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Topic: Phosgene

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	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Phosgene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Phosgene is used in the manufacture of other chemicals such as dyestuffs, isocyanates, polycarbonates and acid chlorides; it is also used in the manufacture of pesticides and pharmaceuticals.
		Phosgene gas is degraded in the atmosphere by reacting with substances commonly found in the air, but this is a very slow process.
		Phosgene is released during the welding of metals that have been cleaned up with chlorinated solvents, so welders may be exposed to this compound.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts176.html (996 words)

	ATSDR - MMG: Phosgene Oxime (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Phosgene oxime is a colorless, crystalline solid or a yellowish-brown liquid with a disagreeable penetrating odor.
		Phosgene oxime is extremely toxic and may cause immediate pain and necrotic lesions of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.
		Phosgene oxime may attack the butyl rubber in the butyl rubber gloves and boots, which nevertheless, are expected to protect against field concentrations of phosgene oxime until they can be exchanged for fresh gloves and boots.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /MHMI/mmg167.html (3890 words)

	First World War.com - Weapons of War - Poison Gas
		Phosgene as a weapon was more potent than chlorine in that while the latter was potentially deadly it caused the victim to violently cough and choke.
		Phosgene caused much less coughing with the result that more of it was inhaled; it was consequently adopted by both German and Allied armies.
		Phosgene often had a delayed effect; apparently healthy soldiers were taken down with phosgene gas poisoning up to 48 hours after inhalation.
	www.firstworldwar.com /weaponry/gas.htm (1737 words)

	CDC \| Facts About Phosgene
		Phosgene gas may appear colorless or as a white to pale yellow cloud.
		Among the chemicals used in the war, phosgene was responsible for the large majority of deaths.
		Phosgene is not found naturally in the environment.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /agent/phosgene/basics/facts.asp (1128 words)

	Phosgene \| Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Web site \| US EPA
		Phosgene is used as a chemical intermediate; in the past, it was used as a chemical warfare agent.
		Phosgene is used for the synthesis of isocyanate-based polymers, carbonic acid esters, and acid chlorides.
		Phosgene occurs as a colorless gas that is slightly soluble in water.
	www.epa.gov /ttn/atw/hlthef/phosgene.html (1217 words)

	Phosgene - DisasterMart.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Phosgene itself is nonflammable (not easily ignited and burned), but it can cause flammable substances around it to burn.
		Phosgene can be formed when certain compounds are exposed to heat, such as some types of plastics.
		Poisoning caused by phosgene depends on the amount of phosgene to which a person is exposed, the route of exposure, and the length of time that a person is exposed.
	disastermart.com /phosgene.html (1036 words)

	Chemical Information
		Phosgene is a highly toxic, irritating and corrosive gas.
		Phosgene reacts violently and decomposes to toxic compounds on contact with moisture, including chlorine, carbon monoxide and carbon tetrachloride.
		Phosgene cylinders should be returned to the compressed gas distributor when emptied or no longer used.
	web.princeton.edu /sites/ehs/labsafetymanual/cheminfo/phosgene.htm (394 words)

	Phosgene (HSG 106, 1998) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In water, phosgene is sparingly soluble and decomposes to hydrochloric acid and carbon dioxide.
		Phosgene is non-flammable cloud, consult an expert, ventilation; perforated floor over disposal tank and non-oxidative but cylinders may rupture cautiously neutralize spilled liquid with containing soda ash/ slaked lime in cool if heated.
		Phosgene is classed as an IMO Class 2 hazard requiring labelling with UN number 1076 and labels showing it to be a poisonous gas and corrosive.
	www.inchem.org /documents/hsg/hsg/hsg106.htm (4461 words)

	Phosgene - COCl2 is used in organic synthesis, in manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, herbicides, insecticides, ...
		Phosgene - COCl2 is used in organic synthesis, in manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, herbicides, insecticides, synthetic foams, resins, and polymers.
		Phosgene is a lung irritant and extremely toxic.
		First prepared in 1811, phosgene is manufactured by the reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine in the presence of a catalyst.
	www.c-f-c.com /specgas_products/phosgene.htm (295 words)

	Phosgene Production - Chemical Design, Inc.
		Phosgene is an intermediate chemical used in the manufacture of Isocyanates, Chloroformates, Acid Chlorides, and specialty chemicals.
		Because Phosgene is toxic, reliable facilities with minimum inventory are required for personal safety.
		Our compact, skid mounted phosgene reactor design allows the entire reaction system to be installed inside a controlled building which acts as secondary containment.
	www.chemicaldesign.com /Phosgene.htm (105 words)

	Phosgene
		Recovery from acute phosgene intoxication is usually complete, however, most victims of severe poisonings complain of chronic symptoms such as shortness of breath on exertion or reduced physical fitness for several months to several years after the accident.
		Phosgene was believed to have been generated by the decomposition of trichloroethylene in contact with the hot tip of a burning cigarette.
		Sensitivity to chloroform correlates with the capacity of the kidney to metabolize chloroform to the toxic metabolite phosgene.
	www.headlice.org /lindane/chemicals/phosgene.htm (1604 words)

	Phosgene (EHC 193, 1997) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Phosgene is a highly reactive colourless gas at room temperature and ambient pressure, and has a suffocating odour similar to mouldy hay.
		Much higher levels of phosgene exposure are possible during home use of chemicals such as methylene chloride under conditions where the temperature is sufficiently high to lead to degradation of this chemical (Snyder et al., 1992).
		Phosgene, isopropyl alcohol, aniline and caustic soda are raw materials used in a Russian plant for the manufacture of the herbicide, isopropylphenyl carbamate.
	www.inchem.org /documents/ehc/ehc/ehc193.htm (15519 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Phosgene : Article by Daniel Noltkamper, MD, FACEP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Pathophysiology: Phosgene is a colorless gas with the odor of newly mown hay or green corn.
		Phosgene is considered to have poor warning properties and, hence, may reach the lower airways before it is noticed.
		In hydrolysis, damage caused by phosgene is due to the presence of a highly reactive carbonyl group attached to 2 chloride atoms.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic849.htm (4581 words)

	Phosgene (CASRN 75-44-5), IRIS, Environmental Protection Agency
		Phosgene was toxic to the immune cells in the lungs, but after the exposure stopped, other cells in the body repopulated the lung with no permanent damage to the immune system.
		Because phosgene is a chemically reactive agent with an extremely short half-life in water and in lung tissue, its effects when inhaled are not likely to be observed outside the lung, and no effects have in fact been observed to date.
		Histology of the lungs after 17 days of exposure to 0.25 ppm phosgene revealed moderate multi focal mononuclear cell accumulations in the walls of the terminal bronchioles and a minimal type II cell hyperplasia; lesions in the groups exposed to 0.125 ppm were minimal.
	www.epa.gov /iris/subst/0487.htm (5625 words)

	ATSDR - Phosgene Patient Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		At room temperature, phosgene is a colorless gas that has a suffocating odor at high concentrations.
		Phosgene is used in the manufacture of many chemicals.
		More information about phosgene may be obtained from your regional poison control center, your state, county, or local health department; the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR); your doctor; or a clinic in your area that specializes in occupational and environmental health.
	permanent.access.gpo.gov /lps21/mmg21-1.html (374 words)

	PHOSGENE
		Phosgene was used during World War I as a choking (pulmonary) agent.
		Phosgene as a weapon: Phosgene can be an “agent of opportunity.” This means that someone could explode the vehicle of transportation (truck, train) that is being used to ship the chemical, or destroy tanks that store the chemical.
		The effects of phosgene will depend on the amount in the air and the length of time a person is exposed to the chemical.
	www.idph.state.il.us /Bioterrorism/factsheets/phosgene.htm (987 words)

	Phosgene [factsheet]
		* Exposure to phosgene may occur in the ambient air from direct industrial emissions of phosgene, thermal decomposition of chlorinated hydrocarbons, and photooxidation of chloroethylenes in the air.
		The odor threshold for phosgene is 0.4 ppm.
		* Phosgene is a widely used chemical intermediate, primarily manufactured for the synthesis of isocyanate-based polymers, carbonic acid esters, and acid chlorides.
	www.lakes-environmental.com /toxic/PHOSGENE.HTML (829 words)

	NDCRT Home Page
		IDENTIFICATION Phosgene is a colorless gas, or a clear to yellow volatile liquid, used in making polyurethanes, resins, isocyanates, pesticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals and dyes.
		The largest amount of phosgene is used in the polyurethane industry, with lesser amounts used in the polycarbonate, pesticide, metal-recovery, perfume, and specialty industries.
		Phosgene reacts rapidly with water and will not accumulate in aquatic organisms or the environment.
	www.ndcrt.org /data/EPA_Chemical_Fact_Sheets/Phosgene.html (1972 words)

	Phosgene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Industrially, phosgene is produced by passing purified carbon monoxide and chlorine gas through a bed of highly porous carbon, which acts as a catalyst.
		The reaction is exothermic, therefore the reactor must be cooled to carry away the heat it produces.
		Use of Phosgene in WWII and in modern-day warfare (Refer to Section 4.C of the article)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phosgene (707 words)

	PHOSGENE
		Edema was present in 35 of the 37 examined (95%), with severe edema in 12 animals, moderate edema in 13, and slight edema in 10.
		Its additional uses in pesticides, herbicides, in dye manufacture(1,2), plastics(4), acid chlorination processes(3,5), as a phosgenation reagent(3), its uses in metallurgy to separate ores by chlorination of metal oxides(6), and its use as a chemical warfare gas(1) may also result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).
		According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -0.71(9) and a regression-derived equation(10), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.
	www.frankmckinnon.com /phosgene.htm (13805 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: North Korea: Chemical Capabilities
		Phosgene, a choking gas, may comprise a significant portion of the DPRK chemical arsenal.
		It is not known in what quantity North Korea produces or stockpiles this agent, although phosgene can also be used as an industrial chemical and may be abundant in the DPRK for this purpose.
		This material is produced independently for NTI by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, agents.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/NK/Chemical/50_1059.html (156 words)

	Twin Lake Chemical - Phosgene and acid chloride production information
		Because we have the resource of our own on-site phosgene production facility, we are capable of 'phosgenating' different acids on custom orders.
		Bulk volumes of chlorine are shipped in by railcar, and the carbon monoxide is delivered in gaseous form via high pressure tube trailers.
		At this time, all of the phosgene produced by J.H. Products is for use by Twin Lake Chemical.
	www.twinlakechemical.com /phosgene.html (344 words)

	Phosgene Lawyers, Legal Information, Attorney Finder
		Description — Phosgene is a colorless, non-flammable gas with a newly cut lawn odor at low concentrations.
		Risks — Short-term exposure to Phosgene through inhalation can cause a number of respiratory ailments including coughing, bloody sputum, chest pains, and possibly painful breathing. Physical contact may result in burning and irritation of the skin and eyes. Long-term exposure can lead to chronic pneumonitis and severe lung injuries.
		If you or a loved one has become ill because of Phosgene exposure you should consider hiring a personal injury attorney.
	www.legalmatch.com /law-library/article/phosgene-lawyers.html (206 words)

	phosgene - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "phosgene" is defined.
		phosgene : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
		Phosgene : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=phosgene (207 words)

	Synonym for phosgene - Thesaurus - MSN Encarta
		Synonym for phosgene - Thesaurus - MSN Encarta
		Search for "phosgene" in all of MSN Encarta
		Weapons of the Future on the Discovery Channel
	encarta.msn.com /thesaurus_/phosgene.html (72 words)

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