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Topic: Phosphatidyl inositol

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phosphatidyl inositol

Inositol phosphate metabolism

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	Phospholipid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phosphatidyl choline is the major component of lecithin.
		Phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol are formed from a phosphoester linkage between the hydroxyl of an alcohol (serine or inositol) and cytidine diphosphodiacylglycerol (CDP-diacylglycerol).
		In mammals, phosphatidyl choline can be synthesized via two separate pathways; a series of reactions similar to phosphatidyl ethanolamine synthesis, and the methylation of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, which is catalyzed by phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase, an enzyme produced in the liver.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phospholipid (509 words)

	USANA Health Sciences - Inositol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Inositol is a cyclic 6-carbon compound with 6-hydroxy groups that is closely related to glucose.
		Large quantities are of inositol are found in spinal cord nerves, in the brain, and in the cerebral spinal fluid.
		Inositol promotes the production of lecithin which aids in the metabolism of fats and helps to reduce blood cholesterol, and with the help of choline, protects the heart by helping to prevent the hardening of arteries.
	www.usana-nutritionals.com /research/USNUSUPPINGREDIE_19120.html (550 words)

	The Analyst - Internet Health Report: Treatment: Inositol
		Inositol is a six-carbon sugar alcohol and a naturally occurring isomer of glucose.
		The phosphatidyl inositol cycle serves as a second messenger system for several of the noradrenalin, serotonin and cholinergic receptors, receptors that have important effects on brain function.
		Inositol is available from health food stores, should not be expensive and should be taken in powder form, because of the quantity needed to achieve clinical results.
	www.digitalnaturopath.com /treat/T46953.html (812 words)

	Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients: Inositol as a treatment for psychiatric disorders: a scientific evaluation of ...
		Inositol is a naturally occurring isomer of glucose, though it is generally considered to be a member of the B vitamin family.
		Following is a scientific review of inositol for the treatment of mood disorders, including a discussion of its anecdotal use for the treatment of insomnia and its cautioned use by pregnant women for the prevention of neural tube defects and embryopathies.
		Inositol occurs naturally as phytic acid in the fiber component of numerous plant foods, especially whole grains, citrus fruit, nuts, and seeds, and as myoinositol in meat.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0ISW/is_255/ai_n6211958 (1362 words)

	Inositol for Panic attacks and Anxiety (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Inositol is a simple carbohydrate that was originally thought to be essential to good health, but has since been demonstrated not be a vitamin.
		Inositol is an isomer of glucose and a natural constituent of the normal human diet (1).
		Acting on a report that inositol CSF levels are low in depressed patients (4), we found that inositol in doses of 6 g/day and 12 g/day is a potential treatment for depression in both open and double-blind, placebo- controlled trials (5).
	www.bellatango.com /inositol.htm (1703 words)

	Judy Lindberg McFarland: Memory Rejuvenators - Phosphatidyl-Serine (PS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Phosphatidyl serine (PS) is a naturally-occurring phospholipid and is similar to other phospholipids that include phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl inositol (PI).
		Phosphatidyl serine is essential to the functioning of all the cells of the body, but it is most concentrated in the brain.
		Phosphatidyl serine may be taken in combination with a healthy diet, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other appropriate nutrients, as part of an integrated total nutrition program that includes exercise.
	www.judymcfarland.com /memrejuv2.shtml (848 words)

	Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science
		The enzyme activity was not inhibited by the presence of phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl inositol 4-phosphate.
		Inositol was identified and quantitated in the hydrolysate as its aldital-hexaacetate derivative by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy using xylose and inositol derivatives as standards.
		Phosphatidyl inositol has been reported as a component of an anchor, attaching plasma membrane proteins to some mammalian outer membranes (19).
	digital.library.okstate.edu /oas/oas_htm_files/v79/p1_6.html (2931 words)

	[No title]
		Inositol, a naturally-occurring isomer of glucose, is important as a precursor for the second messengers diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate.
		Inositol serves as a second-messenger precursor, so that its site of action is probably distal to the 5-HT and NA receptors, which are located on the cell membrane.
		By the end of inositol treatment the responses of panic attacks and phobias were roughly double those by the end of placebo treatment, whereas responses on the Hamilton scales during the two treatment phases favored inositol but were not significantly different between treatments (Table 1).
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/0924977X/articles/6/S4/0924977X9682949.abstract.en (731 words)

	CPR - Resources > Articles
		Inositol is a naturally occurring isomer of glucose and a key intermediate molecule of second messenger signal transduction pathways used by serotonergic, cholinergic, and noradrenergic neurons.
		Inositol is believed to play an important role in the intracellular phosphatidyl inositol second messenger system to which several key serotonin receptor subtypes are linked.
		Inositol is not considered an essential dietary nutrient, because it is made in the body and is shuttled around to various tissues as needed.
	www.naturaladd.com /resources/articles/natural.html (2147 words)

	Inositol : by Ray Sahelian, M.D., inositol benefits inositol and depression
		INOSITOL or MYO-INOSITOL by Ray Sahelian, M.D. Inositol is a naturally occurring nutrient involved in phospholipids which function as cellular mediators of signal transduction, metabolic regulation, and growth.
		Inositol depletion underlies the action of lithium in bipolar affective disorders and there are good theoretical reasons why the use of inositol supplements might be expected to help this group of patients.
		Inositol 6 g daily was given in a crossover-double-blind manner for five days before the fifth or sixth ECT to a series of twelve patients, without effect.
	www.raysahelian.com /inositol.html (2316 words)

	Phosphatidyl Choline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Phosphatidyl Choline is a principal component of cell membranes, found in virtually every cell in the body.
		Phosphatidyl Serine is a phospolipid compound derived from soy lecithin that plays an essential role in cell membrane compostition and inter-cellular communication.
		Phosphatidyl Serine is a major structural component of neural membranes where it asists in the conduction of electrical impulses and facilitates the activity of neurotransmitters involved in learning, memory and mood.
	www.palmbeach-netlink.com /health/Phosphatidyl+Choline (858 words)

	Phosphatidyl Serine
		Phosphatidyl Serine is a phospholipid compound derived from soy lecithin that plays an essential role in cellular composition and communication.
		This Phosphatidyl Serine is encapsulated in Vcaps for a vegetarian formulation.
		Using Phosphatidyl Serine, double blind trials conducted in Italy, Belgium, and Germany, as well as in the United States, have documented benefits for older subjects with mild to moderate dementia.
	www.good4all.net /now2380.htm (312 words)

	paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is characterised by intravascular haemolysis and frequent venous thrombosis or bleeding.
		It is caused by a mutation in an X-linked gene involved in the formation of membrane phosphatidyl inositol anchors.
		The membranes of these cells are deficient in those proteins normally anchored to the cell through a phosphatidyl inositol linkage, including complement deactivating factors.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/718274572.htm (171 words)

	Matreya LLC - Under Construction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The metabolism of inositol lipids is involved in the signal transduction of many hormones, neurotransmitters and growth factors (1,2).
		Matreya's synthetic phosphatidylinositols and inositol phosphates are excellent tools for inviestigating these second messengers, understanding the enzyme mechanisms involved in phosphoinositide metabolism (7,8) and for designing therapeutic pharmacological agents.
		The compounds are evaluated by 1H and ³1P NMR to guarantee enantiomeric purity of >98% for the phosphatidylinositols and >95% for the inositol phosphates.
	www.matreya.com /phosphatidylinositols.asp (240 words)

	Phospholipase (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is activated by either G protein s (making it part of a G protein-coupled receptor signal transduction pathway) or by transmembrane receptor s with intrinsic or associated tyrosine kinase activity.
		It converts phosphatidyl inositol to either inositol triphosphate or diacylglycerol.
		Cho, Wonhwa Cho group studies the mechanisms of membrane-protein interactions using model membranes and mammalian cells by means of a wide range of physical, chemical and biological techniques.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Phospholipase.html (246 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0040234587 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Inositol triphosphate is released from the cell membrane and travels through the cytoplasm until it reaches the endoplasmic reticulum.
		The authors conclude inositol's efficacy and safety, and the fact that inositol is a natural component of the human diet, make it a potentially attractive therapeutic agent for panic disorder.
		It is known that aluminum inhibits the incorporation of inositol into phospholipids and the hydrolysis of the phosphoinositides by binding to one of two specific phosphate groups.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1="20040234587".PGNR.&OS=DN/20040234587&RS=DN/20040234587 (10397 words)

	Lecithin with 35% phosphatidyl choline, lecithin with phosphatidyl inositol & ethanolamine, lecithin for cognitive ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Lecithin with 35% phosphatidyl choline, lecithin with phosphatidyl inositol & ethanolamine, lecithin for cognitive health memory & Alzheimer's, lecithin for cardiac health & lower cholesterol, lecithin for liver toxicity and NSAID damage, natural organic wholsesome health supplements from NOW,
		Phosphatidyl choline (PC), which plays a critical role in the higher level cerebrocortical functions of thoughts, memory and intellect.
		Inositol as Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is part of the phospholipids in cellular membranes and helps to mediate cellular responses to external stimuli
	www.karoshil.com /lecithin.html (257 words)

	GPI anchor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A GPI anchor (phosphatidyl-inositol glycan) is a common modification of the C-terminus of membrane-attached proteins.
		It is composed of a hydrophobic phosphatidyl inositol group linked through a carbohydrate containing linker (glucosamine and mannose linked to phosphoryl ethanolamine residue) to the C-terminal amino acid of a mature protein.
		The two fatty acids within the hydrophobic phosphatidyl-inositol group anchor the protein to the membrane.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/GPI_anchor (229 words)

	Truehope
		Inositol crosses the blood-brain barrier in pharmacological doses, and has shown efficacy in a small double-blind study of unipolar depression.
		Inositol was well tolerated with minimal side effects, and thymoleptic blood levels were unaltered.
		The tolerability and the 'natural substance' aspect of inositol may be particularly appealing to subjects with bipolar depression.
	www.truehope.com /research/bipolar/bipolar_2_03.asp (281 words)

	Search Results for ethanolamine - Encyclopædia Britannica
		The structure of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, found in most sources containing phosphatidyl choline, is represented below; R1 and R2 represent hydrocarbon chains of fatty-acid ester groups.
		Although amino acids other than serine may occur in natural phospholipids, phosphatidyl serine is the most representative one.
		Phosphatidyl inositol, which is not present in large amounts in animals or plants, contains an alcohol (inositol) with a ring structure.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=ethanolamine&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (294 words)

	SiChem - sirius fine chemicals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Michell postulated in 1975 that the hydrolysis of phosphatidyl-myo-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate was somehow connected to calcium signalling phenomena.
		In 1953 Hokin and Hokin found that the neurotransmitter acety-lcholin stimulated the meta-bolism of inositol phospholipids in pancres cells.
		Inositol chemistry has some of ist roots back in the middle of the last century.
	www.sichem.de /pages/pages.php?head=history&content=history (254 words)

	Regent Pharmacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The principle components of the natural mixture are Phosphatidyl Choline, Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine, Phosphatidyl Inositol and related phosphorus-containing lipids.
		It is now generally recognised that the most important ingredient of Lecithin in certain aspects is Phosphatidyl Choline.
		The important functions of Choline in the body are therefore (i) as a precursor of Phosphatidyl Choline, an essential compound of all body cell membranes and (ii) as a precursor of Acetylcholine, an important neurotransmitter.
	www.regentpharmacy.co.uk /article.asp?ArticleID=370 (232 words)

	AST Sports Science - QA
		Phosphatidyl Serine is a a phospholipid derived from lecithin.
		This is the study that revealed the effective dose to be 800 milligrams of "active" phosphatidyl serine.
		I must point out that there is a good bit of research on phosphatidyl serine and improved brain function.
	www.ast-ss.com /print_page.asp?id=84&type=QA (520 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Principal phosphoglycerides are phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, and diphosphatidyl glycerol.
		CDP-diacylglycerol by the enzyme phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase (ExPASy ENZYME EC Transfer of the diacylglycerol group from CDP-diacylglycerol to serine to yield phosphatidyl serine, or to inositol to yield phosphatidyl inositol, is catalyzed by the enzymes CDP- diacylglycerol-serine 0-phosphatidyltransferase and CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol 3- phosphatidyltransferase, respectively (ExPASy ENZYME EC 2.7.
		Phosphatidyl choline is formed using diet-derived choline by the reaction of CDP-choline with 1,2-diacylglycerol, catalyzed by diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (ExPASy ENZYME 2.7.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=03/83081.031009&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (11094 words)

	Phosphatidyl inositol phosphates, vacuum interrupter insulator - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		PH domains bind to their inositol phosphate ligands via a binding surface as phosphatidyl-inositol (PI) -4,5-bisphosphate, PI-3,4-P2 or PI-3,4,5-P3.
		The protocol for the measurement of inositol phosphates is adapted from that of cholinergic agonists increase phosphatidyl inositol hydrolysis and
		Changes in phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate (PIP2) concentration results Of the lipids tested, phosphatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) was the
	vacuum-interrupter-insulator.our17.com /pou/vacuum-interrupter-insulator-phosphatidyl-inositol-phosphates.html (281 words)

	diacylglycerol from On-line Medical Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		DAG is a normal intermediate in the biosynthesis of phosphatidyl phospholipids and is released from them by phospholipase C activity.
		DAG from phosphatidyl inositol polyphosphates is important in signal transduction.
		Elevated levels of DAG in membranes activate protein kinase C by stabilising its catalytically active complex with membrane bound phosphatidyl serine and calcium.
	cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk /cgi-bin/omd?query=diacylglycerol (88 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		to serine to yield phosphatidyl serine, or to inositol to yield phosphatidyl inositol, is catalyzed by the enzymes CDP- diacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase and CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol 3- phosphatidyltransferase, respectively (ExPASy ENZYME EC 2.7.8.8; ExPASy ENZYME EC The enzyme phosphatidyl serine decarboxylase catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidyl serine to phosphatidyl ethanolamine, using a pyruvate cofactor (Voelker, D. (1997) Biochim.
		Phosphatidyl choline is formed using diet-derived choline by the reaction of CDP-choline with 1,2-diacylglycerol, catalyzed by diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (ExPASy ENZYME 2.7.8.2).
		The role of an activated PLC is to catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphatidyl-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a minor component of the plasma membrane, to produce diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3).
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=02/29036.020411&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (11302 words)

	Gaby's Literature Review & Comment (Oct. 2004)
		Twenty-five patients with panic disorder with or without agoraphobia were randomly assigned to receive, in double-blind fashion, 6 g of inositol twice a day or placebo (mannitol or glucose) for four weeks, and then the alternate treatment for an additional four weeks.
		Comment: This study suggests that inositol, a member of the vitamin B complex, is an effective treatment for panic disorder.
		Although it is not fully understood how inositol works, it is a component of phosphatidyl inositol, which functions as a second messenger for some noradrenergic and serotonin receptors.
	www.townsendletter.com /Oct2004/litreview1004.htm (2558 words)

	Iron Deficiency Reduces the Hydrolysis of Cell Membrane Phosphatidyl Inositol-4,5-Bisphosphate during Splenic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Hydrolysis of cell membrane phosphatidyl inositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by spleen cells expressed in becquerels (Figs.
		for the conversion of inositol monophosphate to myoinositol (Allan
		of inositol phospholipid breakdown in isolated rat hepatocytes.
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/128/7/1077 (4557 words)

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