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	Phlogiston theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The phlogiston theory is an obsolete scientific theory of combustion.
		The phlogiston theory states that all flammable materials contain phlogiston that is liberated in burning, leaving the "dephlogisticated" substance in its "true" calx form.
		Phlogiston theory allowed chemists to bring explanation of apparently different phenomena into a coherent structure: combustion, metabolism, and formation of rust.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phlogiston_theory (590 words)

	Group 30:31
		Phlogiston was considered to be a substance that existed in different proportions in other substances, a kind of fixed fire showing up and disappearing when a substance burned.
		Phlogiston was thought to be the element of fire in its pure dormant form (note that
		A whole theory was developed that corresponds closely to the modern understanding of the combustion process.
	www.symbols.com /old/encyclopedia/30/3031.html (168 words)

	Phlogiston \| World of Chemistry
		The phlogiston theory was the first theory of chemistry that was able to explain a wide range of phenomena.
		Lavoisier's oxygen theory of combustion was almost the exact opposite of the phlogiston theory of combustion.
		In the phlogiston theory, phlogiston is released during combustion, and in the oxygen theory, oxygen is absorbed during combustion.
	www.bookrags.com /research/phlogiston-woc (704 words)

	Phlogiston theory
		The phlogiston theory is a now discredited 17th century hypothesis regarding combustion.
		The theory received strong and wide support throughout a large part of the 18th century.
		Quantitative measurements revealed problems with the phlogiston theory: when a metal burned, it was supposed to lose phlogiston.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ph/Phlogiston.html (246 words)

	Caloric Theory Encyclopedia Article @ Warmly.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The "caloric theory" was abandoned by the mid-19th century in favor of the
		According to this theory, the quantity of this substance is constant throughout the universe, and it flows from warmer to colder bodies.
		The two theories were considered to be equivalent at the time, but caloric theory was the more modern one, as it used a few ideas from atomic theory and could explain both combustion and calorimetry.
	www.warmly.net /encyclopedia/Caloric_theory (789 words)

	Joseph Priestley on Phlogiston (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		However, whether this new theory shall appear to be well founded or not, the advancing of it will always be considered as having been of great importance in chemistry, from the attention which it has excited, and the many new experiments which it has occasioned, owing to the just celebrity of its patrons and admirers.
		But according to the antiphlogistic theory, all the metals are simple substances, and become calces by imbibing pure air; and sulphur and phosphorus are also simple substances, and become the acid of vitriol and of phosphorus by imbibing the same principle, called by them oxygen, or the principle, as it probably is, or universal acidity.
		According to the old theory, there is a loss of some part of its phlogiston in the solution of mercury in the nitrous acid, since nitrous air is procured in the process.
	webserver.lemoyne.edu /faculty/giunta/phlogiston.html (4098 words)

	Antoine Laurent Lavoisier - The Father of Modern Chemistry
		The theory explained that when a metal is calcined or roasted in the presence of air, it turns into a powdery substance called calx.
		A serious problem of the theory was that the calx formed when a metal such as magnesium burns weighs more than the metal from which it is formed.
		In 1977 Lavoisier proved that the Phlogiston theory was incorrect in his paper entitled Memoir on Combustion in General.
	www.geocities.com /azaman62288/phlogiston.html (214 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Phlogiston
		The theory of phlogiston arose in the late 17th Century when it was proposed by Johann Becher (who referred to it as 'inflammable earth').
		The theory postulates that in all flammable materials the elusive substance phlogiston is present, a substance without colour, odour, taste or weight, which is given off when materials are burnt.
		The theory maintained its position in scientific thought for 100 years, though throughout that period loopholes were identified and then carefully patched up with new variations and terms, like the impurities of fixed and foul air.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A471278 (568 words)

	Remarkable phlogiston by Daphne Cohen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The roots of the phlogiston theory reach right back into ancient Greek times with the belief that the world was composed of four elements; Earth, Air, Fire and Water.
		The phlogiston theory was developed by JJ Becher (1635-1682), a German chemist, as a way of explaining what happened to chemicals during combustion.
		The demise of the phlogiston theory heralded an era of true scientific thought, where hypotheses and speculations were judged solely on their ability to satisfactorily and consistently explain the observable facts, without recourse to blind faith.
	ifs.massey.ac.nz /chemistory/2005/daphne.shtml (955 words)

	Chapter 4
		This, in the phlogiston theory, meant that this gas was atmospheric air which can support combustion because it was deprived of its complement of phlogiston.
		During this time, adherents of the theory try to develop arguments in support of the theory as well as answer the criticisms made by those who are opposed to the new theory.
		Theories, to be acceptable, must incorporate most of the observational data which is at the disposal of the scientist, and, as I have pointed out, the newly emerging theory usually will "fit the facts" in part because the theory was developed in order to explain, and to characterize, the whatness of a discovery.
	www.ditext.com /lashchyk/kuhn2b.html (3881 words)

	phlogiston
		It was Lavoisier, the Father of Modern Chemistry, who refuted the phlogiston theory of combustion.
		Along with his theory of oxygen Lavoisier established the nature of an element for the annals of chemistry, whereby an element was defined as a substance which could not be broken down further.
		Phlogiston could be released upon the first heating, but not put back when the 'calx' was re-heated to give the original liquid mercury plus O
	www.starkscience.org /phlogiston.htm (437 words)

	Caloric theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The caloric theory is an obsolete scientific theory that heat consists of a fluid called "caloric" that flows from hotter to colder bodies.
		The "caloric theory" was abandoned by the mid-19th century in favor of the theory of heat.
		Becher and Georg Ernst Stahl introduced the phlogiston theory of combustion in the 17th century, phlogiston was thought to be the substance of heat.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caloric_theory (798 words)

	[No title]
		Phlogiston Theory- Phlogiston Theory which involved a weightless or nearly weightless substance known as phlogiston.
		Rather than except this theory that phlogiston could have positive weight, negative weight, and sometimes no weight at all, Lavoisier suspected and later proved that the weight increase was a result of the metal combining with air.
		He freed society from the disillusionment of the phlogiston theory by showing that the mass of the products in a reaction are equal to the mass of the reactants.
	home.comcast.net /~wonko6942/tok/monica.txt (996 words)

	Scientific Revolutions Reconsidered
		TEC basically states that the theory which is more coherent is the better one, though TEC also applies to parts of theories and his notion of coherence is different from the usual one in philosophy.
		Phlogiston was believed to be a substance emitted by burning objects or during respiration or rusting.
		Armed with his theory, chemists could go on to discover which substances are elemental (such as iron), which are compounds (such as iron oxide), and explain why a piece of iron becomes heavier when it rusts.
	mars.superlink.net /neptune/Concept.html (2752 words)

	Phlogiston Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		According to the phlogiston theory, propounded in the 17th century, every combustible substance consisted of a hypothetical principle of fire known as phlogiston, which was liberated through burning, and a residue.
		Stahl declared that the rusting of iron was also a form of burning in which phlogiston was freed and the metal reduced to an ash or calx.
		The theory was superseded between 1770 and 1790 when the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier showed that burning and rusting both involved oxygen and concluded that both ash and rust were compounds of oxygen.
	www.chemistry.mtu.edu /~pcharles/SCIHISTORY/PhlogistonTheory.html (152 words)

	Philip Larson \| Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
		Charcoal was believed to be rich in phlogiston and so, when charcoal was burned with this powdery calx, phlogiston supposedly passed from the charcoal to the calx restoring the metal.
		Priestley, a very prominent English chemist and a strong proponent of the phlogiston theory, considered this diminution to be a characteristic of the "goodness" of the air.
		Since the Priestley's explanation, which delineates the phlogiston theory, was that residual air was phlogisticated and the water removes the phlogiston, Lavoisier was being forced back into a view of combustion which he had tried to depart from three years earlier.
	www.philiplarson.com /e1.shtml (4328 words)

	Timeline
		Those both theories accept that many substances are in fact compounds of others, PT retains the old doctrine of a limited number of basic 'elements' as the fundamental building blocks while OT allows a multiplicity of fundamental elements.
		For the proponent of PT, the release of Phlogiston is observed in combustion and calcination, and the measure of its actual negative weight or positive lightness in a substance is attainable by weighing that substance before and after combustion or calcination.
		's theory of heat and radiation exchange, stating that cold is the absence of heat, hot bodies radiate continually and that a lack of radiation indicates equilibrium with surroundings temperature.
	www.sethi.org /phlogiston/data/timeline.html (5589 words)

	SHiPS Resource Center \|\| Phlogiston After Oxygen
		Indeed, late advocates of phlogiston were generally interested in the heat and light of combustion, ignition or reactivity, and other aspects of matter and chemical reactions related to what we would call energy.
		Cavendish and Kirwan, for example, equated phlogiston with inflammable air (or hydrogen) and Priestley saw phlogiston as a component determining the "purity" of the air.
		Yet the notion of phlogiston did not emerge historically from addressing the role of gases in combustion, nor was it essentially linked to such considerations.
	www1.umn.edu /ships/updates/after-o2.htm (1629 words)

	The Twisted Mind Emporium: Weird Science: Phlogiston
		Phlogiston is a substance, one supposedly given off during the combustion process - combustion is the oxidizing of other substances.
		The theory of phlogiston as an emission substance was formulated by German chemist and physicist Georg Ernst Stahl (born 1660, expired 1734) in the early 1700s - no exact date know.
		Bottom line is the transition from the phlogiston theory to the oxygen theory revolutionized the chemistry science and really spawned the beginnings of modern chemistry as we enjoy it today.
	pauldarcy.blogspot.com /2005/08/weird-science-phlogiston.html (550 words)

	History of fire theory
		The inadequacy of the phlogiston theory became apparent only in the late 18th century when it proved unable to explain a host of new facts about combustion that were being observed for the first time as the result of increasing accuracy in laboratory experiments.
		Interestingly, it was already known that metals transformed by heat to metallic ash weighed less than the metallic ash, but the theory was that in certain cases phlogiston in metals had a negative weight, and upon escaping during combustion, left the ash of the metal heavier than it had been with the phlogiston in it.
		Development of a kinetic theory of gases, based on the premise that heat results from the motion of molecules and atoms, of thermodynamics, and of thermochemistry, all in the 19th century, finally elucidated the energy aspects of combustion.
	www.wnmu.org /netc/fire/history.html (974 words)

	Demise of Phlogiston
		Johann Becher (1625-1682) and Georg Stahl (1660-1734) had much in common: Both were German, physicians, university professors, and contributors to the phlogiston theory.
		These different phenomena of the calcination of metals and of combustion are explained in a very nice manner by the hypothesis of Stahl, but it is necessary to suppose with Stahl that the material of fire, of phlogiston, is fixed in metals, in sulfur, and in all bodies which are regarded as combustible.
		Stahl's vitalism theory was put to rest in 1828 when Friedrich Wöhler prepared urea in the laboratory.
	web.fccj.org /~ethall/phlogist/phlogist.htm (1021 words)

	EastWesterly Review: Foundling Theory Fund Update
		Phlogistic theory was an idea of Johann Joachim Becher, and was popularized by Georg Ernst Stahl in the first quarter of the 17th Century.
		Phlogiston is "the matter and principle of fire, contained in all metals and combustible bodies, and given up in burning or calcination" (McCann 23-4).
		As always, the idea that a particular theory brushed aside by so-called "progress" in the arts or sciences should be abandoned entirely despite its outward wrongheadedness (in this case, by atomic theory and oxygen) is absurd.
	www.postmodernvillage.com /eastwest/issue3/ftf03.html (436 words)

	STAHL, GEORG (1659 - 1734)
		Stahl was the originator of the phlogiston theory, which dominated chemistry until the end of the eighteenth century.
		Phlogiston is a descendent of a very old idea of the dismembering escape of fire, whether fire itself or its equivalent in a sulfureous, oily, or combustible principle.
		The flaws in the phlogiston theory are obvious, and it did not survive the eighteenth century; however, it served as an important link between the older chemical concepts and the new, an attempt to modify the existing intellectual framework in order to account for new experimental observations.
	www.scs.uiuc.edu /~mainzv/exhibit/stahl.htm (262 words)

	timelinescience - the phlogiston theory (Lavoisier) - resources
		The metal itself reappeared, but other reactions must have taken place too because by the phlogiston theory the air pressure should have become less as phlogiston was absorbed by the metal ash.
		Other scientists were becoming more and more frustrated with the phlogiston theory, because it did not seem to explain their observations and ideas like negative mass seemed hard to believe.
		As a result, Lavoisier's ideas (for some time known as "the antiphlogist's theory") were accepted by the majority of scientists very rapidly, although he was guillotined in the French Revolution before he saw the full extent of the triumph of his theory.
	www.timelinescience.org /resource/students/phlog/lavois.htm (800 words)

	Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
		The first step toward a theory of chemical reactions was taken by Georg Ernst Stahl in 1697 when he proposed the phlogiston theory, which was based on the following observations.
		Because charcoal is rich in phlogiston, heating calxes in the presence of charcoal sometimes produces metals.
		The phlogiston theory was the basis for research in chemistry for most of the 18th century.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch19/oxred_1.php (1937 words)

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