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	Phonemic orthography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A phonemic orthography is a writing system where there is a one-to-one relationship between graphemes in the written form and phonemes in the spoken form of a language.
		One example of a phonemic orthography is the International Phonetic Alphabet, intended to accurately describe the pronunciation of a language.
		Note that phonemic orthographies are different from phonetic orthographies; whereas in a phonemic orthography, allophones will be represented by the same grapheme, a phonetic orthography demands, by its very nature, that the phonetically distinct allophones be written as such.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phonemic_orthography (335 words)

	Phoneme - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A phoneme is a family of speech sounds (phones) that the speakers of a language think of as being, and usually hear as, the same sound.
		The conventions of orthography are then kept separate from both phonemes and allophones by the use of the markers < > to enclose the spelling.
		An important phoneme is the chroneme, a phonemically-relevant extension of the duration a consonant or vowel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phoneme (2905 words)

	Phonemic orthography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A phonemic orthography is a writing system wherethere is a one-to-one relationship between graphemes in the written form and phonemes in the spoken form of a language.
		One example of a phonemic orthography is the International Phonetic Alphabet, intended to accurately describe the pronunciation of alanguage.
		Note that phonemic orthographies are different from phonetic orthographies ; whereas in a phonemic orthography, allophones will be represented by the same grapheme, aphonetic orthography demands, by its very nature, that the phonetically distinct allophones be written as such.
	www.therfcc.org /phonemic-orthography-150552.html (314 words)

	Phonemic awareness - WikEd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Writing is another benefit of phonemic awareness; children should be able to express their thoughts using phonemic awareness even if he has never seen the word in print before.
		Hempenstall (2003) does mention that research implies that a comprehensive phonemic awareness is necessary for children to benefit from the onset and rime method (Hempenstall, 2003).
		Sensenbaugh (1999) points out that phonemic awareness is part of the debate between the Whole word approach and the phonics atyle of learning to read.
	wik.ed.uiuc.edu /index.php/Phonemic_awareness (1538 words)

	Phonemic orthography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A phonemic orthography is a writing system where there is a one-to-one relationship graphemes in the written form and phonemes in the spoken form of a These are sometimes termed true alphabets but they needn't be alphabetic a syllabary could do just as well.
		Note that phonemic orthographies are different from orthographies; whereas in a phonemic orthography allophones will be represented by the same grapheme a phonetic orthography demands by its nature that the phonetically distinct allophones be as such.
		To use an example from the "t" sound in the words "table" "cat" would in a phonemic orthography be with the same character; however a phonetic would make the distinction between the aspirated "t" in "table" and the unaspirated "t" in "cat."
	www.freeglossary.com /Phonemic_orthography (345 words)

	My ideas on respelling a few words. (page 7) \| Antimoon Forum
		Hence, a phonemic orthography will be much simpler than a phonetic orthography from a writing standpoint becaue it will basically get out of the way the technical matters involved in the actual speaking of English which have little to relevance to the simple distinguishing of meaning on a textual level.
		Well, yes, a highly conservative phonemic spelling system may be to some extent resistant to phonological changes in dialects, as long as such phonologically changed forms in various dialects are more-or-less predictable from the conservative phonological system represented by the phonemic orthography in question.
		Due to such, viewing phonemes from a conservative perspective, and thus maintaining distinctions that may not superficially seem to be present in various positions in actual speech, may be very useful in cases, as it still may have underlying connections to the overall phonology of the dialects in question, which may not be immediately obvious.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/posts/6689-7.htm (1833 words)

	Kriol Orthography Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phonemic alphabets are generally praised for their ease of learning by the beginning reader.
		Phonemic alphabets have been shown to be easy to learn for the new reader, who reads by decoding sound by sound.
		Although there are many different attitudes held by different people to the type of orthography they need, and many sociolinguistic factors to be considered in the design of an orthography, the orthography that conforms to the national language will probably receive the greatest acceptance (Henne, 1991).
	www.kriol.org.bz /LanguagePages/Language_Orthography.htm (3970 words)

	Akses and Phonemes, Writing System Overview
		Phonemics (characters representing phonemes) instead of the Roman alphabet introduce children to written communication.
		The phoneme awareness of early childhood is deliberately expanded to provide a strong link from oral to written words.
		Phonemics are composed of 1 to 3 letters, mostly common TO spellings of each phoneme.
	www.akses.org /amws01_5.htm (293 words)

	[No title]
		This paper presents a series of arguments concerning the notion that an awareness of the sub-syllabic ("phonemic") segments of speech is a factor in the acquisition of literacy skills.
		The view of orthography as written speech follows, it seems to me, from initial reading instruction where children are taught in a variety of ways that Bloomfield was right, that to understand writing you have to first convert it to speech.
		Orthographies are meant to convey meaning, and they succeed in doing so by ignoring variations of dialect and idiosyncratic speech.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/rscholes/psa1.htm (5049 words)

	Orthographies used for Lakota language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		However, his orthography was not fully phonemic, he failed to distinguish between the aspirated and unaspirated series of consonants p, t, k, and c, a distinction vital to accurate recording, and thus fundamental for proper pronunciation and understanding of the language.
		In this Lakota translation he used a simple orthography of the Riggs type, one that is not fully phonemic (doesn't differentiate all the necessary phonemes); in it he didn't mark aspiration and stress; nasalization was inadequately marked with letter n.
		Following the CU orthography, aspiration of stops is h-marked (ch, kh, ph, th), but a distinction is made from the velar friction aspiration, which is marked with x (kx, px, tx).
	www.inext.cz /siouan/orthog.htm (2997 words)

	The Process of Learning to Read
		Identifying words that began with a particular phoneme, however, was accomplished only by 14 percent of the children, and we know from other studies that not until age 5 or 6 are such segmentation skills exhibited by a majority of children (e.g., Calfee et al., 1973; Liberman et al., 1974).
		Still, because phonemes are the units of sound that are represented by the letters of an alphabet, an awareness of phonemes is key to understanding the logic of the alphabetic principle.
		Although these phonemes are not always the right ones, the child is then in the stage of full productive reading, because he or she is applying the alphabetic principle very generally across encounters with words.
	www.nap.edu /readingroom/books/prdyc/ch2.html (11421 words)

	Personal View #7 - Alphabets for English - part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Since the year 1100, the development or English orthography has largely ignored the alphabetic principle and the idea that each letter (or digraph) should be a sound sign.
		An orthography that allows two or three different spellings depending on the position of the sound in the word permits a closer approximation of TO.
		Phonemic systems such as WES, NS, and NF reduce the number of different ways to spell a sound to 1.
	members.fortunecity.com /rapidrytr/Spell/pv7-1.html (2577 words)

	English spelling article - English spelling orthography phonemic alphabetic English language pronunciation - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		English spelling (or orthography), although largely phonemic, has more complicated rules than many other spelling systems used by languages written in alphabetic scripts.
		English, it seems, is somewhere in between: its spelling system is highly irregular, but it is regular to some degree and mastery only requires knowledge of the 26 letters of the alphabet, whereas mastering written Chinese or Japanese is much more difficult, requiring the memorization of thousands of different symbols.
		Studies have shown that dyslexia occurs more often (or at least is more noticeable) among speakers of languages such as English whose orthography differs heavily from the phonology than speakers of languages where the letter-sound correspondence is more regular.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Spelling (1334 words)

	Transparency of Spanish.
		Less serious weaknesses are the mapping of the two phonemes /k/ and /s/ when they occur as a sequence onto the single symbol x, and the irregularities arising from neutralization of the nasals in certain positions.
		For example, the phonemically unjustified retention of vocalic y in unstressed post-vocalic word-final positions (eg rey, ley) reflects the medieval practice of employing this graph in word-final position after any vowel except /i/ (see Penny (1988: 343) for statistics concerning the Alfonsine corpus).
		It is clear that the phonemic transparency of modern Spanish orthography is the result of sustained observance of the principle that spelling should reflect pronunciation and not linguistic history.
	www.spellingsociety.org /journals/j15/spanish.php (3511 words)

	Akses and Phonemes, Understanding a Phonemic Writing System
		Phonemes are an integral part of a child's oral language facility.
		Phoneme awareness is probably at its peak in children just before they learn the names of the letters of the Roman alphabet.
		Children taught phonemic characters to represent the phonemes rather than letters of the alphabet to spell words retain their phoneme awareness throughout life.
	www.akses.org /amws07.htm (4927 words)

	Traditional English Orthography - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phonemic spelling will not help speed readers who are attending to word patterns rather than individual sound signs.
		A phonemic transcription is not as precise as a phonetic transcription.
		Phonemes refer to the significant sound categories used by native speakers.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /vangogh/555/Spell/spelng.htm (6085 words)

	ss-1 saxon-spanglish alphabet and phonemic notation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phonemes map onto traditional letters only 40% of time rather than 85% or more as in most other alphabetical writing systems.
		The Spanglish phonemic notation is designed to be used as a way of introducing traditional English spelling- particularly in a bilingual classroom.
		A reform basedon a phonemic notation requires that 60% of the traditional English words be respelled.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /vangogh/555/Spell/ss-1.html (3558 words)

	Traditional English Orthography - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This article reveals some of the absurdities of the spelling system used in English speaking countries since 1800, explains the difference between a language, a script, and a spelling system, and chronicles some of the attempts to "break the spell"* advanced by advocates of simplified and regularized spelling.
		As shown in Figure 3., a phonemic script such as WES (World English Spelling) provides only one spelling option: /u:/ is always spelled [oo].
		If one examines the phonemes (or single sounds) used by Lincoln in his Gettysburg Address, 75% are phonemic or regular.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /vangogh/555/Spell/trublspl1.html (2174 words)

	Marshall University - SCORES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Description: Phonemic transcription is an important tool in the diagnosis and remediation of disorders of speech.
		Since traditional English spelling (Orthography) cannot capture variations in pronunciation, a clinician working with an individual whose speech pattern varies from standard American English must be able to describe the specific speech sounds of that individual.
		All phonemes used will be taken from the attached list of forty-five Phonemes of American English.
	www.marshall.edu /scores/contestdetails.asp?contest=1004 (231 words)

	Phonemic Orthography Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Looking For phonemic orthography - Find phonemic orthography and more at Lycos Search.
		Find phonemic orthography - Your relevant result is a click away!
		Look for phonemic orthography - Find phonemic orthography at one of the best sites the Internet has to offer!
	www.alienartifacts.com /encyclopedia/Phonemic_orthography (513 words)

	Spelling Reform: Pro and Con (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Each phoneme is not so much a particular sound as a set of sounds conventionally grouped together by a given language or dialect.
		Note that it is quite possible for a single phoneme to be a "compound" of several sounds - for instance may be analysed as just two phonemes, the affricate = "T + SH" and the diphthong = "AH + OO".
		Again, the orthography should side with those who keep the distinctions clear, which in this case means spelling a lot of words with an «R» omitted by BBC newsreaders.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/vangogh/555/Spell/badarguments.htm (4793 words)

	Appendices
		Later, Jack decided to merge one of the two rare phonemes, /a-nasalized/, with the frequent phoneme which is written as /ã/ in my current orthography; that is, /a-nasalized/ (a front, unrounded, low, open vowel) is merged with /ã/ (a back, unrounded, mid, open vowel) for the purposes of facilitating the Canela to write their language.
		The exposition of this Portuguese-oriented orthography will facilitate the understanding of certain phonetic sounds of the Canela language as they have to be included in their phonemic categories to write the language accurately.
		At least this is a simple merging of two phonemes into one, twice, and not a phoneme-dividing violation of the “one phoneme for one phoneme” principle, which otherwise is maintained throughout the recommended orthography.
	www.mnh.si.edu /anthro/canela/literature/monograph/appendices.htm (12243 words)

	The Pear - Chaplin Basque Corpus - Notations Page (notations.htm)
		The transcriptions are in a blend of standard Basque orthography and phonemic formats.
		Because the purpose of these transcriptions was to study grammatical constructions and, in particular, word order, detailed phonemic and/or phonetic transcription was generally avoided as unnecessary.
		In a departure from Basque orthography, I have in most cases used a hyphen (-) to connect the two parts of periphrastic verbs.
	www.lrc.salemstate.edu /aske/basquecorpus/notations.htm (776 words)

	Cogprints - When marking tone reduces fluency: an orthography experiment in Cameroon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Participants with a variety of ages and educational backgrounds, and having different levels of exposure to the orthography were tested on location in the Western Province of Cameroon.
		The experiment raises serious doubts about the suitability of the phonemic method of marking tone for languages having widespread tone sandhi effects, and lends support to the notion that a writing system should have `fixed word images'.
		A critical review of other experimental work on African tone orthography lays the groundwork for the experiment, and contributes to the establishment of a uniform experimental paradigm.
	www.cogprints.org /2173 (264 words)

	SIL Bibliography: Orthography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Tremper, Mark W. Current principles of orthography design: a study of orthography development in North America and Colombia.
		Mfonyam, Joseph N. Tone in orthography: The case of Bafut and related languages.
		Orthography and phonology database: Islands and Momase regions.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_subject.asp?code=ORT (1476 words)

	Phonemic orthography - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The relationship of phonemic awareness and later reading and spelling achievement
		A revised phonemic orthography for anglophone Caribbean creoles
		Formulation of grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules to aid in the teaching of reading
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /phonemic_orthography.htm (359 words)

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