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Topic: Phosphate groups

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	Metabolism of phosphate and sulfate groups modifying the P0 protein of peripheral nervous system myelin. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Developmental decreases in the incorporation of sulfate groups into P0 were similar to those seen for leucine, an observation suggesting that this modifying group is metabolized together with the peptide backbone as a single metabolic entity.
		Presumably, entry of phosphate into P0 in myelin involves turnover of preexisting phosphate groups and rephosphorylation by myelin protein kinases.
		Developmental decreases in the specific activity of P0 phosphate groups in myelin are consistent with the presence of a small, rapidly turning-over pool of phosphorylated P0 (perhaps associated with the axon-myelin interface), which does not increase to the same extent as the marked increase in bulk myelin that occurs during development.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_2433400.html (300 words)

	542. Phosphoric acid and phosphate salts (WHO Food Additives Series 17)
		Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were fed for a period of 12 weeks on a Sherman diet to which 0.5%, 1%, 2.5% and 5% of the preparation had been added.
		It was found that: (1) the hypomagnesaemia of phosphate depletion depends on the intake of magnesium; (2) the hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria of phosphate depletion are not caused by changes in magnesium homeostasis; (3) low dietary magnesium during phosphate depletion may cause a defect in soft tissue utilization of P in the growing rat.
		Two groups of anionic inhibitors of mineralization were found in the urine and the more potent of these was found to be present at a lower concentration in the urine of affected patients when compared with normal controls.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v17je22.htm (8408 words)

	346. Phosphoric acid/polyphosphates and their calcium magnesium, potassium/sodium salts (WHO Food Additives Series 5)
		Phosphate supplementation of the diet of rodents has been shown to lead to reduction in the incidence of dental caries and different phosphates have different powers in reducing the cariogenic potential of the carbohydrates in a diet.
		Nephrocalcinosis was observed in the 3% and 5% groups.
		In the 2.5% group a less extensive nephrocalcinosis was exhibited, and in the 5% group isolated areas of calcification with lymphocyte infiltrations were found.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v05je88.htm (4695 words)

	Glycolysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		When the phosphate group is on C2, it is close to the oxygens on C1 as well as C3.
		Generation of an enol phosphate puts a higher concentration of electrons close to the bonds of the phosphate molecule, enhancing the leaving properties of the phosphate group.
		The remaining phosphate group is moved to the middle of the molecule.
	www.park.edu /bhoffman/courses/bi231/recaps/glycolysis.htm (890 words)

	ATP AND BIOLOGICAL ENERGY
		between phosphates, with the greatest amount of energy (approximately 7 kcal/mole) in the bond between the second and third phosphate groups.
		attaches a third phosphate to the ADP (both ADP and the phosphates are the substrates on which the enzyme acts).
		As the hydrogen passes through the ATP synthesizing enzyme, energy from the enzyme is used to attach a third phosphate to ADP, converting it to ATP.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookATP.html (911 words)

	Phosphate recovery at The Natural History Museum:
		The phosphates file : the phosphate industry explains where phosphates come from, their uses, their environmental impact.
		Deposits of phosphate rock occur widely in the Earthís crust but high grade reserves, workable for commercial exploitation are geographically limited.
		The technology of phosphate recovery is relatively straightforward and the economics can be positive: as well as the value of the recovered phosphorus there can be significant savings in both sewage treatment costs and in the disposal of the residual sewage sludge.
	www.nhm.ac.uk /research-curation/departments/mineralogy/research-groups/phosphate-recovery (614 words)

	what is ATP? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the computer-graphic representation of an ATP molecule, the three phosphate groups are shown in orange.
		The release of two phosphate groups from ATP by the enzyme adenyl cyclase forms AMP (adenosine monophosphate), a nucleotide component of nucleic acids, the material of DNA; this enzyme is important in many of the body's reactions.
		Catabolic reactions—for example, the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration in both plants and animals—can be coupled to the synthesis of molecules of ATP from ADP and phosphate groups.
	www.lovecareshare.com /atp.htm (862 words)

	Protein kinase -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Serine/threonine protein kinases (EC 2.7.1.37) phosphorylate the OH group of (A sweetish crystalline amino acid involved in the synthesis by the body of cysteine) serine or (A colorless crystalline amino acid found in protein; occurs in the hydrolysates of certain proteins; an essential component of human nutrition) threonine (which have similar sidechains).
		When ATP and substrate bind, the two lobes rotate so that the terminal phosphate group of the ATP and the target amino acid of the substrate move into the correct positions for the catalytic reaction to take place.
		A phosphate group from ATP is first added to a histidine residue within the kinase, and later transferred to an aspartate residue on a 'receiver domain' on a different protein, or sometimes on the kinase itself.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pr/protein_kinase.htm (1975 words)

	EC 2 Introduction
		Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor).
		The most numerous section, that of phosphotransferases, is subdivided according to the acceptor group which may be an alcohol group (EC 2.7.1), a carboxy group (EC 2.7.2), a nitrogenous group such as that of creatine (EC 2.7.3), or a phosphate group as in the case of adenylate kinase (EC 2.7.4).
		With the enzymes of sub-subclass EC 2.7.9, two phosphate groups are transferred from a donor such as ATP to two different acceptors.
	www.chem.qmw.ac.uk /iubmb/enzyme/EC2/intro.html (513 words)

	Hydration of the Phosphate Group in Double-Helical DNA -- Schneider et al. 75 (5): 2422 -- Biophysical Journal
		Hydration of the Phosphate Group in Double-Helical DNA
		Phosphates were also classified according to the type of nucleotide: guanine, adenine, cytosine, or thymine.
		DNA conformation is determined by economics in the hydration of phosphate groups.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/75/5/2422 (5797 words)

	DNA Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		DNA (and RNA) are polymers made up of five-carbon sugars, organic nitrogen-containing bases, and phosphate groups.
		Notice a phosphate group is a central phosphorous atom covalently bonded to 4 oxygen atoms.
		Next, identify the location of the phosphate groups in the overall view of DNA labeled "original".
	www.biology.arizona.edu /biochemistry/activities/DNA/01q.html (87 words)

	Proligo: Proligo Reagents - Phosphate-ON Phosphoramidite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Phosphate-ON phosphoramidite is a chemical phosphorylation reagent that can be employed to introduce a phosphate group at the 5' terminus of an oligonucleotide.
		Chemical phosphorylation is a cost-effective alternative to enzymatic phosphorylation methods, allowing introduction of terminal phosphate groups in high yields, at any desired scale.
		Phosphate-ON phosphoramidite from Proligo Reagents™ comprises a thymidine nucleoside, which is removed from the oligonucleotide during the cleavage and deprotection process.
	www.proligo.com /pro_reagents/pr_PhosphateONPhos.html (180 words)

	eMedicine - Hyperphosphatemia : Article by Eleanor Lederer, MD
		The characteristics of this syndrome (ie, hypophosphatemia, renal phosphate wasting, low 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels) and the fact that PHEX was identified as an endopeptidase suggested the possibility that PHEX might be responsible for the catabolism of a non-PTH circulating factor that regulated proximal tubule phosphate transport and vitamin D metabolism.
		Phosphate is a major mineral component of bone; therefore, not surprisingly, chronic excess of phosphate results in bone pathology due to several different mechanisms.
		Phosphate absorption in the remainder of the nephron is generally mediated by type 1 or 3 sodium phosphate cotransporters.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic1097.htm (7788 words)

	Definition of Alkaline phosphatase
		Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a hydrolase enzyme responsible for removing phosphate groups in the 5- and 3- positions from many types of molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, and alkaloids.
		Since this space is much more subject to environmental variation than the actual interior of the cell, bacterial alkaline phosphatase is comparatively resistant to inactivation, denaturation, and degradation, and also has a higher rate of activity.
		However, other possibilities exist; for instance, the presence of phosphate groups usually prevents organic molecules from passing through the membrane, therefore dephosphorylating them may be important for bacterial uptake of organic compounds in the wild.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Alkaline_phosphatase (395 words)

	Cellular Currency: ATP
		ATP is adenine with three phosphate groups attached.
		The bond connecting the phosphate molecules to adenine are highly energetic bonds.
		Two of the phosphate groups, which are easily broken down to release energy, are added in a covalent bond during processes such as respiration.
	library.thinkquest.org /C004535/cellular_currency:_atp.html (132 words)

	COMP 382 - Simulations of the pKa's of phosphate groups in model systems and phosphorylated peptides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A continuum molecular electrostatics model is applied for the calculation of the pKa's of phosphate groups in simple phosphate derivatives and phosphorylated peptides.
		The method applies a concept of a model group, being the reference state for the pKa calculations.
		Next, this parametrization was used to predict pKa of the phosphate group in a short peptide Gly-Gly-Tyr(P)-Ala, and in a longer peptide consisted of 12 residues, the latter also in a complex with phospholipase, see [1].
	membership.acs.org /C/COMP/pastprograms/spr03/P625346.HTM (187 words)

	The role of phosphate groups in the VS ribozyme-substrate interaction -- Kovacheva et al. 32 (21): 6240 -- Nucleic ...
		the scissile phosphate diester linkage and nucleotides downstream
		an internucleoside phosphate diester to a phosphorothioate linkage.
		Sood,V.D., Beattie,T.L. and Collins,R.A. ((1998)) Identification of phosphate groups involved in metal binding and tertiary interactions in the core of the Neurospora VS ribozyme.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/32/21/6240 (6173 words)

	Lecture 1, Genetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The phosphodiester bond is formed via a condensation reaction, in which the phosphate group of one nucleotide is linked to a hydroxyl group in the sugar of another nucleotide.
		The end with the free phosphate group is called the 5' end; the end with the free hydroxyl group is called the 3' end.
		The sugars and phosphates of the nucleotides are oriented toward the outer surface of the helix; the bases in each strand are oriented toward the center of the helix, such that the bases of one strand face the bases of the opposite strand.
	www.utpb.edu /scimath/kovalick/genetics/lecture13.htm (1888 words)

	Cancerquest Dictionary
		The addition of a phosphate group to a protein by a kinase can alter the activity of the protein and are often used as molecular on/off switches.
		For example, the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene is 'off' when phosphate groups are added to the protein at specific locations.
		Enzymes that remove phosphate groups are known as phosphatases.
	www.cancerquest.org /dictionary.cfm?lookup_id=kinase (100 words)

	Chemistry and the Aquarium
		A less frequently discussed mechanism for phosphate reduction may simply be the precipitation of calcium phosphate, Ca The water in many reef tanks will be supersaturated with respect to this material, as the equilibrium saturation concentration in normal seawater is only 0.002 ppm phosphate.
		impact of phosphate on the calcification of corals.
		It is this ongoing precipitation of calcium carbonate, then, that may reduce the phosphate levels: phosphate binds to these growing surfaces, and becomes part of the solid precipitate.
	www.advancedaquarist.com /issues/sept2002/chem.htm (3082 words)

	Introduction to DNA Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The monomer units of DNA are nucleotides, and the polymer is known as a "polynucleotide." Each nucleotide consists of a 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a nitrogen containing base attached to the sugar, and a phosphate group.
		The hydroxyl groups on the 5'- and 3'- carbons link to the phosphate groups to form the DNA backbone.
		The sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside of the helix where the polar phosphate groups (red and yellow atoms) can interact with the polar environment.
	www.blc.arizona.edu /Molecular_Graphics/DNA_Structure/DNA_Tutorial.HTML (591 words)

	The effect of end product, phosphate, on the enzyme phosphatase
		Phosphatases are a group of enzymes which release phosphate groups for cell metabolism.
		As phosphate is a product of phosphatase activity, it may possibly act as an inhibitor of the enzyme.
		The molarities of sodium phosphate to be present in each beaker is shown in the table.
	www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk /worksheets/scotland/phosphatase.htm (2459 words)

	C&EN: Latest News - New Mediator Of Phosphorylation
		Cells tack phosphate groups onto proteins as their primary means of communicating information.
		Now, a group led by Solomon H. Snyder of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine has shown that another cellular molecule--diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate, or IP --can act as the phosphate donor.
		The two donors differ in a major way, however: ATP's donated phosphate is normally attached to the protein target by an enzyme mediator known as a kinase, whereas IP phosphorylates proteins without any enzymatic help.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/news/8251/8251notw4.html (408 words)

	ODU Biology 108N: ATP Structure/Cyclic Phosphorylation
		Biological energy is the use of a phosphate group located in an ATP molecule.
		The phosphate groups themselves are clusters of one phosphorus and several oxygen atoms, which are represented in shorthand form as (P).
		Cells get their phosphate groups from the soil, in the case of plants, and from absorbed food, in the case of animals.
	www.lions.odu.edu /~knesius/miniunits/epsilon/epsilon2.html (1751 words)

	Photosynthesis, Respiration, and the ATP-ADP Cycle
		When a phosphate group is freed up, it may move on to another molecule in a process called phosphorylation.
		The process (the game of catch) will be repeated until the students have clearly demonstrated their knowledge of the phosphate loss, phosphate gain process.
		Students should be able to explain the gain of a phosphate and the loss of a phosphate with the same degree of accuracy.
	www.iit.edu /~smile/bi9614.html (705 words)

	Bodybuilding.com - Dr. Hussman - Dr. Hussman's Fitness Pages: Where Energy Comes From.
		When you pop one of those phosphate groups off, ATP gives off energy like a little Chinese firecracker, and is converted to ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
		There are four ways that the body gets the energy to put that phosphate group back on, and they vary by speed, and by whether they burn oxygen or not.
		By far the fastest way to get that third phosphate group is to grab it off of a molecule called "creatine phosphate" or CP.
	www.bodybuilding.com /fun/hussman1a.htm (654 words)

	Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) Proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Contain Ethanolamine Phosphate Groups on the ...
		After isolation, the head groups were further analyzed by chemical and enzymatic treatments as described in the text.
		The labeled head group of lipid 4c was isolated, treated or not with JBAM, an exomannosidase without any linkage specificity, followed by treatment with HF at 0 °C to specifically cleave phosphodiesters and finally N-acetylated (NAc) using published methods (48).
		Head groups were treated for 12 h with HF (limiting HF treatment), desalted, treated with JBAM, retreated with HF for 48 h, N-acetylated, desalted, and finally analyzed by paper chromatography.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/279/19/19614 (7658 words)

	DNA Polymorphism: A Comparison of Force Fields for Nucleic Acids -- Reddy et al. 84 (3): 1421 -- Biophysical Journal
		phosphate group is a good criterion for the evaluation of the
		The presence of high counterion density spots around the phosphate groups are pointed out by a purple P atom.
		A red dashed line joins the cross-strand phosphate groups when their distance is lower than the standard value for a regular B-DNA helix (narrowing of the minor groove).
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/84/3/1421 (9311 words)

	CYCLING PERFORMANCE TIPS - dietary supplements - men vs. women
		The chemical energy of the ATP molecule is stored in the phosphate groups, and when these high energy phosphate bonds are cleaved or broken during the processes of cellular metabolism, the energy is then available for muscle contraction and other vital cellular functions.
		Creatinine is synthesised from the amino acids glycine, arginine and methionine in the kidneys, liver and pancreas, and is predominantly found in skeletal muscle, where it exists in 2 forms.
		Muscle biopsy, urine, and plasma samples were obtained from 24 males before and after ingesting 5 g Cr in solution (group A) or 5 g Cr followed,30 min later, by 93 g simple CHO in solution (group B) four times each day for 5 days.
	www.cptips.com /creatine.htm (1807 words)

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