he develops a four-part diagnostic classification for the major mental illnesses: melancholy, dementia, mania without delirium and mania with delirium.
	www.thenthdegree.com /WeMediaHistory.asp (3332 words)

	Theories of depression before the twentieth century...
		It was to such settings that Phillipe Pinel in France, Chiarugi and Pisani in Italy, and Tuke in England brought reforms.
		Pinel still believed that abnormalities are often found in the abdomen.
		Esquirol was a student of Pinel, he freed himself from Pinel’s theory of gastrointestinal localisation and adopted Gall’s theory of cerebral localisation.
	www.priory.com /homol/dephist.htm (4018 words)

	The Museum of disABILITY History: Online Exhibits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Phillipe Pinel, one of the five observers, delivered his report, saying that Victor was an incurable idiot with no chance for improvement or education.
		Itard disagreed with Pinel and went against the recommendations, keeping Victor in the asylum and personally training him.
		Though never making the progress he had hoped, Itard’s techniques and willingness to stand up for the cause of "Victor the Wild Boy” were very influential to the training and education programs of the time.
	www.people-inc.org /museum/exhibits_pantheon1.asp (194 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Until the 1800's, the mentally ill were treated like animals, locked in institutions where the rest of society could pay for admission to see them in horrid conditions: chained to walls, wearing rags, living in their own filth, beaten or simply neglected.
		In the 1800's, though, Phillipe Pinel took over two institutions in France where he instituted his ideals of humane treatment.
		In fact, many of Pinel's patients were eventually released back into society.
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /mvigeant/univ270_05/PsychDrugs/history.htm (354 words)

	Ernie Barrett (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		After the French Revolution, Phillipe Pinel (1873), a French physician surgeon, pioneered a then radical method of treating the mental ill. He called this method of treatment, Moral Therapy.
		Around this time Pinel introduced a systematic classification of disease that included medical and mental disorders, he had for some time advocated the use of note taking and observation.
		Although Kraepelin regarded psychoses and neuroses as the two main forms of mental illness, he did in fact recognise five types of mental disorders that, although he did not see them as illnesses as such, they seemed to him to be examples of mental processes that were not functioning normally.
	www.stuart-thomas.com /ernie.htm (1233 words)

	Freud and Psychoanalysis
		Philippe Pinel was born on April 20, 1745, in the small town of Saint André.
		Pinel moved to Montpellier in 1774 where he tutored wealthy students in anatomy and mathematics.
		Pinel is also remembered for dismissing the demonic possession theory of mental illness for once and for all, and for eliminating treatments such as bleeding from his hospital.
	www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/psychoanalysis.html (10887 words)

	Remarks by A. Kathryn Power, M.Ed., February 2, 2005, In-Service Training Seclusion and Restraint Matrix Work Group
		In 1794, French psychiatrist, Dr. Phillipe Pinel, the leading authority on mental illness in France at the time, became the director of the Bicêtre, an asylum for men in Paris.
		Pinel launched a movement…a movement to advocate for the “moral treatment” of people with mental illnesses.
		Unfortunately, more than 200 years after Pinel broke the chains at Bicêtre, reports of injuries and death due to the use of seclusion and restraint confirm that we are still struggling with this issue.
	www.mentalhealth.samhsa.gov /newsroom/speeches/020205.asp (2008 words)

	History of Psychiatry in Oregon
		Among the high ideals of the French revolution was the humane approach to the care of the mentally ill championed by
		Phillipe Pinel (1745-1826) who freed the mentally ill at the Bicetre Hospital in Paris in 1793 and two years later did the same at the Saltpetriere Hospital.
		What Pinel did was take away the chains, open the windows, feed the folks decent food, and treat them with kindness.
	www.ohsu.edu /psychiatry/grandrounds/moraltreatment.shtml (1692 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		These reports, penned by John Haslam of the Bethlem Royal Hospital in London, and Phillipe Pinel of the Salpetriere asylum in Paris, contain all of the criteria now held important regarding the diagnosis of schizophrenia.
		Unfortunately, at the time of Haslam and Pinel, there was no universal, accepted classification system of mental health.
		A diagnosis would differ from hospital to hospital according to the whims of discovery the heads of the various asylum’s might have.
	pages.slc.edu /~ebj/minds/student_pages/sarah/schiz3.html (646 words)

	National Schziophrenia Awareness Day-May 24 : Houston Indymedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		NSAD, which is sponsored by the National Schizophrenia Foundation, occurs annually on May 24 - the day which psychiatric patients were unshackled from the walls of the Bicetre Asylum in Paris in 1793.
		Dr. Phillipe Pinel, appointed chief physician at the facility that year, ordered this action in response to his assessment of "treatment" conditions.
		To many, it marks the beginning of humane treatment for the mentally ill. Yet, despite today's effective therapies, many afflicted with schizophrenia and related disorders remain confined by societal misperceptions, fear and ignorance.
	houston.indymedia.org /print.php?id=29343 (181 words)

	The 50 Year Evolution of Social Work in Community Mental Health
		A number of factors led up to the enactment of community mental health legislation in New York – legislation which, for the first time, established a mechanism to combine state and local government funding and charitable contributions to support community-based mental health services for the seriously mentally ill.
		Adopting this idea in the United States, Dorothea Dix targeted state governments, successfully moving the locus of care of the mentally ill from the local almshouse to newly established state “asylum” systems in more than 20 states, including New York.
		Pinel’s and Dix’s vision was never to be realized.
	www.naswnyc.org /The50YearEvolutionofSocialWorkinCommunityMentalHealth.htm (1038 words)

	Stairway to Light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This "Passing Parade" series entry tells the story of Dr. Phillipe Pinel (1745-1826), a French physician.
		When he was assigned to a government institution for the mentally ill, he was appalled at the conditions he found.
		Pinel treated the patients with kindness and understanding.
	theoscarsite.com /pictures1945/stairway2light.htm (81 words)

	The Museum of disABILITY History: Online Exhibits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Phillipe Pinel is best known for his work in liberating the patients of the Bicêtre, the male insane asylum in Paris, and later its female counterpart, the Salpêtrière (photo above).
		He started keeping a history of each patient’s care and worked to improve the quality of workers at each institution.
		Pinel also had a connection to “Victor the Wild Boy.” Pinel was the leading authority on mental illness in France at the time and was teacher to Jean Marc Gaspard Itard, the doctor who attempted to train Victor.
	www.people-inc.org /museum/exhibits_pantheon2.asp (159 words)

	Abnormal Lecture 1.2
		Jean-Baptiste Pussin, superintendent of the "incurables" ward at La Bicetre in Paris,removed their chains and forbade the staff to beat patients, but Phillipe Pinel was actually given credit for this, probably because Pinel was a physician and Pussin was a layman.
		Later, Pinel became chief physician at another mental hospital and made even more radical changes.
		He replaced the dungeons with airy, sunny rooms, halted treatments such as bleeding, purging, and cupping (blistering the skin with small hot cups), listened to their problems and gave comfort and advice.He also kept records and developed a case history for each patient which led to charting of characteristic patterns of disorders.
	peace.saumag.edu /faculty/gbates/courses/abnormal/l1t2pastfuture2.html (829 words)

	Itard, Jean Marc Gaspard - WikEd
		Here, in the boy, was a sure way to attain renown, to raise himself at one bound from the obscurity of the medical grind to a respected and secured frame." (2004, Newton)
		Itard's research blended the philosophies of Rousseau with the scientific approaches of Phillipe Pinel and Etienne Bonnot De Condillac (1715-1780) to awaken Victor from his savage mind.
		Itard became widely known for his experiments at the National Institutions for Deaf and Mutes to encourage Victor to develop language skills, (thought to be the key to becoming a civilized human being) and to reach these goals with Victor.
	wik.ed.uiuc.edu /index.php/Itard,_Jean_Marc_Gaspard (1026 words)

	[No title]
		In fact, the historian of psychiatry, Henri Ellenberger (1970), noted that the remarkable case histories of the madhouse reformer, Phillipe Pinel, appear to have been, in some cases, borrowed from Balzac's novels.
		Nor would he have seen it as the emergence of more sensitive attitudes and compassionate care, changes which histories typically depict as having been initiated by such champions of psychiatric reform as Phillipe Pinel in France and the Tukes in England.
		I also know that I won't return to the conditions that existed before the Tukes and Pinel commenced the reign of reason in relation to madness.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /ipsa/journal/articles/art_sarbit03.shtml (10838 words)

	Imagining Robert: Study Guide
		A relatively brief period of improved care started in the late 18th century, when Jean-Baptiste Pussin, superintendent of a ward for “incurable” mental patients at La Bicêtre hospital in Paris, prohibited beatings and released patients from shackles.
		Tuke, S. Description of the Retreat, an institution near York, for insane persons of the Society of Friends: containing an account of its origin and progress, the modes of treatment, and a statement of cases.
		Weiner, D. Philippe Pinel's "Memoir on Madness" of December 11, 1794: a fundamental text of modern psychiatry.
	www.florentinefilms.org /imagrob/film/stguide02.html (2084 words)

	Point Counter Point
		"You must be crazy," French psychiatrists told Phillipe Pinel in 1792 after Pinel announced his intention to free the mentally ill from the shackles and bonds that kept them tightly chained to cold and filthy institutional walls and beds.
		"They are dangerous and violent and will kill us all," Pinel was repeatedly warned.
		Yet, his loosening of the chains was the foremost affirmative act that encouraged a wave of humane treatment finally leading to relief and cure.
	www.calbar.ca.gov /calbar/2cbj/99mar/page14-1.htm (2706 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		However, gradually these asylums became the place for human exploitation.
		Phillipe Pinel was the first Psychiatrist to free these mentally ill from asylum.
		Clifford Beers work ' The mind that found itself' pought in light the treatment meted out to these people in asylums, resulting in a strong reaction to the plights of mentally ill. This uproar resulted in starting of 'mental-hygiene' movement.
	www.bioline.org.br /abstract?jp01022 (210 words)

	New Page 1
		People believed in human reason and science during this time.
		Phillipe Pinel began to instill moral treatment into patients once again.
		New mental hospitals were built, but were often understaffed, so care became inefficient once again.
	department.monm.edu /chemistry/issi470/fall2003/cread/history.htm (676 words)

	Shadow Voices - History of Treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Paris, prohibited beatings and released patients from shackles.
		In 1793, Phillipe Pinel became chief physician at La Bicêtre, and he continued these reforms.
		He developed “moral treatment,” a form of care that offered patients sympathy and kindness rather than cruelty and violence.
	www.shadowvoices.com /topics/history.asp (878 words)

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