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Topic: Phoenician languages

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	Phoenician languages - Biocrawler
		Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal region then called Pūt in Phoenician, Canaan in Phoenician, Hebrew and Aramaic, and Phoenicia in Greek and Latin.
		Phoenician is a Semitic language of the Canaanite subgroup, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic.
		Phoenician and Punic inscriptions are found in Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Cyprus, Sardinia, Sicily, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Malta and other locations such as the Iberian Peninsula as late as the early centuries of the Christian Era.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Phoenician_language (830 words)

	Alphabet - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Aramaic became the dominant language in the Middle East from the 6th century bc on, adopted by the Persian Empire and by the Jews of Palestine.
		The Greek and Phoenician languages had many of the same consonants, but Greek was left without letters for some consonants and with letters it did not need.
		Because of Roman conquests and the spread of the Latin language, the Roman alphabet became the basic alphabet of all the languages of western Europe.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761565349___3/Alphabet.html (1554 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal region then called PÅ«t in Ancient Egyptian, Canaan in Phoenician, Hebrew, and Aramaic, and Phoenicia in Greek and Latin.
		The significantly divergent later-form of the language that was spoken in the Tyrian Phoenician colony of Carthage is known as Punic; it remained in use there for considerably longer than Phoenician did in Phoenicia itself, arguably surviving into Augustine's time.
		Today, it is possible to study Phoenician at most universities in the U.S. and Canada that teach Semitic Philology; in particular, those that have a Department of Near Eastern Studies, such as Harvard, University of Pennsylvania, JHU, Berkeley, UCLA, the University of Michigan, The Catholic University of America, Chicago, and the University of Toronto.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Phoenician_languages (1076 words)

	Semitic Languages (and the Phoenician language)
		Ancient languages spoken by non-Arab population of these many Middle Easter countries continue to survive in the dialects/languages of everyday life and the roots of the older languages of the Phoenician, Aramaic, Syriac, Assyrian, Coptic...etc. are still evident.
		Aramaic spread with tremendous speed, and by the 6th century BC was being used as the administrative language and lingua franca of the entire Middle East, all the way from Afghanistan in the Persian Empire to Egypt.
		It diverged from the South Arabian languages around the beginning of the Christian era, reaching its greatest extension in the 4th century AD, when it was spoken especially in the kingdom of Aksum on either side of the present-day border of Ethiopia and Eritrea.
	phoenicia.org /semlang.html (2749 words)

	Semitic Languages (and the Phoenician language)
		Ancient languages spoken by non-Arab population of these many Middle Easter countries continue to survive in the dialects/languages of everyday life and the roots of the older languages of the Phoenician, Aramaic, Syriac, Assyrian, Coptic...etc. are still evident.
		Ancient languages spoken by non-Arab population of these countries continue to survive in the dialects/languages of everyday life and the roots of the older languages of the Phoenician, Aramaic, Syriac, Assyrian, Coptic...etc. are still evident.
		It diverged from the South Arabian languages around the beginning of the Christian era, reaching its greatest extension in the 4th century AD, when it was spoken especially in the kingdom of Aksum on either side of the present-day border of Ethiopia and Eritrea.
	www.phoenicia.org /semlang.html (2757 words)

	Phoenician Encyclopedia: A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia and the Phoenicians, Punic, Canaanites -- Encyclopedia ...
		The same is further aggravated by some fundamentalist Christian's British Israelism and the confusion over equating Dan, the lost tribe of Israel, with the Phoenicians, not to mention the preposterous fiction that is taught by the LDS Mormons or Anti-Semites.
		Many historians and archaeologists of that persuasion claim that the Phoenicians Canaanites themselves were sub-Saharan African based on unscientific Biblical myths or some unfounded claims.
		Phoenicians of the Eastern Mediterranean or the Western Mediterranean (such as famous Hannibal or the Phoenicians of Carthage, Spain, Portugal, Sicily...etc.), the Punic, were Semitic speaking Mediterraneans.*
	phoenicia.org (2272 words)

	Phoenician Alphabet Origin
		We are often told that the Phoenicians invented the alphabet, though some debate this.
		When the Phoenicians began using the alphabet as a simple and easy way to keep track of their trades, it was exposed to everyone.
		Phoenician alphabet -- note their writing reads right to left, and that some symbols were later re-used and made into vowels.
	www.phoenician.org /alphabet.htm (414 words)

	Semitic Languages Branch of the Afro-Asiatic Language Family
		As the language of the Qur'an and as a lingua franca of the region, it is widely studied in the Moslem world.
		Akkadian is an extinct Semitic language that was spoken in Mesopotamia from the 3rd to the 1st millennium BC.
		Punic, a later stage of Phoenician, was the language of Carthage and the Carthaginian empire.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/august/SemiticLanguages.html (1214 words)

	(13) The origin of alphabets and the languages of the world.
		The Phoenician language was superceded by the Aramaic language during the 1st century BC.
		Early Hebrew language was closely related to Phoenician language which had a 22 letter alphabet and no vowels.
		Pahlavi language in which Avesta is written has a lot of Sanskrit words and its apbhransh as well, and also the description of the deities and the style of the rituals in Avesta sometimes resemble the Vedic rituals to some extent.
	www.encyclopediaofauthentichinduism.org /articles/13_the_origin_of.htm (2257 words)

	Afroasiatic languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		According to one theory, the languages of the Afroasiatic family are thought to have first been spoken along the shores of the Red Sea.
		The writings in Ugaritic are important in the study of the Hebrew language and biblical literature of the early period.
		The Omotic languages were formerly classified with the Cushitic and are spoken by perhaps 3 million people who live in SW Ethiopia in the Omo River region.
	www.bartleby.com /65/af/Afroasia.html (2033 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, AL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal region then called PÅ«t in Ancient Egyptian, Canaan in Phoenician, Hebrew, and Aramaic, and Phoenicia in Greek and Latin.
		Phoenician is a Semitic language of the Canaanite subgroup, closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic.
		Phoenician and Punic inscriptions are found in Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Cyprus, Sardinia, Sicily, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Malta and other locations such as the Iberian Peninsula as late as the early centuries of the Christian Era.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Phoenician_languages (936 words)

	SEMITIC LANGUAGES - Online Information article about SEMITIC LANGUAGES
		Only when a Semitic language has been strongly influenced not only in vocabulary but also in grammar by some non-Semitic speech, as is the case with Amharic, can such a doubt be for a moment entertained.
		We are even now 'but imperfectly acquainted with the Hamitic languages; and 'the relation in which Egyptian stands to Berber on the one hand and to the south Hamitic languages on the other requires further elucidation.
		The Arabs are also supposed to display the Semitic character in its purest form, and their language is, on the whole, nearer the original Semitic than are the languages of the cognate races.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SCY_SHA/SEMITIC_LANGUAGES.html (5039 words)

	The dress of thought.(Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World)(Book Review) - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		His loving fascination with languages is plain on every page of Empires of the Word, and in the many careful transcriptions--each with a brief pronunciation guide and a translation--of passages from Nahuatl, Chinese, Akkadian, and a host of other tongues.
		The story he tells--the story of the languages of human civilization--is illustrated with dozens of maps, as a book of this sort ought to be, as well as a scattering of drawings and photographs.
		Languages enlarge their numbers of speakers in various ways: through trade, conquest, migration, imperial consolidation, or religious proselytizing.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-133839199.html (881 words)

	The Ancient Phoenicians (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Phoenicians worshipped a triad of deities, each having different names and attributes depending upon the city in which they were worshipped, although their basic nature remained the same.- Pat Remler.
		The Phoenician triad was incorporated in varying degrees by their neighbors and Baal and Astarte eventually took on the look of Greek deities.
		The Phoenicians reached the peak of their culture around l,000 B.C, when they had established trading colonies in Cyprus, Sicily, Sardinia, Africa and Spain, Their north African city of Carthage was founded about 800 B.C. and remained strong until the sack of the Romans in l46 B.C..
	www.laa.org /tours/phoenicians.htm (1706 words)

	Akkadian College of Divinity: Akkadia, the Akkadian language
		It was adopted by the Akkadians ca.2500 BC from the Sumerians, whose language was not a Semitic tongue.
		The Semitic languages are named after Shem or Sem, the oldest son of Noah, from whom most of the languages' speakers were said to be descended.
		The language is also preserved in inscriptions from ancient Phoenician colonies, especially Carthage, whose language was a variant of Phoenician known as Punic.
	divinity.insights2.org /Akkadian.html (1065 words)

	Lebanon Database About » Phoenician civilization
		The Phoenicians spoke the Phoenician language, counted among the Canaanite languages in the Semitic language family.
		The fishermen of Nazaré and Aveiro in Portugal are traditionally of Phoenician descent.
		The Phoenician language was largely mutually intelligible with the Hebrew language, and cultural similarities between the two peoples were significant, leading to the worship of Phoenician gods like Baal by some Jews during the time of Prophet Elijah.
	dataleb.com /2006/10/08/phoenician-civilization (3259 words)

	[No title]
		The Phoenician alphabet arose around 1400 BC from a need to communicate with the diverse languages of their trading partners that encircled the Mediterranean Sea.
		The Phoenician alphabet served as the origin of the Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Arabic alphabets.
		Phoenician traders disseminated the concept along Aegean trade routes, to coastal Anatolia (Turkey), the Minoan civilization of Crete, Mycenean Greece, and throughout the Mediterranean.
	www.lycos.com /info/phoenician-alphabet--mycenean-greece.html (369 words)

	Phoenicians expert Sanford Holst
		He is a sought-after speaker who has delivered a number of groundbreaking academic papers on different aspects of Phoenician society and its long, adventurous history.
		He has worked with scholars of history, archaeology and languages at colleges and universities across the United States and around the world.
		The Phoenicians were the early people of Lebanon, and many traces of their society are still visible among Lebanese people today.
	www.phoenician.org /phoenicians_expert.htm (131 words)

	Vakkenhoek: Languages from all corners of the earth
		Vakkenhoek: Languages from all corners of the earth
		Languages from all corners of the earth + Studie- en Schoolvakken
		History of writing, of written words, of written language: Alphabet Phoenician, Sumerians, Egypt, Harappa, Sinai, Maya, China, India, etc. etc.
	www.xs4all.nl /~wjsn/vakkenhoek.htm (744 words)

	John Derbyshire on Nicholas Ostler’s Empires of the World on National Review Online
		The main points of interest here are the odd lingering prestige of Sumerian long after Sumer as a political force had ceased to exist; the replacement of Akkadian, a firmly established bureaucratic-imperial language, by Aramaic, a nomad dialect from the desert fringes; and the dramatically different fortunes of sister-languages Phoenician and Hebrew.
		Trade is an especially poor bet, as the examples of Phoenician, Sogdian (on the Silk Route), and Arabic (in the Indian Ocean) illustrate.
		Ostler comes to one of his few definitive conclusions on this point: “No community famous for specialization in trade has passed its language on permanently as a vernacular, or even as a lingua franca, to its customers.” The customer, you see, is always right, and the customer’s language is therefore to be preferred.
	www.nationalreview.com /books/derbyshire200509090930.asp (931 words)

	Languages of the World
		One interesting theory states that the divergence of languages was motivated by selfish or survival instincts, where one tribe would try to make up some code of communication which would deceive or not be understood by another tribe, so that they could attack them or have some advantage over them.
		It is themain language of business and trade, has become the official language of many countries, and more recently, its dominance has been further entrenched by the media through movies and music.
		One such language is Esperanto [http://esperanto.net/], and another is Interlingua [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua], the vocabulary of this latter drawn from many languages, making it easier to learn by much of the world’s population.
	www.kenax.cz /translating/languages/languages-of-the-world.html (2506 words)

	Semitic languages
		Language group that includes the languages Arabic, Hebrew in the Middle East region.
		Semitic languages are characterized by roots of 3 consonants, from which a large body of verbs and nouns can be derived.
		Hebrew which is the language of Israel today, Aramaic, Ugaritic, and Phoenician, where the two latter no longer exists.
	i-cias.com /e.o/semit_l.htm (164 words)

	Semitic languages
		Language group that includes the languages Arabic, Hebrew in the Middle East region.
		Semitic languages are characterized by roots of 3 consonants, from which a large body of verbs and nouns can be derived.
		Hebrew which is the language of Israel today, Aramaic, Ugaritic, and Phoenician, where the two latter no longer exists.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/semit_l.htm (164 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Phoenician
		The Phoenician script is an important "trunk" in the alphabet tree, in that many modern scripts can be traced through it.
		Phoenician is a direct descendent of the Proto-Sinaitic script.
		The Phoenician letter shapes grew to be more abstract and linear, in comparison to the more "pictographic" shape of Proto-Sinaitic signs.
	www.ancientscripts.com /phoenician.html (148 words)

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