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Topic: Phoenician chronology

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Phoenecians

Pygmalion of Tyre

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Solar power

660s BC

	Phoenicia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many of the most important Phoenician settlements had been established long before this: Byblos, Tyre, Sidon, Simyra, Aradus and Berytus all appear in the Amarna tablets; and indeed, the first appearance in archaeology of cultural elements clearly identifiable with the Phoenician zenith is sometimes dated as early as the third millennium BC.
		Phoenician trade was founded on this violet-purple dye derived from the Murex sea-snail's shell, once profusely available in coastal waters but exploited to local extinction.
		The fishermen of Nazaré and Aveiro in Portugal are traditionally of Phoenician descent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phoenicia (2676 words)

	Chronology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chronology is the science of locating events in time.
		A chronology may be either relative -- that is, locating related events relative to each other -- or absolute -- locating these events to specific dates in a Chronological Era.
		The study of the means of placing pottery and other cultural artefacts into some kind of order proceeds in two phases, classification and typology: Classification creates categories for the purposes of description, and typology seeks to identify and analyse changes that allow artefacts to be placed into sequences [1].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chronology (558 words)

	Phoenicia - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Professional archaeologists have now been at work on the origins of the Phoenicians for generations, basing their analysis in the mainstream of excavated sites, the remains of material culture, contemporary texts set into contemporary contexts, and the slipperier slopes of linguistics.
		The Phoenician alphabet was developed around 1200 BC from an earlier Semitic prototype, which also gave rise to the Ugaritic alphabet.
		The responses of the individual Phoenician cities to the conquest of Persia by Alexander varied: the ruler of Aradus submitted; the king of Sidon was overthrown (perhaps by internal plotters who valued the city more than their king).
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /phoenicia.htm (2433 words)

	A Bequest Unearthed, Summary and Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Phoenicians were instrumental in disseminating their form of writing which became our modern alphabet and in opening up various civilizations and cultures of the Mediterranean basin to each other.
		Phoenicians had a language and culture like those of other Semitic peoples in the general area and may be said to have been identical with the Canaanites of North Palestine.
		Phoenician cities, at the cross-roads of the East, were often invaded and subjugated by foreign conquerors which include Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Macedonians, Persians, and Romans, in addition to others.
	www.phoenicia.org /noframe.html (984 words)

	Phoenicia - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread right across the Mediterranean during the first century BC.
		In fact, professional archaeologists have been at work on the origins of the Phoenicians for generations, basing their analysis in the mainstream of excavated sites, the remains of material culture, contemporary texts set into contemporary contexts, and the slipperier slopes of linguistics.
		The Phoenicians (a Greek name for them, known to the Hebrews as Phut) were the ancient Mediterranean Sea's (and beyond) best navigators (their talents hired by Egyptians and Persians alike).
	open-encyclopedia.com /Phoenicians (2299 words)

	SBU Dept. of History & Political Science: HIS 1113 Lecture Fifteen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Phoenician colonies seem too overlap a little in geographic area with the Greek colonies.
		Phoenician traditions suggest that the Phoenicians settled Cadiz on the South Atlantic Coast of Spain in a region called Tartessos just before 1100--at the end of the 11th century.
		Two Phoenician inscriptions have been found on the island of Sardinia the oldest dated to the eleventh century by means of the style of Phoenician alphabetic characters employed.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/hi13le15.html (4268 words)

	Channel4.com – Carthage – Chronology
		The origins of Carthage lie with the Phoenicians in the eastern Mediterranean.
		Their trade continued to expand, and further settlements were established along the Spanish and African coasts, followed, from around 800 BC, by the first Phoenician presence in Sardinia.
		With the fall of Tyre to the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in 574, Carthage became the dominant Phoenician city in the West.
	www.channel4.com /history/microsites/C/carthage/chronology.html (1694 words)

	Phoenician Desception (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In Phoenician, each symbol is not equivalent to one specific syllable, but to a variety of syllables, and thus the reader can use his imagination when attempting to decipher the sounds.
		The theory that the alphabet is a Phoenician discovery has been maintained through the argument, among other things, that certain symbols of Phoenician writing are similar to the letters of the alphabet.
		The theory of the Phoenician alphabet was always, and is still, based on an exception to this general rule.
	www.grecoreport.com /phoenician.htm (2322 words)

	History of Lebanon
		This tradition of commerce began with the Phoenicians and continued through many centuries, remaining almost unaffected by foreign rule and the worst periods of internal strife.
		Due to the nature of the geography of the country the ancient Lebanese, the Phoenicians, lived in coastal cities and turned to the sea, where they engaged in trade and navigation so as to survive and prosper.
		But when the Phoenicians were overburdened with heavy tributes imposed by the successors of Darius I (521-485 B.C.), revolts and rebellions resumed in the Lebanese coastal cities.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Parliament/2587/hist.html (8996 words)

	Genealogies
		Egyptian historical chronology, which begins approximately 3100 BC, is based on the arrangement of rulers into approximate family groups, known as dynasties.
		Palestinian chronology at this time, and to a lesser extent, earlier, is fortunate in having another historic chronology, that of ancient Mesopotamia (Assyria and Babylonia), with which it may be linked.
		Use of such a list in reconstructing absolute chronologies is hampered by the recording in succession of dynasties that certainly overlapped and the inflated lengths give to the reigns of some rulers.
	www.theology.edu /geneal.htm (5410 words)

	Blank (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The ‘conventional’ chronology, which places the Iron Age III transition (in Dor terminology: the Ir12 transition) around 1000 BCE, is based on the biblical dating of the rise of the Jewish nation-state of David and Soloman.
		The 'low chronology', inspired by the ‘minimalist’ or ‘nihilist’ stance, which regards the biblical narrative of this period as myth, dates the Iron Age III transition later, c.
		The Phoenician sequence can therefore correlate the various chronologies in the Levant and across the Mediterranean and thus transcend obstacles of regionalism.
	www.hum.huji.ac.il /dor/chronology.htm (309 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The Phoenicians and the West : Politics, Colonies and Trade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		According to this etymology, 'Phoenician' would be derived from the Greek phoinos, a word of Indo-European root indicating 'red', 'blood', 'to stain with blood', 'death' or 'crime'.
		This is an interesting book which describes the Phoenician expansion into the Western Mediterranean from the eighth to sixth centuries B.C. The focus is the Iberian Phoenician settlements on either side of the Pillars of Hercules with Gadir (Cadiz) as the main attraction.
		In their day the Phoenicians were the quintessential mariners and explorers, planting colonies throughout the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and more controversially elsewhere along Africa's coasts and probably in the Far East along the monsoon trade route.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521795435?v=glance (1150 words)

	PHOENICIA FACTS AND INFORMATION
		The Phoenician_alphabet was developed around 1200 BC from an earlier Semitic prototype that also gave rise to the Ugaritic_alphabet.
		Though the Phoenicians are credited with developing the Phoenician_alphabet, their alphabet is actually what is termed an ''abjad'' (different from an alphabet, in that it contains no vowels).
		Long after Phoenician culture had flourished, or Phoenicia had existed as any political entity, Hellenized natives of the region where Canaanites still lived were referred to as "Syro-Phoenician", as in the Gospel_of_Mark 7:26: "The woman was a Greek, a Syrophoenician by birth, and she begged him to drive the demon out of her daughter."
	www.abait.com /Phoenicia (2705 words)

	Responses to Critics of Centuries of Darkness
		The paper does not attempt to resolve the specifics of Late Libyan chronology, but highlights some of the generally neglected material (such as that from the Sacred Lake at Tanis) and how interpreting changes in artistic style is reliant upon a sound internal chronology for the period.
		The wider ramifications for the chronology of the Aegean and Palestine/Israel during the Iron Age will be discussed in further papers.
		675-650 BCE for the construction of the temple is suggested and the implications for the chronology of Stratum IC considered.
	www.centuries.co.uk /replies.htm (1973 words)

	A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia and the Phoenicians, Punic, Canaanites -- The Phoenician Encyclopedia -- Encyclopedia ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Bible fanatics continue to shamefully write to me on the Phoenicians being the "cursed" descendent of Ham (Chem) or the Semites being the descendents of Shem using the Bible as supporting "evidence." This claim is completely unfounded.
		The same is further aggravated by some fundamentalist Christian's British Israelism and the confusion over equating Dan, the lost tribe of Israel, with the Phoenicians, not to mention the preposterous fiction that is taught by the LDS Mormons.
		Phoenicians of the Eastern Mediterranean or the Western Mediterranean (such as famous Hannibal or the Phoenicians of Carthage, Spain, Portugal, Sicily...etc.), the Punic, were Semitic speaking Mediterraneans.*
	phoenicia.org (1890 words)

	Bambooweb: Phoenicia
		Middle East and India are also thought to derive, indirectly, from the Phoenician alphabet.
		With the rise of Assyria, the Phoenician cities one by one lost their independence, and afterwards were dominated by Babylonia and then by
		Akkadian, the language of diplomacy at the time, which were discovered at Tell el-Amarna in Egypt, contain solecisms that are not 'mistakes' but actually early Canaanite words and phrases.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/P/h/Phoenicia.html (2218 words)

	Chronology
		An arrangement of events, with absolute dates, from either earliest to latest or the reverse, is also called a chronology or a timeline.
		The study of the means of placing pottery and other cultural artefacts into some kind of order proceeds in two phases, classification and typology: Classification creates categories for the purposes of description, and typology seeks to identify and analyse changes that allow artefacts to be placed into sequences [1] (http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/kevin.greene/wintro/chap4.htm).
		Chronology Central (http://www.seedwiki.com/wiki/chronology_central/chronology_central.cfm) - A site devoted to chronologies for film, television, literature, and more.
	www.freecaviar.com /search.php?title=Chronology (474 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 00069651 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The routes of Phoenician expansion in the Mediterranean 7.
		The Phoenicians in the West: chronology and historiography 8.
		The Phoenician colonies in the Central Mediterranean 9.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/cam021/00069651.html (118 words)

	re: a western version of the "Way of Horus" ?
		It doesn't seem to be a justified reason for defining a change in an archaeological age, As far as I know the Phoenician colonization in Cyprus in the 9th century took place only in Kition, and it was after the year 900 BC, more likely at the end of the 9th century.
		On the other side of Cyprus (if I remember this correctly), there is a break in settlement at Paphos, which otherwise had been continuously occupied since at least 1200, when the first Greek settlers made their way over.
		If I had to peg the one major reason, it would be the arrival of the Phonicians, which might also explain the change of terminology in Phoenicia (beginnings of colonization).
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/2001/v2001.n060 (1466 words)

	bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Adan-Bayewitz, A. “On the Chronology of the Common Pottery of the Northern Roman Judaea/Palestine”, pp.5 - 32, in Bottini, G.C., Di Segni, L. and L.D. Chrupcala (eds.), One Land - Many Cultures.
		Gilboa, A. and I. Sharon “An Archaeological Contribution to the Early Iron Age Chronological Debate: Alternative Chronologies for Phoenicia and Their Effects on the Levant, Cyprus, and Greece.”, BASOR 332 (2003): 7-80.
		Naveh, J. “Unpublished Phoenician Inscriptions from Palestine”, IEJ 37 (1987):25-30.
	www.hum.huji.ac.il /dor/bibliography.htm (3711 words)

	Greek History in the Shadows of Egyptian Chronology
		We recall that we had two chronologies, one based on internal evidence of Greece itself and the other by comparisons with Egyptian evidence.
		The former had to give in to the latter, not because they were wrong but it had the weaker defenders unable to see their way through the mace of mistakes of the Egyptian evidence.
		From the extremely rare specimens of later Greek cloth that have survived, one sees that, at least by the classical period, the Greeks could and did transfer curvilinear and naturalistic designs to cloth from paintings on smooth surfaces, where such motifs are far quicker and easier to create (cf.
	www.specialtyinterests.net /pottery.html (5479 words)

	Chronology of the beginnings of Civilization
		The Phoenician coast was an active commercial center.
		It will remain the predominant tool for harvesting grain until it is superseded by tools with tempered metal blades.
		The Assyrians encounter the seafaring Phoenicians, who hunt sperm whales and conduct a farflung sea trade (see 2750 B.C.; 878 B.C.).
	www.b17.com /family/lwp/chronology/civilization.html (4795 words)

	John Carter: Torn from Phoenician Dreams
		In John Carter is Phra the Phoenician Dr. Peter Coogan established that John Carter began his existence as Phra the Phoenician.
		John Carter: Torn from Phoenician Dreams: Part One, the first part of a series of articles focusing on the life, times and influences of John Carter reconciled the discrepancies between the speculations of Dr. Coogan and Mr.
		Farmer, reconciled the discrepancies in the account of Phra the Phoenician as compared to the historical record and provided a psychological explanation for the periods of self- induced amnesia which culminated in the creation of the persona of John Carter.
	www.pjfarmer.com /secret/Immortal/phra2.htm (21865 words)

	chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This brief chronology provides a quick overview of events, particularly those since World War Two, which have shaped the Cyprus conflict.
		Readers should refer to the main narratives and other documents, which are listed in the table of contents, for in-depth treatment of most of these events.
		Several of the important documents are linked to this chronology.
	www.cyprus-conflict.net /chronology.htm (1822 words)

	long_kishlansky_cw_5\|Instructor Resources\|Maps, Graphs, and Tables from Textbook
		Chapter 7, Chronology: The Byzantine Empire and the Rise of Islam
		Chapter 13, Chronology: The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation
		Chapter 25, Chronology: The New Imperialism in Africa and Asia
	wps.ablongman.com /long_kishlansky_cw_5/0,6472,268318-,00.html (554 words)

	[No title]
		Michael Astour's book "Hittite History and the Absolute Chronology of the Bronze Age" seems to show that there are reasonable grounds for lowering their chronology -- particularly if he is correct that kings like Hantilish II, Zidantash II, Huzziyas II, and Hattusilash II were non-existent (or regional lords without chronological effect).
		We get a maximal chronology for Neferhotep I by assuming that Yantin-Ammu's reign ended about the time Zimri-Lim's started and that it started near the end of Neferhotep I's 11 year reign.
		Subject: ane Phoenician Moabite Font Shareware I am pleased to announce my completion of a Phoenician Moabite font; this shareware can be obtained for free from my website and may be used for free by students.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/1998/v1998.n148 (1133 words)

	Dr. Ayelet gilboa
		Sharon): The Iron Age Chronological Debate in Israel and its Implication on Cypriot Chronology.
		International Workshop on the Absolute Chronology of the Iron Age in the Levant.
		Gilboa, A., Sharon, I., Zorn, J. Dor and Iron Age Chronology: Scarabs, Ceramic Sequence and 14C.
	archlgy.haifa.ac.il /staff/Gilboa.htm (1503 words)

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