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Topic: Phonemic differentiation

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Phonemic differentiation
		Phonemic differentiation is the phenomenon of a language maximizing the acoustic distance between its phonemes, presumably to minimize the possibility of misunderstanding.
		In chain shifts, phonemic differentiation is maintained, while in phonemic mergers it is lost.
		Phonemic splits involve the creation of two phonemes out of one, which then tend to diverge because of phonemic differentiation.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Phonemic_merger (657 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Phoneme
		A phoneme, therefore, is the conception of a sound in the most neutral form possible and distinguishes between different words or morphemes — changing an element of a word from one phoneme to another produces either a different word or obvious nonsense.
		A phoneme could be thought of as a family of related phones, called allophones, that the speakers of a language think of, and hear or see, as being categorically the same and differing only in the phonetic environment in which they occur.
		An important phoneme is the chroneme, a phonemically-relevant extension of the duration a consonant or vowel.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Phonemic (3761 words)

	Phonemic differentiation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phonemic differentiation is the phenomenon of a language maximizing the acoustic distance between its phonemes, presumably to minimize the possibility of misunderstanding.
		In chain shifts, phonemic differentiation is maintained, while in phonemic mergers it is lost.
		Phonemic splits involve the creation of two phonemes out of one, which then tend to diverge because of phonemic differentiation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phonemic_differentiation (646 words)

	EducationNews.Org- America's leading Education News Source Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Phonemic awareness is only one (albeit critically important) member of a class of phonological processing skills that involve the use of the sound structure of oral language in learning to read.
		In the phoneme oddity task assessed with such phonemic awareness tasks as the Test of Phonological awareness (TOPA), memory load is reduced through the provision of pictures to remind students of each of the four words presented.
		Provide a phonemic awareness activities program in preschool or kindergarten to all, or at least to those adjudged as possibly at risk, and be especially vigilant to those displaying a resistance to skill development.
	www.educationnews.org /writers/kerry/beyond_phonemic_awareness.htm (4993 words)

	minimal pair Information Center - minimal pair
		Phonemic differentiation speech therapy minimal pairs pictures may vary minimal pairs vowel between different dialects of a language, so that a particular minimal pair in one accent is a pair of homophones in another.
		This does not necessarily mean that one of the phonemes is absent in the homonym accent; merely that it is not present in the same range of contexts.
		In Korean, phones [r] in Korea and [l] in Seoul are allophones of the phoneme /l/ and minimal pair are perceived by native speakers of Korean as a single letter i.e.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_H_-_M/minimal_pair.html (810 words)

	Phonemic differentiation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Phonemic differentiation is the phenomenon of a phoneme in a language splitting into two phonemes over time, a process known as a phonemic split.
		In the former case, all minimal pairs for the two phonemes in a splitting accent will be homonyms in a merging accent; in the latter case, only some pairs will be homonyms.
		Sometimes a phonemic merger causes a certain phoneme to become a restricted phoneme.
	phonemic-differentiation.iqnaut.net (4549 words)

	Beyond Phonemic Awareness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Phonemic awareness is only one (albeit critically important) member of a class of phonological processing skills that involve the use of the sound structure of oral language in learning to read.
		The letters are processed as visual symbols for the phonemes and the sequence of letters is retained in memory as an alphabetic, phonological representation of the word.
		Provide a phonemic awareness activities program in preschool or kindergarten to all, or at least to those adjudged as possibly at risk, and be especially vigilant to those displaying a resistance to skill development.
	www.readbygrade3.com /beyond_phonemic_awareness.htm (5098 words)

	Phonemic differentiation - Definition, explanation
		Phonemic differentiation is the phenomenon of a phoneme in a language splitting into two phonemes over time, a process known as a phonemic split.
		In the former case, all minimal pairs for the two phonemes in a splitting accent will be homophones in a merging accent; in the latter case, only some pairs will be homophones.
		For example, the cot-caught merger causes to become a restricted phoneme that can only occur before, so for example, card and cord are still distinct in accents with the merger as and but has merged with elsewhere making a restricted phoneme.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/p/ph/phonemic_differentiation.php (1773 words)

	Immunohistochemistry - In Situ Hybridization Phoneme
		Phonemes are not the physical segments themselves, but mental abstractions of them.
		Some think that phonemes are more a product of literacy (i.e., the need to categorize the phonetics of a language in order to write it down systematically with a minimum number of letters).
		However, phonemes might not be so apparent in written English, such as when they are typically represented with combined letters, called digraphs, like (pronounced /Ê/) or (pronounced /tÊ/).
	www.immunoportal.com /modules.php?name=Wikipedia&title=Phoneme (4460 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Allophones, more phonetically specific descriptions of how a given phoneme might be commonly instantiated, are often denoted in linguistics by the use of diacritical or other marks added to the phoneme symbols and then placed in square brackets ([3]) to differentiate them from the phoneme in slant brackets (/ /).
		However, phonemes might not be so apparent in written English, such as when they are typically represented with combined letters, called digraphs, like (pronounced) or (pronounced).
		Chinese), aspirated is a phoneme distinct from unaspirated.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=phoneme (3687 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Phonemic differentiation may vary between different dialects of a language, so that a particular minimal pair in one accent is a pair of homophones in another.
		In English, phones as in "spin" and as in "pin" both occur, but are allophones of the phoneme and no minimal pair can be found to distinguish them, but the word "bin" shows that the phone forms a phoneme separate from.
		A differentiator for length may be called a chroneme (Note that IPA allows length to be indicating by doubling the symbol, commonly used for consonants, while generally the special lengthening sign is used for vowels).
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=minimal_pair (847 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		An example from American English is the Northern cities vowel shift [1], where the raising of has triggered a fronting of, which in turn has triggered a lowering of, and so forth.
		A well known example of a phonemic merger in American English is the cot-caught merger, by which the vowel phonemes and (illustrated by the words cot and caught respectively) have merged into a single phoneme in some accents.
		This can result in hypercorrection, when the dialect speakers attempt to imitate the standard language, but overshoot, as with the foot-strut split, where failing to make the split is stigmatized in Northern England, and speakers of non-splitting accents often try to introduce it into their speech, sometimes resulting in hypercorrections such as pronouncing pudding.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=phonemic_differentiation (609 words)

	Reading Rockets : Differentiated instruction
		Differentiated instruction occurs when teachers respond to academic differences among learners in the classroom.
		When a teacher reaches out to an individual or small group and varies his or her teaching in order to create the best learning experience possible, that teacher is differentiating instruction.
		Differentiating instruction is more complex than just providing different students with different learning experiences.
	www.readingrockets.org /article/c64 (730 words)

	Clinton Goveas :: Wikipedia Reference
		Vowel length plays a phonetic role in the majority of English dialects, and is said to be phonemic in a few dialects, such as Australian English and New Zealand English.
		In certain dialects of the modern English language, for instance General American, there is allophonic vowel length: vowel phonemes are realized as long vowel allophones before voiced consonant phonemes in the coda of a syllable.
		In all other dialects it is a separate phoneme, although it only occurs in syllable codas.
	www.clintongoveas.com /wikipedia/?title=English_language (6215 words)

	LD OnLine :: Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Whether teachers differentiate content, process, products, or the learning environment, the use of ongoing assessment and flexible grouping makes this a successful approach to instruction.
		Differentiating instruction is more complex than just providing different students with different learning experiences.
		Frequent assessment of developing readers, and the use of that information for planning instruction, is the most reliable way of preventing children from falling behind and staying behind.
	www.ldonline.org /articles/c19/?startnum=141 (819 words)

	Preschool phonological representations and development of reading skills Annals of Dyslexia - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Preschool children generally have no awareness of the phonemic nature of spoken language, and their first contact with formal reading instruction acts as a powerful trigger for development of phonemic awareness (Hatcher, Hulme, & Ellis, 1994; Wesseling & Reitsma, 1998).
		The reciprocal relationship between phonemic awareness and reading makes it difficult to utilize phonemic awareness tasks in kindergarten as a means of predicting potential reading difficulties in grade school.
		If the purpose of differentiation is to accommodate similar sounding words, then one could ask the question: "Why do lexically unique words also need to be refined to a phonological level?" Lexically unique words could remain represented as indivisible gestalts without hampering spoken word recognition.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3809/is_200101/ai_n8946808 (855 words)

	Minimal pair - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		In phonetics, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language, which differ in only one phoneme, toneme or chroneme and have a distinct meaning.
		In fact, this pair only differs in vocalization of the initial consonant as the configuration of the mouth is same for [p] and [b].
		In Korean, phones [r] in Korea and [l] in Seoul are allophones of the phoneme /l/ and are perceived by native speakers of Korean as a single letter i.e.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=20239 (717 words)

	ETHNOLINGUISTIC NOTE 22
		In one kind of intrinsically closed system the boundary is an essential feature of the process of differentiation, and the differentiation in fact consists in the erecting of a partition or establishment of a contrast.
		This kind of case may be illustrated by phonemic differentiation as it appears in the various structuralist views.
		At least as far as linguistic differentiation is concerned we should assume openness to be natural and boundaries to be an accidental by-product.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~grace/eln22.html (2012 words)

	Simplified Spelling Society : The psychological reality. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This is not surprising since the status of the concept, "phoneme," is by no means firmly established (Twaddell, 1958; Chomsky, 1964; Prieto, 1969).
		Even if a repertoire of English phonemes and a policy of reform by phonemicization could be agreed upon, the problems would not be solved.
		is determined to differentiate the phonemes θ and ð, although, if syntactic considerations are allowed, the rules for their distribution are so straightforward that they may be treated as allophones of a single phoneme (e.g.
	www.spellingsociety.org /bulletins/b80/summer/reality.php (3414 words)

	Spelling reform idea. \| Antimoon Forum
		One important note, though, is that the grapheme may represent multiple different phonemes, based on context and like; it is not ambiguous in its usage, but rather one just has to understand a number of rules that determine how /s/ and /z/ are to be represented.
		Of that, the only part that was not compromisable is that, for the targeted phoneme inventory and distribution, it would be purely phonemic, and could represent any possible target phoneme in any place where it could occur in theory in the first place.
		Other splits which are actually non-marginally phonemic, though, would be harder to handle, definitely moreso than "splits" that are only at the realization level and still moreso than mergers, which can be handled by simply trying to represent as many historical distinctions as possible even if many only have a limited portion of them.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/t246-60.htm (2049 words)

	[b-hebrew] Why Semitic languages had no written vowels?
		Egyptian script and cuneiform both show a development from logographic to phonemic, where signs originally representing whole words or ideas were extended in their usage.
		If you're going to say that a vowelless script can't be explained except by a vowelless language (or one that doesn't differentiate vowels), then I don't see how you can allow for several centuries of continued usage of the same vowelless script, long after vowels had differentiated.
		It was only when such factors as the importance of sacred texts and shifts away from living language communities required serious measures to retain vocalization in writing that these diacritic systems arose.
	lists.ibiblio.org /pipermail/b-hebrew/2005-April/023269.html (1647 words)

	Unicode in XML and other Markup Languages
		This is of particular concern with mathematical notation or systems for phonetic and phonemic transcription which make extensive semantic use of styles on a character by character basis.
		Many of the characters with tag are however suitable for new data, as long as they are used in the manner they are intended, that is as symbols, with definite semantic differentiation between the different forms.
		Most of the characters with and _{tag have been encoded for use in phonetic or phonemic transcriptions, where they act as ordinary letters and the use of style markup is therefore deemed inappropriate.}
	www.w3.org /TR/2007/NOTE-unicode-xml-20070516 (9253 words)

	Spanish Language Translations: Translate into Spanish Language.
		The Spanish language spelling system, due to substantial number of reforms, is almost perfectly phonemic and, therefore, is easy to learn compared to the majority of languages.
		The Spanish language is pronounced phonetically; however, beware of the translation trilled 'r' which is somewhat complex to reproduce.
		This differentiation is in formation or creation, since the Spanish spoken in the United States of America is the Spanish of different Latin American immigrants, so there may be Spanish with more Mexican influence in California, and at the same time Spanish with more Caribbean influence in Florida.
	www.trustedtranslations.com /spanish_language.asp (971 words)

	ttgapers store - USA - Road to the Code: A Phonological Awareness Program for Young Children - Benita A. Blachman, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Phonemic Awareness in Young Children: A Classroom Curriculum
		Phonemic Awareness: Playing With Sounds to Strengthen Beginning Reading Skills (Phonemic Awareness)
		For kindergartners and first graders who need extra work on their early literacy skills, this proven plan for teaching phonemic awareness and letter-sound correspondence is a teacher's best friend.
	www.ttgapers.com /module-ttStore-product-asin-1557664382-locale-us.html (735 words)

	[b-hebrew] Why Semitic languages had no written vowels? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		If a vowelless writing system can only be explained by an absence of vowel differentiation, then significant phonemic differentiation of vowels would have created enormous pressure to adapt the writing system.
		And the contact with cuneiform would have compounded this pressure, because it was clearly evident that a writing system could accommodate vowels.
		Vowel writing did eventually develop in the form of matres lectionis, but in Phoenician, for instance, it never seems to have caught on.
	lists.ibiblio.org /pipermail/b-hebrew/2005-April/023243.html (379 words)

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