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	PHORMIUM - LoveToKnow Article on PHORMIUM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Phormium has been treated as a cultivated plant in New Zealand, though only to a limited extent; for the supplies of the raw material dependence has been principally placed on tlfe abundance of the wild stocks and on sets planted as hedges and boundaries by the Maoris.
		An idea of the extent of the growth of the fibre may be gathered from the fact that the exports for 1905 amounted to 28,877 bales at a value of nearly 700,000.
		Phormium is a cream-colored fibre with a fine silky gloss, capable of being spun and woven into many of the heavier textures for which flax is used, either alone or in combination with flax.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PH/PHORMIUM.htm (898 words)

	San Marcos Growers >New Zealand Flax
		Phormium tenax, the Coastal Flax, is the larger and more common plant in cultivation; its long strap leaves in shades of green, bronze and maroon are a familiar sight to gardeners in California.
		As a general rule the hybrid flax are not as durable as Phormium tenax and are usually less tolerant to extremely hot or cold temperatures, prolonged dry conditions and heavy soil.
		The flowers on Phormium tenax and many of the hybrids are orange-red and held upright on a tall stalk above the foliage.
	www.sanmarcosgrowers.com /info/flax.asp (1934 words)

	San Marcos Growers >Phormium tenax
		Phormium tenax was first discovered on Captain Cook's second expedition to the South Pacific in 1773.
		The toughness of this plant is evidenced by the variety of its habitats, from beaches, river mouths, on coastal cliffs with salt sea spray, to alpine lakes; a plant is ubiquitous throughout the New Zealand landscape.
		Phormium tenax made its way in to cultivation in the United States in the later half of the 19th century.
	www.smgrowers.com /gardens/flaxphormtenax.asp (372 words)

	Flax
		Phormium tenax (commonly known as ”harakeke” or ”native flax”) has played an important part in the history of Aotearoa/New Zealand, for inside the long green leaves of this plant there lies a strong white fibre, suitable for the manufacture of cordage and textiles.
		Europeans were quick to appreciate the commercial possibilities of phormium fibre and between the 1820s and the 1860s a considerable trade in hand-dressed fibre was carried on between Maori and European.
		The production of phormium fibre on a large scale did not commence until the late 1860s, when a machine was invented to beat the green leaf between a revolving metal drum and a fixed metal bar.
	www.techhistory.co.nz /OntheLand/Flax_milling.htm (1150 words)

	New Zealand flax - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		New Zealand Flax (Phormium tenax), known as Harakeke by New Zealand Maori for many centuries, was and still is one of the most versatile plants in the world.
		There are numerous variegated cultivars with leaves marked by contrasting stripes in shades of green, red, bronze, pink and yellow.
		He had noted the many uses the Maori had put to the plant and in 1803 gave it the scientific name Phormium, meaning "basket" or "wickerwork", and tenax meaning "tenacity" or "holding fast".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/New_Zealand_flax (1094 words)

	Phormium species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Phormium tenax is known as New Zealand Flax or Coastal Flax.
		The name "Phormium" is derived from the Greek name for "basket" - one of the items produced by weaving the leaves.
		Phormium tenax is a common plant of the coast and road side in New Zealand.
	www.houseleeks.freeserve.co.uk /phormium/2phspcs.htm (931 words)

	The National Gardens Scheme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Phormium tenax erupt out of the ground vertically and remain upright to a leaf height of up to two metres.
		In general phormium tenax prefers life on the damp side while the dwarf cookianum hybrids are more of a heath plant and consequently more drought tolerant.
		Phormiums also associate well with fellow New Zealand Plants such as pittosporums and corokias that make an original contrast with their contorted stems and tiny leaves.
	www.ngs.org.uk /christopher_holliday.htm (1358 words)

	Phormium references (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		There are a number of photographs of phormiums, brief descriptions of the two species and a list of cultivars classified by colour.
		Phormium tenax as a fibrous plant, Colonial Museum and Geological Survey Department, Wellington, New Zealand.
		A classic treatise on the distribution, structure, cultivation and commercial uses of Phormium tenax at the end of the 19th century.
	www.houseleeks.freeserve.co.uk /phormium/2phrefs.htm (1161 words)

	New Zealand flax -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is quite distinct from the (The hemisphere north of the equator) Northern Hemisphere plant known as (Plant of the genus Linum that is cultivated for its seeds and for the fibers of its stem) flax (Linum sp.
		Phormium is an herbaceous perennial (A monocotyledonous flowering plant; the stem grows by deposits on its inside) monocot.
		The seedpods that develop after pollination, each contain hundreds of seeds which are later widely dispersed by the wind.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/ne/new_zealand_flax.htm (1026 words)

	Phormium tenax - NEW ZEALAND FLAX - Rainyside.com
		The Maoris believed the layers of leaves represented family and new shoots were the children that are protected by the next outside layer of leaves thought of as the parents.
		The sticky sap from the phormiums was used on wounds and boils.
		Phormiums were an important plant to the Maoris.
	www.rainyside.com /features/plant_gallery/perennials/Phormium_tenax.html (314 words)

	FLAX
		Phormium means "basket or wickerwork" -referring to the use made of the leaf; tenax means "holding fast" referring to the strong fibres
		It was initially thought that Phormium and Cordyline belonged to the lily family (Liliaceae) because the flowers are rather lily-like.
		New Zealand had a thriving flax fibre industry until a disease (flax yellow-leaf, caused by an organism thought to be similar to the one killing cabbage trees) ruined the industry in the 1950;s.
	www.geocities.com /RainForest/7109/flax.htm (1173 words)

	New Zealand flax - TheBestLinks.com - Phormium tenax, Asparagales, Northern Hemisphere, Plantae, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		New Zealand flax - TheBestLinks.com - Phormium tenax, Asparagales, Northern Hemisphere, Plantae,...
		Phormium tenax, New Zealand flax, Asparagales, New Zealand, Northern Hemisphere...
		New Zealand Flax (Phormium tenax), also known as Harakeke, is quite distinct from the Northern Hemisphere plant known as flax (Linum sp.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Phormium_tenax.html (199 words)

	Brockie - Flowering of N.Z. flax
		Light, moderate, and heavy summer flowering of P. tenax was inversely cor- related with wet weather the previous February (r = -0.789) and high absolute air temperatures during the previous April to June (r = 0.969).
		The spectacular flowering of P. tenax in the summer of 1981/82 was probably induced by exceptionally high air temperatures on 9 May 1981.
		Phormium tenax in Wellington flowered synchronously with alpine tussock (Chionochlod) in Nelson and some Nothofagus species.
	www.rsnz.org /publish/nzjb/1986/26.php (228 words)

	"Unusual plants: Phormium"
		Although Phormiums are only supposed to be hardy to zone 9, they are commonly grown in the zone 8 parts of the Pacific Northwest.
		Phormium tenax 'Tom Thumb' Another dwarf species, this one has green leaves with red-bronze margins, and grows to 2-3'.
		Many of the brightly-colored Phormiums that have become popular in the past few years have a high reversion rate, that is, they lose their colorful foliage and revert to green.
	www.worldplants.com /phormium.htm (224 words)

	New Zealand Journal of Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Abstract: In this paper we document the role of Phormium tenax as a nurse plant in unimproved pasture.
		The number of woody species and of individual woody plants regenerating within P. tenax is not correlated with distance from the edge of the remnant forest but is significantly correlated with P. tenax clump area.
		tenax is acting as a nurse plant facilitating the succession from pasture to forest and we suggest that this species has considerable potential for use in restoration plantings.
	www.nzes.org.nz /nzje/abstract.php?volume_issue=j23_1&first_page=81 (188 words)

	New Zealand Natives - Grasses and Flax
		Phormium tenax, New Zealand Flax or harakeke, is the iconic flax, seen widely in marshy ground, at the coast and, increasingly, in street and roadside plantings.
		tenax is unsurpassed for the strong statement the vertical leaves make, for shelter (even on ground where it seems impossible to get anything to grow), and for its ability to shoulder out other less vigorous plants where it is happy.
		There are many, many cultivars of the phormiums available, in colours ranging from apricot to red and green and yellow variegations.
	www.bestgardening.com /bgc/plant/nativegrassflax02.htm (884 words)

	White Flower Farm: New Zealand Flax
		This compact Phormium is ideal as a c...
		This compact Phormium is ideal as a container centerpiece or at the edge of a border overhanging stone paving.
		Phormium is a genus of only two species, well adapted to the extremes of their native New Zealand climate, from torrential rains, violent winds, seasonal drought, to sweltering sun.
	www.whiteflowerfarm.com /77380-product.html (226 words)

	PHORMIUM - Online Information article about PHORMIUM
		hemp "), a fibre obtained from the leaves of Phormium tenax (nat.
		Phormium has been treated as a cultivated plant in New Zealand, though only to a limited extent ; for the supplies of the raw material dependence has been principally placed on the abundance of the See also:
		Phormium is prepared with great care by native methods, only the mature See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PER_PIG/PHORMIUM.html (1379 words)

	Phormium 'Maori Queen' :: The Print Shop @ PlantExplorers.com™
		In 1978 Margaret Jones introduced a new cultivar of Phormium cookianum ‘Tricolor’ that was given the name ‘Cream Delight’, and since that time, she has been responsible for producing and releasing many of the most striking modern cultivars, including Phormium ‘Maori Queen’.
		She was greatly honoured later when she was granted an invitation to meet the Maori Queen at her Marae (formal meeting house), where she received permission to name the plant in the Queen’s honour.
		Phormium ‘Maori Queen’ has upright leaves to 1 metre (3ft) in long and is notable for its wide pink leaf margins and fine longitudinal striations.
	www.plantexplorers.com /photography/product_info.php/products_id/5 (359 words)

	New Zealand Flax (Phormium tenax) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Phormium 'Guardsman' at the Brooklyn Botanical Garden in late May
		There are a number of cultivars of Phormium.
		The Phormium likes a deep, fertile soil, rich in organic matter.
	www.desert-tropicals.com /Plants/Agavaceae/Phormium_Guardsman.html (221 words)

	PhormiumTenax01
		Phormium tenax, the Coastal Flax, the larger and more common plant; its long strap leaves in shades of green, bronze and maroon.
		Phormium cookianum, the Mountain Flax, (P. coloensoi), a smaller, more graceful plant that has just lately been gaining popularity as a garden plant.
		On St Helena the plant was used to make sisal, but this use declined with the introduction of man-made fibre ropes later in the 20th century.
	www.ernestartist.org /Phormium01.htm (489 words)

	Textile Research Journal: Fibers from Three Cultivars of New Zealand Flax (Phormium tenax)
		Selected properties of muka4 (sclerenchyma fiber aggregates extracted from harakeke (P. tenax)) from three of these cultivars (Arawa, Tapamangu, Makaweroa) are examined.
		New Zealand flax (Phormium spp.) [23] is indigenous to New Zealand and Norfolk Island, and has long been used by Maori as a source of whenu (harakeke leaf strips) and muka for functional and material cultural artefacts [e.g., 3, 32, 43].
		Bundles of sclerenchyma fibers lie parallel to the keel of the leaf, and are composed of elongated hollow cells (the ultimate fibers) that overlap each other in a spiral manner [11, 22, 34].
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4025/is_200502/ai_n11826582 (1208 words)

	Fibre crop research and development in Ireland, Ireland, Whole chain
		Phormium tenax is a perennial plant with leaves up to 3 metres long and 5-13cm wide.
		Phormium is well suited to climatic conditions in Ireland.
		Little work has been carried out on the mechanisation of production and harvesting and it is unlikely that Phormium will be of practical interest in the future.
	www.eeci.net /archive/biobase/B10309.html (441 words)

	Autumn - Fall Flower Arrangement
		I have used a small plastic dish which fits into the neck of the vase, with floral foam, for the mechanics.
		For the height I have used two Phormium tenax purpureum leaves.
		The Physalis, Phormium tenax, Vitis vinifera purpurea leaves and grapes, and the Corylus avellana 'Contorta' were from the garden, everything else was from the local vicinity of the garden.
	www.dotcomwomen.com /home/floral5.shtml (270 words)

	FOLIAGE FOR FLOWER ARRANGING - PHORMIUM TENAX 'JESTER' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Phormium tenax 'Jester' is a colourful variety of New Zealand Flax.
		Not as hardy as the plain green Phormium, it needs protection in very cold weather.
		It is invaluable in flower arranging for linear foliage to give height to an arrangement, and will add colour in an all-foliage arrangement.
	www.thegardener.btinternet.co.uk /jester.html (83 words)

	Phormium tenax, New Zealand flax
		General aspect and origins - Phormium tenax, also known as New Zealand flax, is native to New Zealand as its common name suggests.
		It can withstand negative temperatures down to about 15°F, and can be grown in USDA zones 8 and warmer.
		The New Zealand flax can be propagated by seeds or by division of the mother plant.
	coolexotics.com /plant-390.html (154 words)

	Banks Collection - Pitt Rivers Museum
		Maori cloak (front view), kahu-waero, of Phormium tenax with a deep taniko border, decorated with white dog-hair tassels and a taniko border; 1300 x 1030 mm PRM 1886.21.19A
		Maori cloak (one half only), kaitaka, of Phormium tenax with a taniko border edged in places with narrow strips of dog-skin (not visible in image); 1780 x 1270 mm PRM 1886.21.20
		Maori belt, tatua, of Phormium tenax, finely woven, with plaited tying cords, the edges stitched with strips of dog-skin; 1800 mm long (excluding ties), 130 mm wide PRM 1886.21.2
	www.prm.ox.ac.uk /bankscollection.html (501 words)

	Plant Ideas: Phormium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This is partly because of the increased desire to make bold architectural statements with plants and partly because the smaller flax cultivars — which reach two to four feet at maturity — have become more widely available.
		One of the most alluring, yet simplest landscapes I have seen, placed bronze or reddish-purple flax Phormium tenax ‘Rubrum’ or ‘Atropurpurea’ cultivars, in combination with Wheeler’s dwarf pittosporum, (Pittosporum Tobira ‘Wheeleri’).
		The mounding Wheeler’s dwarf contrasted perfectly with the diagonal lines of the flax, and the fresh green of the Wheeler dwarf shrubs positively glowed against the darker background of the flax.
	www.igin.com /Landscaping/phormium.html (595 words)

	Phormium tenax (Agavaceae) - HEAR species info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Report on Phormium tenax as an invasive species on The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii's (TNCH's) Kamakou Preserve (Molokai)
		A report of Phormium tenax as an invasive species on Kamakou Preserve (Molokai) by The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii is available online.
		Nomenclatural information about Phormium tenax is provided by ITIS.
	www.hear.org /species/phormium_tenax (294 words)

	Species distribution
		Phormium tenax has much longer leaves than the mountain flax, Phormium.
		Phormium tenax was the flax used by the Maori for fibre, there are many different varieties, and the Maori have names for all the varieties.
		This flax is most commonly found in swamps whereas mountain flax, Phormium.
	www.geocities.com /RainForest/7109/distrib.htm (651 words)

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