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Topic: Philosopher of science

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	Philosophy of science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy that studies the philosophical assumptions, foundations, and implications of science, including the formal sciences, natural sciences, and social sciences.
		In this respect, the philosophy of science is closely related to epistemology, ontology, and the philosophy of language.
		Science serves in the process of consensus decision making by which people of varying moral and ethical views come to agree on 'what is real'.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/p/ph/philosophy_of_science.html (3959 words)

	Lecture 1
		One reason for this is that philosophers of science, on occasion, would find many of the things that sociologists, psychologists, and historians of science study to be relevant to their own studies of science.
		Of course, the degree to which philosophers of science are interested in and draw upon the achievements of these other disciplines varies greatly among individuals--e.g., some philosophers of science have been far more interested in the history of science, and have thought it more relevant to their own endeavors, than others.
		The first difference is that philosophy of science is not primarily an empirical study of science, although empirical studies of science are of relevance to the philosopher of science.
	www.soc.iastate.edu /Sapp/phil_sci_lecture01.html (938 words)

	AskPhilosophers.org
		Philosophers often think of the philosophy of science as being less of a descriptive enterprise than is either the history or the sociology of science.
		Likewise, should a philosopher conclude that, strictly speaking, scientists have yet to offer a single explanation, then it seems a good question whether that philosopher could possibly be shedding light on the concept of explanation as scientists employ it.
		Philosophical inquiry, unlike research in the natural sciences, relies largely on judgments (or "intuitions," as they are sometimes called) for its data.
	www.amherst.edu /askphilosophers/question/1335 (972 words)

	Philosophy of science -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		In this respect, the philosophy of science is closely related to (The philosophical theory of knowledge) epistemology and (The metaphysical study of the nature of being and existence) ontology.
		One area of interest among historians, philosophers, and sociologists of science is the extent to which scientific theories are shaped by their social and political context.
		Science serves in the process of (Click link for more info and facts about consensus decision making) consensus decision making by which people of varying moral and ethical views come to agree on 'what is real'.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/ph/philosophy_of_science.htm (3574 words)

	Philosophy of Science - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Many scientist and philosophers acknowledge that all knowledge is based on a few axiomatic assumptions; the philosophy of science is to reduce that number to the absolute minimum necessary to produce useful knowledge.
		This is not to say that a scientist may not be a theist of one sort or another; instead, it's to note that the Philosophy of Science and the Scientific Method operate independently of that belief.
		Science produces only probabilistic knowledge, and the Philosophy of Science acknowledges that any Theory may be falsified at some point in the future; that the current explanations are simply and only the best current explanation.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Philosophy_of_Science (920 words)

	Albert Einstein as a Philosopher of Science - Physics Today December 2005
		The philosophical seeds sown at the Polytechnic and the Olympia Academy were soon to bear fruit in Einstein's 1905 paper on the special theory of relativity and in many other places in his scientific work.
		Schlick, Reichenbach, and Einstein agreed that the challenge facing empiricist philosophers of physics was to formulate a new empiricism capable of defending the integrity of general relativity against attacks from the neo-Kantians.
		Einstein's philosophical sources are less obscure with regard to his lifelong commitment to the principle of spatial separability in the face of quantum mechanical nonlocality.
	www.physicstoday.org /vol-58/iss-12/p34.html (4901 words)

	Harvard Gazette: Philosopher serious about science
		With a focus on the philosophy of science, Hall said he was attracted to Harvard in part because of the opportunity to work across discipline boundaries with scientists.
		It was a dual love of science and philosophy that caused Hall to become a philosopher of science.
		Hall said he wishes he could live long enough to become expert at several sciences and that one aspect of philosophy he enjoys is its broad scope, which allows him to explore different fields.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/2005/12.08/03-hall.html (870 words)

	Defending science—within reason: the critical common-sensist manifesto: a noted philosopher of science proposes a ...
		Scientism is an exaggerated kind of deference towards science, an excessive readiness to accept as authoritative any claim made by the sciences, and to dismiss every kind of criticism of science or its practitioners as anti-scientific prejudice.
		It encourages too thoughtlessly uncritical an attitude to the disciplines classified as sciences, which in turn provokes envy of those disciplines, and encourages a kind of scientism--inappropriate mimicry, by practitioners of other disciplines, of the manner, the technical terminology, the mathematics, etc., of the natural sciences.
		Science is not sacred: like all human enterprises, it is thoroughly fallible, imperfect, uneven in its achievements, often fumbling, sometimes corrupt, and of course incomplete.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2843/is_4_28/ai_n6145279?lstpn=article_results&lstpc=search&lstpr=external&lstprs=other&lstwid=1&lstwn=search_results&lstwp=body_middle (627 words)

	Philosophers : Karl Popper
		Karl Popper is generally regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of this century.
		He was also a social and political philosopher of considerable stature, a self-professed `critical-rationalist', a dedicated opponent of all forms of scepticism, conventionalism, and relativism in science and in human affairs generally, a committed advocate and staunch defender of the `Open Society', and an implacable critic of totalitarianism in all of its forms.
		From this point on Popper's reputation and stature as a philosopher of science and social thinker grew enormously, and he continued to write prolifically - a number of his works, particularly The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1959), are now universally recognised as classics in the field.
	www.trincoll.edu /depts/phil/philo/phils/popper.html (756 words)

	The Republican War on Science by Chris Mooney
		Science itself has led to the affirmation of Christian morality: “Human beings have an intrinsic nature and dignity only if the world is an embodiment of the Word, the Logos, the language of a personal Creator.
		Philosophers of science distinguish between “methodological naturalism“—science’s procedural approach to studying nature by assuming that continuous causal processes occur without supernatural intervention—and “philosophical naturalism,” the atheistic conclusion that the supernatural doesn’t exist at all.
		The truth is that science isn’t necessarily at war with religion at all, although the ID movement certainly does seem to be at war with modern science.
	www.waronscience.com /excerpt.php?p=2 (2003 words)

	FEMINIST ANALYSIS OF SCIENCE (1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Feminists began their scrutiny of science in the 1960s and 1970s by concentrating primarily on inequalities in science education and employment; their arguments opened eyes as well as doors.
		One prominent practitioner of feminist scholarship is the historian and philosopher of science, Evelyn Fox Keller of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
		By painting science as a strongly "masculine" enterprise, Koertge says, feminism is turning women away the debilitating argument is there is something different with the way women understand the world - that women are intrinsically not suited to science", as it is practiced now, she explains.
	www.physics.odu.edu /~weinstei/srhr/pseudo/femsci1.htm (1359 words)

	The End of Science? (Skeptical Inquirer March 1997)
		Thus the rewards to the creators of science's now ephemeral and disposable theories are currently being reduced to accord with their downgraded and devalued work, and with science's diminished ambitions.
		The rise of Feyerabend's view of science, they claim, is the "most fundamental and yet the least recognized cause" of the decline in science funding in the West.
		Philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn and Feyerabend argue that neither verification nor falsification can establish the objectivity of science because both assume that data are independent of theory.
	www.csicop.org /si/9703/end.html (2757 words)

	Science in quotes
		Until the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries his influence on Western philosophy and science was so enormous he was simply called The Philosopher.
		Insofar as their only recourse to that world is through what they see and do, we may want to say that after a revolution scientists are responding to a different world.’ Thomas Kuhn (1922-), US historian and philosopher of science who showed that cultural and social conditions affect the direction of science.
		Science begins by saying it can only answer this [italics] type of question and ends by saying these [italics] are the only questions that can be asked.
	www.ucc.ie /academic/undersci/pages/quotes_science.htm (816 words)

	Xavier Zubiri: Science, Nature, Reality
		That is all science is concerned with: the structure of the phenomenological relations in the broadest sense, including (and especially) their temporal succession.
		Science, which to some degree had its origin in a 'desire to know about the world,' is not the logical development of episteme or the 'true' heir to it; rather, science is a different type of knowledge about the world, which does not supplant philosophy or render it useless and outmoded.
		The development of experimental science in the late medieval and renaissance periods led to a different view of nature, identified now with phenomena, and understood by most as replacing the Aristotelian view, which was deemed inadequate for supplying knowledge of the world.
	www.zubiri.org /works/englishworksabout/frsciencenature.htm (5794 words)

	Science and Pseudoscience (transcript)
		But then the problem of the demarcation between science and pseudoscience is not merely a problem of armchair philosophy: it is of vital social and political relevance.
		Newtonian science, for instance, is not simply a set of four conjectures - the three laws of mechanics and the law of gravitation.
		And this is why the problem of demarcation between science and pseudoscience is not a pseudo-problem of armchair philosophers: it has grave ethical and political implications.
	www.lse.ac.uk /collections/lakatos/scienceAndPseudoscienceTranscript.htm (2819 words)

	Science Without Borders - September 14, 2005 - The New York Sun
		In science it often happens that scientists say, 'You know that's a really good argument; my position is mistaken,' and then they actually change their minds and you never hear that old view from them again.
		Listen up, all ye who insist on squeezing the round peg of science into the square hole of religion; if religious claims are not consonant with scientific findings, it is wisest to err on the side of science, which employs self-correcting machinery designed to weed out error, agenda, and bias.
		Science is international, or non-national, in this sense, a characteristic His Holiness says is in harmony with the teachings of Buddhism.
	www.nysun.com /article/19969?access=278096 (404 words)

	Philosophers Notwithstanding, Kansas School Board Redefines Science - New York Times
		In the early 1990's, writers like the Czech playwright and former president Vaclav Havel and the French philosopher Bruno Latour proclaimed "the end of objectivity." The laws of science were constructed rather than discovered, some academics said; science was just another way of looking at the world, a servant of corporate and military interests.
		In the course of revising the state's science standards to include criticism of evolution, the board promulgated a new definition of science itself.
		James Robert Brown, a philosopher of science at the University of Toronto, said in an e-mail message: "It's the widespread belief that so-called scientific method is a clear, well-understood thing.
	www.nytimes.com /2005/11/15/science/sciencespecial2/15evol.html?ex=1289710800&en=8222cfc9c70fd951&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss (873 words)

	Scientists on Science: Reproducibility
		Reproducibility is also an assumed aspect when science is defined in part as being "testable against the empirical world" by the US legal system, as consistently holding up to repeated tests is generally viewed as being a necessary component.
		Based on this, it seems that the creationists' focus on "historical vs. operational science" misses the mark; all scientific experiments are, to an extent, historic, as their reproducibility is always dependent upon precisely recapitulating the inital experimental conditions.
		Science does recognize distinctions between natural and controlled experiments, which may seem to be similar to the distinction that the creationists are trying to make.
	arstechnica.com /journals/science.ars/2006/10/25/5744 (1483 words)

	What Science Is
		Philosopher of science Karl Popper (Austrian, British, 1902-1994) proposed that a scientific model is falsifiable: that it admits disproof.
		I go further: the entire content of science is false: models synopsize current available observations; scientists will make new observations in the future, some will notice similarities between previously-unrelated models that inspire them to propose more comprehensive models, some will find simpler and/or more apprehensable models that synopsize those observations.
		Note that medicine and engineering are not sciences: they consist of applications of current technology to treat diseases and build bridges (etc.), not the collection of observations to test or improve models or propose new models, though some physicians and engineers may also do science.
	alumnus.caltech.edu /~rbell/Science.html (2150 words)

	Science and "Unconceived Alternatives"
		The 25 August 2006 issue of Science carried a review of a new book, Exceeding Our Grasp: Science, History, and the Problem of Unconceived Alternatives, by Kyle Stanford, a philosopher of science at the University of California, Irvine.
		Progress in science has instead always been (and can't but be) measured in terms of distance from ignorance.
		That distinction, useful as it has been for several hundred years of scientific inquiry, is becoming increasingly difficult to sustain as science probes a variety of subjects where the act of inquiry itself produces significant changes in what is being inquired into, such as the brain itself.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /sci_cult/stanford (3154 words)

	Amazon.com: Abusing Science: The Case Against Creationism: Books: Philip Kitcher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Philip Kitcher is a philosophy of science professor at the University of Vermont, and presents the case against Creationism from his professional viewpoint.
		Kitcher is a philosopher of science, and philosophers have the unfortunate tradition of being bad...
		Kitcher, a philosopher of science, presents a comprehensive discussion of "creationist science" and evolutionary theory.
	www.amazon.com /Abusing-Science-Case-Against-Creationism/dp/026261037X (2208 words)

	UCL philosopher of science wins Lakatos Award
		He is a founding member of the Society for Philosophy of Science in Practice and of the Committee for Integrated History and Philosophy of Science.
		He pioneered a collaborative research project in which undergraduate students prepared a collected volume of essays on the life of chlorine for professional publication by passing on their work from year to year for cumulative improvement.
		The Lakatos Award was established in 1986 in memory of Imre Lakatos, a former Professor of Logic at the London School of Economics, and one of the foremost philosophers of science of all time.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /news/news-articles/0703/07031401 (420 words)

	Mind & Life Institute HHDL and Science
		Along with his vigorous interest in learning about the newest developments in science, His Holiness brings to bear both a voice for the humanistic implications of the findings, and a high degree of intuitive methodological sophistication.
		His Holiness believes that science and Buddhism share a common objective: to serve humanity and create a better understanding of the world.
		He feels that science offers powerful tools for understanding the interconnectedness of all life, and that such understanding provides an essential rationale for ethical behavior and the protection of the environment.
	www.mindandlife.org /hhdl.science_section.html (549 words)

	History and Philosophy of Science
		Philosophy of Science is the University of Chicago's Journal.
		Philosophy of Science is the journal of Indiana University's Philosophy of Science Association.
		Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science is the finest series available on the subject, with each volume covering a thinker or topic in great depth; many are out-of-print, though, and expensive.
	www.galilean-library.org /hps.html (329 words)

	Interesting People
		Philosopher of science I worked with a great deal at McGill.
		Philosopher of science (inter alia) who I studied with at UBC.
		Her recent book on what science is about is interesting too, even if I disagree with some of the themes.
	prime.gushi.org /~kd/ProfessionalWebPage/people.html (531 words)

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