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	Phonology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The principles of phonological theory have also been applied to the analysis of sign languages, in which it is argued that the same or a similar phonological system underlies both signed and spoken languages.
		Ordered phonological rules govern how this phonological representation (also called underlying representation) is transformed into the actual pronunciation (also called surface form.) An important consequence of the influence SPE had on phonological theory was the downplaying of the syllable and the emphasis on segments.
		Phonological processes are unordered with respect to each other and apply simultaneously (though the output of one process may be the input to another).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phonology (1884 words)

	Phonological awareness defined (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Phonological awareness refers generally to the awareness of words, syllables, or phonemes (i.e., individual speech sounds), whereas phonemic awareness refers only to the awareness of individual sounds in words (such as the three phonemes /c/a/t/ in cat).
		Phonological awareness is the key to transitioning from oral to written language and is a hallmark of good readers.
		Fully developed phonological awareness skills and knowledge of the alphabetic principle (phonics) are required for successful decoding, which is translating individual letters into sounds to access the pronunciation of word.
	www.cogcon.com /research/basis/definition_two.stm (506 words)

	Phonological Awareness Overview
		Phonological Awareness (P.A.) includes oral language skills that involve the ability to notice, think about, or manipulate the individual sounds in words.
		Phonological Awareness is the sensitivity to the different sounds in spoken words, called phonemes.
		Students' Phonological Awareness skills progress from being sensitive to rhyme, to judging whether words have the same first or last sounds and the ability to pronounce the individual sounds, to telling how similar words are different from one another when pronounced.
	reach.ucf.edu /~CENTRAL/elementary/Phonological/index.html (264 words)

	Phonological disorder Information on Healthline
		Phonological disorder occurs when a child does not develop the ability to produce some or all sounds necessary for speech that are normally used at his or her age.
		Phonological disorder is characterized by a child's inability to create speech at a level expected of his or her age group because of an inability to form the necessary sounds.
		It is often difficult to detect this disorder, as the child with phonological disorder develops speech sounds more slowly than his or her peers; generally, however, he or she develops them in the same sequence.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/phonological-disorder (680 words)

	Phonological Awareness
		Phonological awareness is the knowledge that words are made up of individual sounds.
		Phonological awareness is the precursor to phonics which is frequently the method used to teach children to read.
		By 5 years it is not unusual for a child who has been exposed to rhyme to detect a rhyme, that is she will fill in the missing rhyming word in a familiar rhyme.
	www.indiana.edu /~fluency/phonaware.htm (577 words)

	PHONOLOGICAL AWA RENESS INSTRUCTION: A COLLABORATIVE STATE-WIDE PILOT PROJECT
		In early February, six children with the lowest phonological awareness skills in the kindergarten classroom were chosen to participate in the 12-week IPA program, as described for the first graders.
		In each school, the six kindergarten children who participated in the IPA in the spring were compared to six children in the comparison classroom; both groups of children were the lowest in their classes in early literacy.
		The evaluation provided promising findings concerning the effectiveness of the Phonological Awareness (PA) Curriculum. Children in the PA curriculum outperformed their comparison group peers in several key areas, namely spelling and concept of word, and in terms of overall end-of-year literacy performance.
	wvde.state.wv.us /reading/phonological.html (773 words)

	LD OnLine :: Phonological Awareness: Instructional and Assessment Guidelines
		Moreover, instruction in phonological awareness is beneficial for most children and seems to be critical for others, but the degree of explicitness and the systematic nature of instruction may need to vary according to the learner's skills (Smith, Simmons, and Kameenui, 1998), especially for students at risk for reading difficulties.
		Most early phonological awareness activities are taught in the absence of print, but there is increasing evidence that early writing activities, including spelling words as they sound (i.e., invented or temporary spelling), appear to promote more refined phonemic awareness (Ehri, 1998; Treiman, 1993).
		Assessment in phonological awareness serves essentially two purposes: to initially identify students who appear to be at risk for difficulty in acquiring beginning reading skills and to regularly monitor the progress of students who are receiving instruction in phonological awareness.
	www.ldonline.org /article/6254 (6370 words)

	Phonological Awareness Intervention for Children: From the Research Laboratory to the Clinic
		Phonological awareness—the explicit understanding of a word’s sound structure—is critical for the efficient decoding of printed words and the ability to form connections between sounds and letters when spelling.
		Exciting developments in understanding and enhancing phonological awareness in children who are blind and using Braille as their reading medium, children with severe speech and physical impairments who use alternative communication systems, children with severe hearing loss, and children with Down syndrome are being reported in the literature.
		Phonological awareness intervention is a new area of practice for many SLPs since clinical research studies directly involving children with speech-language impairments have only been published in recent years.
	asha.org /about/publications/leader-online/archives/2002/q4/021203a.htm (3011 words)

	Phonological Awareness \| Phonetics \| Reading Lesson Plans \| Teach your child phonological awareness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Perhaps the most exciting finding emanating from research on phonological awareness is that critical levels of phonological awareness can be developed through carefully planned instruction, and this development has a significant influence on children’s reading and spelling achievement.
		Phonological awareness is a broad term that includes phonemic awareness.
		There are five levels of phonological awareness ranging from an awareness of rhyme to being able to switch or substitute the components in a word.
	teachphonologicalawareness.info (839 words)

	Phonological Awareness & Spelling Skills
		Phonological awareness refers to metalinguistic knowledge of the sound structure of language--that is, conscious awareness of the phonological structure of sentences, phrases, and words.
		Phonological awareness develops in top-down fashion; that is to say, the learner begins at the level of the whole word and gradually moves to ever-smaller parts of the word.
		Phonological awareness training can be accomplished without any reference to letters or written words at all, and most programs begin such training by using pictures, nursery rhymes, songs, and games of various sorts that involve only listening and speaking (see, for example, Fredericks [2003] pages 37-38, and more examples in nearby pages).
	cla.calpoly.edu /~jrubba/phon/phonaware.html (1728 words)

	Children's Speech Sound Disorders: Questions & Answers: Caroline Bowen
		Phonological processes have usually 'gone' by the time a child is five years of age, though there is individual variation between children.
		Developmental Phonological Disorders are a group of language disorders, whose cause is unclear, that affect children’s ability to develop easily understood speech patterns by the time they are four years old.
		SLP's who include phonological principles in their theory of intervention believe that a 'phonological approach' should be used with children with phonological disorders.
	members.tripod.com /Caroline_Bowen/phonol-and-artic.htm (3189 words)

	Developmental Phonological Disorders / Caroline Bowen
		Developmental Phonological Disorders (also called "phonological impairments" or "phonological disorders") are a group of language disorders that affect children’s ability to develop easily understood speech by the time they are four years old, and, in some cases, their ability to learn to read and spell.
		Phonological therapy always takes into account these three aspects, and the fact that phonological development is a gradual process for all children, whether they have phonological problems or not.
		Children with phonological impairments do not necessarily go on to experience literacy problems, but children who still have phonological disability in the form of speech errors (especially those at the severe end of the scale) when they start school, are very much at risk for difficulties learning to read and spell.
	members.tripod.com /~Caroline_Bowen/parentinfo.html (686 words)

	TeachingLD: Phonological Skills
		Phonological awareness and its relationship to beginning reading have garnered enormous attention in the professional and practical literature in recent years, so there has been a lot said about it recently.
		Phonological awareness is the understanding that speech can be broken into smaller units of sound such as words, syllables, onsets and rimes, and phonemes.
		One important conclusion is that teaching phonological awareness is especially important for learners who have low initial phonological awareness skills, including many children at risk of developing learning disabilities.
	www.dldcec.org /expert_connection/phonological.html (1212 words)

	PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS
		Phonological awareness, or phonological sensitivity, is the ability to listen to the sounds in spoken language without concentrating on the meaning of what is being said.
		Since phonological awareness deals with sounds in language and does not involve print, it is important to think about how it is easiest for children to develop this sensitivity to sound.
		Phonological awareness allows children to play with blending, segmenting and manipulating sounds prior to having to do this with the additional knowledge required to blend, segment and manipulate letters into words in isolation or text.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /circle/phono_aware.htm (172 words)

	The Children's Hospital at Westmead - Professionals - Articulation and Phonological Disorders
		Phonological disorders may have a far greater impact on a child's intelligibility than pure articulation disorders as the child may confuse several phonological rules.
		Phonological disorders and phonemic awareness disorders (the understanding of sounds and sound rules in words) have been linked to on - going language and literacy difficulties.
		Pure articulation or phonological difficulties are generally not a direct symptom of brain injury.
	www.chw.edu.au /prof/services/rehab/brain_injury/information_sheets/communication/articulation_and_phonology.htm (507 words)

	Phonological awareness - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Phonological awareness is the conscious sensitivity to the sound structure of language.
		Phonological awareness is an important and reliable predictor of later reading ability and has, therefore, been the focus of much research.
		Phonological awareness is often confused with "phonics" but it is really a precursor to phonics.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Phonological_awareness (135 words)

	Phonological Resources
		Phonological awareness has the potential to unravel the mysteries of reading to countless thousands of individuals, and to protect their well-being as well as that of the nation.
		Phonological awareness sometimes refers to an awareness that words consist of syllables, "onsets and rimes," and phonemes, and so can be considered as a broader notion than phonemic awareness.
		Phonological awareness is not only correlated with learning to read, but research indicates a stronger statement is true: phonological awareness appears to play a causal role in reading acquisition.
	sss.usf.edu /cbm/phonological_resources.htm (5738 words)

	Overton Speech & Language Center - Phonological Approach
		As a phonological process is inhibited, the sound system becomes more similar to the adult system and the child's speech becomes more intelligible.
		When the sounds utilized to eliminate the phonological process emerge (50% accurate), the process is said to be suppressed sufficiently and that cycle is dropped and another one is introduced.
		For example, if the phonological process to be suppressed is deletion of final consonants, one of the minimal pairs presented in treatment could be "bee" and "beep".
	www.overtonspeech.net /PhonologicalApproach.html (973 words)

	SIL Bibliography: Phonological descriptions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Beavon, Keith H. Phonological analysis of the Kônsìmè language (dialect of Lomié).
		Rosendall, Heidi J. A phonological study of the Gwari lects.
		A preliminary phonological sketch of Phu Kha, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Northern Vietnam.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_subject.asp?code=PHD (3215 words)

	CSD300 - Phonological Development
		Phonological development, the gradual process of acquiring adult speech sound systems and speech patterns, is somewhat difficult to gage because there is great variation between children (Bernhardt & Stemberger, 1998).
		By the age of 4, phonological processes are usually gone from children's speech and their speech patterns are easily understood.
		The purpose of this website is to explore phonological development with particular emphasis on which phonological errors are a normal part of development and which errors are indicators of disordered phonology.
	www.personal.psu.edu /mam1034/csd300.html (383 words)

	Phonological Awareness: An Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Phonological awareness is an important predictor for early reading decoding and has a causal relationship with the acquisition of word decoding skills.
		Phonological awareness, phonemic awareness and phonics are defined and differentiated.
		The development of phonological awareness in young children is described so as to illustrate an instructional sequence and grade-appropriate phonological awareness benchmarks for preschool and early school-age children.
	nss-nrs.com /cgi-bin/WebObjects/NSS.woa/wa/Ecourses/detail?id=1000541 (688 words)

	Phonological Methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the chapter, Phonological Preliminaries, formal phonological analysis is applied to the problem of describing and explaining the vowel inventory of English.
		Most of phonology assumes that the regularities of the phonological surface are epiphenomenal, the result of the application of various processes to underlying morphological forms.
		Contrast is used to determine the presence of phonological distinctions (which need not be underlying in the lexical phonology, but are present in the post-lexical, or surface phonology).
	www.tomveatch.com /Veatch1991/node50.html (479 words)

	Parsing using linearly ordered phonological rules
		In this phase, the phonological rules are applied in forward order, and the derivations of any final forms which do not match the original input word are thrown out.
		One difficulty is that phonological rules are often neutralizing, so the result of "unapplying" such a rule during parsing is ambiguous.
		The unapplication of the phonological rules and the process of lexical lookup constitute the analysis phase of the algorithm.
	www.sil.org /computing/lascruces.html (5430 words)

	The Phonological Model of Dyslexia
		The most compelling evidence for importance of phonological processing in reading ability are intervention studies indicating that phonological awareness training improves reading ability, while other language training programs do not (3) (1).
		The results from these studies indicate that the deficiency in phonological awareness demonstrated by dyslexics is connected to their lower reading ability (1).
		The research supporting the phonological model of dyslexia identifies a cognitive deficiency in phonological awareness and word identification that is carried out by a specific neural network.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro01/web3/Slaughter.html (1763 words)

	Cogprints - Outstanding questions about phonological processing in dyslexia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The model emphasises that phonological forms of lexical items are distinct from non-lexical phonological representations Secondly, phonology, as a linguistic discipline, teaches us that there is much more to it than phonemic categorisation and awareness.
		The phonological level of representation also embodies phonotactic regularities, patterns of phoneme assimilation and alternation, as well as supra-segmental knowledge pertaining to syllable structure, stress, intonation and rhythm.
		If phonological representations were affected in dyslexia, dyslexic children would presumably have difficulties acquiring these aspects of their language.
	cogprints.org /2272 (1329 words)

	Beginning Reading And Phonological Awareness
		Adams (1990) described five levels of phonological awareness ranging from an awareness of rhyme to being able to switch or substitute the components in a word.
		The size of the phonological unit (e.g., it is easier to break sentences into words and words into syllables than to break syllables into phonemes).
		Phonological properties of words (e.g., continuant such as /s/ and /m/ are easier than very brief sounds such as /t/).
	www.kidsource.com /kidsource/content2/disability.phonological.html (1092 words)

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