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Topic: Phlebotomus

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	Principles of Pediatric Dermatology - Chapter12 : PARASITIC SKIN INFESTATIONS SKIN MANIFISTATIONS DUE TO PROTOZOA
		Leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by Leishmania tropica parasite, which is transmitted by the Phlebotomus sand fly.The reservoir hosts are the dog in the Mediterranean area, man in the Middle East and the wild rodents in Asia and Africa.
		The Phlebotomus fly transmitting the disease lives in the forests and causes the infection by biting their hosts.
		Phlebotomus attack their victims at night and prefer the ankles, wrist, knees and elbows.
	www.drmhijazy.com /english/chapters/chapter12.htm (4696 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Among the vectors of leishmaniasis, the subgenus Phlebotomus Rondani & Berté 1840 is probably ancient.
		As the most well developed state is always found at the end of the branch, the development of the pharyngeal armature is probably an adaptative character as, perhaps, is the cibarial armature.
		In order to root the phyletic tree, it is therefore necessary to limit the plesiomorphies at the beginning of the cladistic process, to those firmly established at the level of the family.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?oc98210 (4258 words)

	Phlebotomus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phlebotomus is a genus of "sand fly" in the Dipteran family Psychodidae.
		In the Old World, Phlebotomus sand flies are primarily responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis, an important parasitic disease, while transmission in the New World, is generally via sand flies of the genus Lutzomyia.
		Phlebotomus species are also vectors for phlebotomus fever, an arbovirus caused by Toscana virus, a member of the genus Phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phlebotomus (228 words)

	Toscana Virus in Europe \| CDC EID
		Many case reports in travelers and clinical research and epidemiologic studies conducted around the Mediterranean region have shown that TOSV has a tropism for the central nervous system (CNS) and is a major cause of meningitis and encephalitis in countries in which it circulates.
		Phlebotomus (sandfly) fever viruses have been isolated from sandflies in southern Europe, Africa, central Asia, and the Americas, and evidence exists for the presence of different viruses in the same sandfly population.
		perniciosus and Phlebotomus perfiliewi and from humans, whereas the presence of the virus in Portugal was suspected on the basis of a strain isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a Swedish patient who was returning to his home country from Portugal.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol11no11/05-0869.htm (4465 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		The subgenus Phlebotomus, surprisingly, has a terminal position on this most recent branch of the cladogram, despite the apparently plesiomorphic characters it shares with fossil forms.
		Hennig (1972), while deploring the inadequacy of many descriptions, considered the Phlebotominae as a monophyletic group composed of three monophyletic sub-groups: the genus Phlebotomus, the genus Sergentomyia (he did not conclusively include Parvidens), and the whole of the two genera Brumptomyia and Lutzomyia.
		The genus Phlebotomus thus had 11 subgenera, including Kasaulius which was described at the time.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?oc98211 (2483 words)

	EHP 104(7) Article: Cross
		Sandfly fever is caused by viruses belonging to the phlebotomus fever serogroup, with serotypes Naples and Sicilian occurring in Southwest Asia.
		The effect of increased temperature on the phlebotomus serogroup of viruses, however, is unknown.
		Leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania spp., a protozoan infection.
	www.ehponline.org /members/1996/104-7/cross.html (3190 words)

	Kenya Medical research Institute- Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Perkins, P.V., Githure, J.I., Mebrahtu, Y.B., Kiilu, G., Anjili, C.O., Ngumbi, P.M., Nzovu, J., Oster, C.N., Leewenburg, J., Hendricks, L.D, Whitmire, R.E. and Koech D.K. Isolation of Leishmania donovani from Phlebotomus martini in Baringo District, Kenya.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 82: 695-700.
		Phlebotomus aculeatus as a probable vector of Leishmania tropica s.l.
		Phlebotomine sandflies of Kenya (Diptera: Psychodidae)V. Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) mireillae n.sp.
	www.kemri.org /centres/cbrd/staff_ngumbi.asp (674 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Comparative salivary gland transcriptomics of sandfly vectors of visceral leishmaniasis
		It is interesting to note the amount of variation that exists in the number of members of the different protein families found in the four sandflies (Table 3).
		Only four families of proteins were unique to Phlebotomus: a 32-kDa protein of unknown function, a 2-kDa peptide, a 5-kDa peptide and a phospholipase A2-like protein (Table 4).
		This lack of cross-reactivity is possibly due to the low degree of similarities found in the Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus salivary proteins, as reported in the present work, and to the lack of recognition to specific molecules present exclusively in the different genera.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2164/7/52 (7980 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| High degree of conservancy among secreted salivary gland proteins from two geographically ...
		This type of protein has not been described in other blood feeding arthropods, yet it is present in the Phlebotomus as well as in the Lutzomyia sandflies [18].
		Therefore, it is possible that Phlebotomus salivary proteins are more conserved in general than proteins present in the saliva of Lutzomyia sandflies, perhaps due to the benefit accrued in increased feeding due to the host DTH response.
		Phlebotomus duboscqi (Mali and Kenya) salivary gland mRNA was isolated from 45 and 55 salivarygland pairs, respectively, using the MicroFastTrack mRNA isolation kit (Invitrogen, SanDiego, CA).
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2164/7/226 (6179 words)

	Thesis Library of Higher Education Commission
		This thesis is prepared on the basis of the specimens of the phlebotomine sandflies collected by the author during 1994-1998 in south western Pakistan, Balochistan.
		Descriptions, measurements, illustrations are given of armatures in the genital atria of the seven known south western Pakistan, Balochistan species of Phlebotomine sandflies of the sub genus, Phlebotomus: namely P.papatasi, P. bergeroti,P. salehi, sub genus Paraphlebotomus: P. sergenti, P. alexandri, 'P. nunri, Sub genus Parrotomyia : Sergntomyia (Parrotomyia) freetownnensis Sinton (1930) var.
		During the epidemiological surveys conducted by the author during 1994 - 98 in the whole of south western Pakistan, Balochistan, a total number of 5,552 persons were detected having skin lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
	www.hec.gov.pk /htmls/thesis/thesis_detail.asp?op=16 (952 words)

	phlebotomus fever - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Sand Fly, common name applied to a minute, biting fly.
		Leishmaniasis : other sand fly fevers: phlebotomus fever
		Search for books about your topic, "phlebotomus fever"
	encarta.msn.com /phlebotomus+fever.html (117 words)

	CANINE LEISHMANIA/Dog - Cypress Diag.
		In this moment the Leishmanias begin to be phagocyted by macrophages of the organism, where they reproduce until they destroy them, thus remaining free in the bloodstream, where they are again phagocyted invading different tissues and organs.
		In this phase, if the animal is bitten by a transmitter phlebotomus, the Leishmania go into the intestine of the animal, where they develop to the flagellate phase (leptomone) and go to the vector’s pharynx, from which they will move to another animal when the phlebotomus bites it.
		When blood arrives at the insect’s stomach, the protozoa are released by the breaking of the macrophages transforming themselves into promatigotes of 15 to 20µm long, spindle-shaped and with external flagellum.
	www.hlsvbp.com /products/cypress/veterinary/dogs/leishmania.htm (1072 words)

	Fossil Diptera Catalog -- Psychodidae
		Type species: Phlebotomus tipuliformis Meunier, 1905, by monotypy.
		*PHLEBOTOMUS Rondani and Berté in Rondani, 1840a: 12 (as Flebotomus) [emended spelling fixed by I.C.Z.N. (1954b: 199).] Type species: Bibio papatasi Scopoli, 1786, by monotypy.
		Type species: Phlebotomus minutus Rondani, 1843 (as "Hebotomus minutus"), by subsequent designation of França (1920: 234).
	hbs.bishopmuseum.org /fossilcat/fosspsychod.html (681 words)

	Phlebotomus papatasi Saliva Inhibits Protein Phosphatase Activity and Nitric Oxide Production by Murine Macrophages -- ...
		Leishmania parasites, transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, are obligate intracellular parasites of macrophages.
		The effect of post-bloodmeal nutrition of Phlebotomus papatasi on the transmission of Leishmania major.
		Salivary glands of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi contain pharmacologically active amounts of adenosine and 5'-AMP.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/66/4/1534 (2854 words)

	PCR Primer designs to detect polymorphisms within leihmania vector Phlebotomus papatasi sand fly - Science - Thesis ...
		For Phlebotomus papatasi, which has a broad geographical distribution, there is a good chance that the local populations are genetically isolated.
		Some proteins and enzymes in sand fly saliva are known to aid in the degradation of carbohydrates while others cause local erythemas at the bite site.
		The studies of the distribution of polymorphisms will provide description of the genetic structure of sand fly populations in order to improve our understanding of the role of the vector in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis through modulating the pathology of the parasite it transmits.
	www.thesisabstracts.com /articles/publish/abstract_91.shtml (466 words)

	IngentaConnect Distribution of phlebotomine sandflies, of the subgenus Larroussi... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Adult sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the genus Phlebotomus and of the subgenus Larroussius were collected with sticky traps from thirty-four localities in central and south-western Morocco.
		Four Larroussius species were present in this area, Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead, being the most widespread and abundant species particularly in the mountainous area, was sympatric with the closely related species Phlebotomus longicuspis Nitzulescu.
		Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir was collected from six mountainous stations.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/mve/2005/00000019/00000001/art00016 (248 words)

	ETIOLOGY \| LEISHMANIASIS IN DOGS \| NSEP 2002
		In nature all existing species of Leishmania are transmitted to humans and other mammals by the bite of infected females sandflies.
		Invertebrate hosts are restricted to species of hematophagous Phlebotomus (Order Diptera, Family Psychodidae, Sub-Family Phlebotominae), especially subspecies Lutzomyia longipalpis in the New World and genus Phlebotomus in the New World.
		The visceral form of the disease is chronic and progressive and affects various organs, including spleen, liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes and skin.
	www.vet.uga.edu /vpp/NSEP/Brazil2002/leishmania/Eng/Leish03.htm (317 words)

	A/O Diptera Catalog -- Psychodidae
		Of the 2 genera in Australasia, Phlebotomus is believed to usually feed on mammals (but see Lewis and Dyce, 1982: 53) and Sergentomyia on reptiles.
		A curious feature of the distribution of phlebotomines is that they seem to be absent from most oceanic islands (Lewis 1978, Quate 1959a).
		It is also closest to that of the southern neotropics in overall composition because it lacks a series of genera that apparently entered Australia and New Guinea from the Oriental Region: Phlebotomus, Sergentomyia, Notiocharis, Trichopsychoda, Telmatoscopus, and Paratelmatoscopus (Duckhouse 1966).
	hbs.bishopmuseum.org /aocat/psychod.html (1182 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Phlebotomus fever - WrongDiagnosis.com - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Phlebotomus fever: Influenza-like febrile viral disease caused by several members of the BUNYAVIRIDAE family and transmitted mostly by the bloodsucking sandfly Phlebotomus papatasii.
		Phlebotomus fever: Another name for Sandfly fever (or close medical condition association).
		Phlebotomus fever: Phlebotomus fever is listed as a type of (or associated with) the following medical conditions in our database: Viral diseases
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/phlebotomus_fever_printer.htm (146 words)

	Carrión's disease (www.whonamedit.com)
		The disease is caused by Bartonella bacilliformis and transmitted by the sandfly Phlebotomus verrucarum.
		Other suspected vectors are Phlebotomus noguchi and Phlebotomus peruensis.
		In 1913, Charles H. Townsend, the entomologist, found a species of Phlebotomus whose bite caused the outbreak of the disease.
	www.whonamedit.com /synd.cfm/3112.html (540 words)

	Dr. Jesus Valenzuela's leishmania vaccine research laboratory
		We are interested in the use of salivary genes as vaccines to block parasite or pathogen transmission.
		We have identified and isolated a salivary gene from the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi that confers protection against Leishmania major infection.
		We are currently using high-throughput approaches to isolate salivary proteins from different vectors of disease and DNA vaccination strategies to test these candidates.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /dir/labs/LMVR/valenzuela.htm (536 words)

	Publications
		J., Zer R. and Warburg A. (2000) Adenosine, AMP and protein phosphatase activity in sand fly saliva.
		Schlein, Y. and Jacobson, R.L. Sugar meals and longevity of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi in an arid focus of Leishmania major in the Jordan Valley.
		Katz O. Pannell L., Waitumbi J. and Warburg A. Salivary glands of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi contain pharmacological amounts of adenosine and 5'-AMP.
	www.alquds.edu /leishmania/publications.htm (561 words)

	eMedicine - Leishmaniasis : Article Excerpt by: Julie R Kenner, MD, PhD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Synonyms, Key Words, and Related Terms: Leishmania, Phlebotomus, Lutzomyia, leishmaniosis, tropical disease, localized cutaneous leishmaniasis, diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, recidivans cutaneous leishmaniasis, post—kala azar dermal leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis, leishmanin skin test, sandfly
		The vector sandfly, of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World and of the genus Lutzomyia in the New World, ingests the amastigotes when drawing a blood meal from an infected host.
		In the gut of the sandfly, the protozoa multiply and transform into flagellated promastigotes.
	www.emedicine.com /derm/byname/leishmaniasis.htm (615 words)

	LIST OF PUBLICATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Kishore, K., Kumar, V., Lal, C.S., Kesari, S.K., Das, P. and Bhattacharya, S.K. Estimation of efficacy of malathion (SRES) against phlebotomus argentipes the vector of Indian kala-azar, with the help of bioassay and HPLC analysis.
		Kumar, V., Kesari, S., Sinha, N.K., Palit, A., Ranjan, A., Kishore, K.,Saran, R. and Kar, S.K. Field trials of an ecological approach for the control of Phlebotomus argentipes using mud and lime plaster.
		Palit, A., Kesari, S. and Sen, A.B. oviposition behaviour of Phlebotomus argentipes, Ann and Brunn (Diptera: Psychodidae) in different photoperiods.
	icmr.nic.in /icmrsql/reportpub.asp?expno=00011730 (487 words)

	CRORA : VIRUS HORS CRORA Sandfly fever Naples
		14 - HENDERSON (JR) and TAYLOR (RM) - 1960 - Phlebotomus (sandfly) fever viruses in tissue culture.
		Host-feeding patterns of Phlebotomus papatasi in an endemic area of the disease.
		34 - TESH (RB) - 1989 - The epidemiology of Phlebotomus (sandfly) fever.
	www.pasteur.fr /recherche/banques/CRORA/hcrora/hc110.htm (1240 words)

	IngentaConnect Coadaptation of Male Aedeagal Filaments and Female Spermathecal D... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		We describe the fine structures involved in mating for Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli).
		The pattern of genitalia variation in phlebotomine sand flies also indicated that differences in the lengths of the spermathecal ducts and aedeagal filaments are distributed unevenly among closely related species.
		Genital differences do not seem to occur in populations of the Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti complex, whereas differences showed strongly in closely related Phlebotomus papatasi and P.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/esa/jme/2000/00000037/00000005/art00002 (303 words)

	Basic Summary for Sandfly fever - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Influenza-like febrile viral disease caused by several members of the BUNYAVIRIDAE family and transmitted mostly by the bloodsucking sandfly Phlebotomus papatasii.
		a mild viral disease transmitted by the bite of the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasii
		Pappataci fevers, Phlebotomus fever, Pappataci fevers Source - Diseases Database
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /s/sandfly_fever/basics.htm (211 words)

	CRORA : VIRUS HORS CRORA Sandfly Fever Sicilian
		22 - HENDERSON (JR) and TAYLOR (RM) - 1960 - Phlebotomus (sandfly) fever viruses in tissue culture.
		37 - SCHMIDT (JR), SCHMIDT (ML) and McWILLIAMS (JC) - 1960 - Isolation of phlebotomus fever virus from Phlebotomus papatasi.
		49 - TESH (RB) - 1989 - The epidemiology of Phlebotomus (sandfly) fever.
	www.pasteur.fr /recherche/banques/CRORA/hcrora/hc90.htm (1711 words)

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