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Topic: Phosphite

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	Phosphite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The phosphite ion (PO) is a polyatomic ion with a phosphorus central atom.
		The conjugate acid of the phosphite anion is phosphorous acid (H
		Acid phosphites are compounds which contain a metal cation and a dihydrogen phosphite anion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phosphite (277 words)

	The dynamics and distribution of phosphite in avocado trees treated with phosetyl-Al
		Phosphite is translocated throughout the plant and knowledge of its distribution in the plant is useful to determine optimum time for treatment.
		A small amount (1-2 ppm) of phosphite could be detected in the samples at the onset of the injection cycle, which was probably due to a carry-over of phosphite from the previous season.
		The half-life of phosphite in the different plant portions for Fuerte under field conditions, was calculated from the changes in the phosphite content between week six and 10 (Table 2).
	www.avocadosource.com /WAC1/WAC1_p101.htm (1256 words)

	NTP: Abstract for TR-287 - Dimethyl Hydrogen Phosphite
		Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite (DMHP) is used as an intermediate in the production of insecticides and herbicides, as an additive to lubricants, and as a stabilizer in oil and plaster and was considered for use as a chemical to simulate the physical (but not the biologic) properties of anticholinesterase agents.
		Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite caused dose-related increases in nonneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the lung in male and female rats.
		Under the conditions of these gavage studies, there was clear evidence of carcinogenicity in male rats receiving dimethyl hydrogen phosphite, as shown by increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas, alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung and of neoplasms of the forestomach.
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /ntpweb/index.cfm?objectid=07074B47-B493-1A13-D2382DA799271D6F (803 words)

	Alkoxylated amine-phosphite reaction product and lubricant and fuel containing same - Patent 4557845
		The composition of claim 10 wherein the phosphite is dimethyl phosphite, diethyl phosphite, dipropyl phosphite, dibutyl phosphite, diamyl phosphite, dihexyl phosphite or mixtures thereof.
		The composition of claim 10 wherein the alkoxylated amine is bis(2-hydroxyethyl)oleylamine and the phosphite is dimethyl phosphite.
		The phosphites are especially effective in synthetic oils formulated using mixtures of synthetic hydrocarbon olefin oligomers and lesser amounts of hydrocarbyl carboxylate ester fluids.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4557845.html (2563 words)

	Nutri-Phite - Patented Phosphite Fertilizer - Chemical Differences
		Phosphite is very plant active, because it is slightly unstable - phosphite tends to react and to do things.
		Phosphite is water soluble, it is easily absorbed by the plant both through the roots and the LEAVES.
		The salt of phosphorous acid is a phosphite.
	www.biagro.com /nutri_phite/np_html/np_chem_diff.html (366 words)

	Alkyl Phosphites
		Alkyl phosphites are used in the manufacture of G-type nerve agents.
		They are relatively easy to manufacture by the reaction of phosphorus trichloride and an alcohol: methanol for the methyl phosphites and ethanol for the ethyl phosphites.
		As phosphorus trichloride and the alcohols have a worldwide manufacture in the hundreds of thousands to millions of tons, policing the synthesis of the alkyl phosphites is a challenge to proliferation control.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Chemical/Precursors/Phosphites.html (327 words)

	OSHA Content Document
		Trimethyl Phosphite is a colorless liquid emitting a distinctive, pungent, pyridine-like odor.
		Containers of trimethyl phosphite may explode in the heat of the fire and should be moved from the fire area if it is possible to do so safely.
		Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to trimethyl phosphite, a licensed health care professional should evaluate and document the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical, environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated occupational risks.
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/healthguidelines/trimethylphosphite/recognition.html (3533 words)

	Calcium Phosphite on the Land (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The process of Phosphorus oxidation in the soil suggests that Phosphite as a salt of Phosphorus was phytotoxic to plants.
		Plots of Reed Canarygrass were treated with both the Phosphite in sand carrier, and Phosphite and sand in an animal waste compost carrier.
		Calcium Hypo Phosphite may be useful in a land applied use in agriculture and horticulture if a practical carrier or solution could be developed for accurate calibration and application.
	members.aol.com /deibelcorp/emig99/finalreport004.htm (1305 words)

	Efficacy of Azoxystrobin, Pyraclostrobin, Potassium Phosphite and Mefenoxam for Control of Strawberry Leather Rot ...
		Efficacy of azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, mefenoxam, and potassium phosphite for control of strawberry leather rot, caused by Phytophthora cactorum, was evaluated on a commercial farm.
		Foliar sprays of azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, and potassium phosphite were applied weekly from bloom through harvest and mefenoxam was applied twice as a soil drench at early plant growth and at fruit set.
		Phosphite is also the active ingredient in the fungicide fosetyl-aluminum and related fungicides (7).
	www.plantmanagementnetwork.org /pub/php/research/2005/leather (3125 words)

	Calcium Phosphite in Composts
		Further, the mixtures were used as the primary media for the Oat Bioassay as reported in Target 1: Calcium Phosphite on the Land.
		It would appear from the results, therefore, that Calcium applied as Calcium Phosphite does not have a significant buffering capacity with regard to Al, Fe, or Mn; as one might expect from agricultural limestone or gypsum.
		In the Oats bioassay conducted (see Calcium Phosphite on the Land-Target 1); the compost treatments were used as the primary media for the oat test crop; to view phytotoxicity in what might be a more sensitive root system to salt injury.
	members.aol.com /deibelcorp/emig99/finalreport005.htm (1189 words)

	The right form of phosphorous Fertilizer
		Phosphite is not immediately plant available and could lead to plant toxicities in sensitive crops if high rates are applied.
		Phosphite in presence of a small quantity of phosphate will not be recognised by phosphate transporters.
		Despite having similar mobility, the phosphite is a non-metabolized form of phosphorous and plants cannot use this as the sole source of phosphorous.
	www.spraygro.com.au /TherightformofphosphorousFertilizer.asp (813 words)

	Performance of generic phosphite fungicides
		An interesting and important fact is that the phosphite ion is the principal chemical responsible for disease control.
		Although a variety of chemically simple, inexpensive phosphite salts were known to provide disease control in the late 1970's, the language of Rhone-Poulenc's patent apparently permitted exclusive development of phosphite materials as fungicides.
		Unfortunately, the phosphite fertilizers do not come with explicit instructions on using them for disease control, because they cannot be marketed as disease-control chemicals without being subject to federal regulation.
	www.cps-scp.ca /pathologynews/performanceofgenericfungicides.htm (716 words)

	ICPP98 Paper Number 3.7.9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Leaf necrosis developed in all three species at a phosphite concentration as low as 0.2%, which is in contrast with the reported low phytotoxicity of phosphite [1].
		Although phosphite is phloem mobile and has been detected in the roots of treated plants [2], very little is known about the distribution of phosphite after foliar application.
		It is generally accepted that phosphite does not eradicate the pathogen, but it may slow the destruction of native plant communities long enough for a more permanent solution to be found.
	www.bspp.org.uk /ICPP98/3.7/9.html (381 words)

	A Definitive Test to Determine Whether Phosphite Fertilization can Replace Phosphate Fertilization to Supply P in the ...
		The first approach was to withhold phosphorus from young 'Hass' avocado scions on clonal Duke 7 rootstocks to induce phosphorus deficiency, and then to recover the plants from phosphorus deficiency with phosphite or phosphate supplied to the soil or foliage.
		The second approach was to replace phosphate with phosphite in the fertilization of healthy, phosphorus-sufficient trees to determine if they can be maintained as phosphorus-sufficient.
		If phosphite cannot be utilized as a source of phosphorus, the phosphite fertilized plants will exhibit the changes in nitrogen metabolism characteristic of phosphorus-deficient plants.
	www.avocadosource.com /WAC2/WAC2_p244.htm (395 words)

	Photo-Arbuzov Rearrangements of Dimethyl Benzyl and Dimethyl p-Acetylbenzyl Phosphite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The direct ultraviolet irradiation of dimethyl benzyl phosphite (1) and dimethyl p-acetylbenzyl phosphite (8) was investigated in acetonitrile, cyclohexane, and benzene.
		Phosphite 1 gives predominantly the photo-Arbuzov product, dimethyl benzylphosphonate (2), in 67-81% accountability yields, based of phosphite consumed, along with minor amounts of bibenzyl (20) and dimethyl phosphite (10).
		The trapping of radicals 6 and 7b from irradiation of phosphite 1 as the benzene adducts 22 and 23, analogous structurally to those (16 and 17) from phosphite 8, supports the postulation that photoisomerization of 1 to 2 proceeds via short-lived, presumably singlet, free-radical pairs.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jacsat/1999/121/i10/abs/ja982440k.html (333 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: POST HARVEST APPLICATIONS OF ZOXAMIDE AND PHOSPHITE FOR CONTROL OF POTATO TUBER ROTS CAUSED ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Phosphite was effective at reducing late blight development at all time intervals.
		Zoxamide and phosphite significantly reduced late blight and pink rot incidence and severity when applied immediately after inoculation.
		Phosphite was effective at reducing late blight development at all time intervals up to 6 hours post-inoculation (7% vs. 80% in untreated).
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=185373 (666 words)

	Phytophthora in Forests & Natural Ecosystems - Albany 2001
		Selection of appropriate aerial phosphite application rates for native plant communities must ensure a balance between achieving adequate phosphite concentrations for disease control while minimising phytotoxicity symptoms in the range of species present.
		Operational phosphite applications in autumn 1997 were monitored at the Bell Track in the Fitzgerald River National Park and on Bluff Knoll in the critically endangered Eastern Stirling Range Montane community.
		Concerns regarding potential phytotoxic effects of phosphite on plant health must be balanced by the threat posed to the survival of critically endangered species and plant communities by Phytophthora cinnamomi.
	wwwscience.murdoch.edu.au /conf/phytophthora/abstract-wed.html (2065 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: POST HARVEST APPLICATIONS OF ZOXAMIDE AND PHOSPHITE FOR CONTROL OF POTATO TUBER ROTS CAUSED ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of post-harvest applications of zoxamide, hydrogen peroxide, and phosphites on reducing potato tuber infections caused by the pink rot and late blight pathogens when applied at various rates and time intervals after potatoes were artificially exposed to these pathogens and then placed in storage.
		Phosphite provided consistent disease control even when applied several hours after inoculation and has potential to be a reliable post-harvest fungicide for the potato industry.
		Products evaluated were zoxamide (various rates and formulation), phosphite (335 g a.i./MT), and hydrogen peroxide/peroxyacetic acid mixture (HPPA, 9 g a.i./MT), all applied at 2.08 L/MT of tubers as a low pressure spray prior to storage.
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=185373 (666 words)

	WTB Technology Phosphite Fertilizer Line
		The primary ingredients of a Phosphite Fertilizer are the same if the ingredients are reacted and neutralized to form a stable solution, the limiting factor is the amount of P & K available.
		Upon foliar application, the phosphate ions are taken up directly by the plant foliage and may undergo a degree of conversion to phosphite ions, or be utilized directly by the plants, as phosphite ions.
		As a soil application to annual crops, a lesser response from the initial crop, with a corresponding superior response from succeeding crops, may be observed.
	www.westernnutrientscorp.com /wtb/phosphite.html (1118 words)

	Phosphorous ester antifoulants in crude oil refining - Patent 4024050
		Phosphate and phosphite mono- and di-esters in small amounts function as antifoulant additives in crude oil systems employed as feedstocks in petroleum refining which are subjected to elevated temperatures of from about 100.degree.
		The present nvention is not concerned with the particular method by which the phosphite esters or phosphate esters are produced.
		Typically, phosphate compound(s) and/or phosphite compound(s) are injected through a chemical feed pump or the like ahead of the heat exchangers subject to fouling, or the like.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4024050.html (8075 words)

	APS Potomac Division Abstracts
		Phosphite, the salt of phosphorous acid, was evaluated for effectiveness in controlling Phytophthora blight of annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus) when applied as a foliar spray.
		In another experiment, vinca plants irrigated with a nutrient solution providing P as phosphate at 0.1 mM, were sprayed with a phosphite formulation providing P at 0.5 mM at 7-day intervals 4, 3, 2, or 1 times, then inoculated 1, 11, or 17 days after the last phosphite spray.
		Reduction in disease was obtained only if the last phosphite spray occurred 1 day prior to inoculation, regardless of the number of times sprayed.
	www.apsnet.org /meetings/div/po02abs.asp (3888 words)

	Effect of Phosphite Fertilizer Formulations on Onion Yield and Quality
		They claim that phosphorus (P) in the form of phosphite (PO) is to be more easily absorbed by plants than P in the form of phosphate (PO This trial tested three phosphite fertilizer formulations for their effect on onion plant P content, and onion yield and grade.
		The onions treated with the three phosphite fertilizer formulations had increased levels of bulb P on the first two sampling dates (Table 1).
		To increase the probability of onion response to the phosphite fertilizers, this trial should have been conducted in a field without fall-applied P, and preferably on a soil more prone to P deficiencies, such as a Nyssa silt loam.
	www.cropinfo.net /AnnualReports/2003/onidripBiagro03.htm (1707 words)

	Dimethyl Hydrogen Phosphite (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 48, 1990) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite is used as a flame retardant on Nylon 6 fibres, as a chemical intermediate in the production of pesticides and in lubricant additives and adhesives.
		Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite was tested for carcinogenicity by oral administration in one strain of mice and in one strain of rats.
		In rats, it caused an increase in the incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas in animals of each sex and of squamous-cell carcinomas of the lung and of papillomas and carcinomas of the forestomach in males.
	www.inchem.org /documents/iarc/vol48/48-04.html (272 words)

	CAC Growers Research
		At the end of this research, we will be able to tell avocado growers the optimal potassium and phosphorus fertilizer formulation(s), best application technique (soil vs. foliar), and a time of application based on the phenology of the tree to use to increase fruit size, cumulative yield and reduce alternate bearing.
		In this project we are compare the efficacy of applying potassium phosphate versus potassium phosphite to the canopy of 'Hass' avocado trees during bloom to increase yield and net return to the grower in comparison to trees receiving potassium phosphate or potassium phosphite to the soil via irrigation.
		Harvest data include total kg fruit/tree and the weight of 100 randomly selected individual fruit/tree, which are used to fruit size to calculate packout per tree, evaluation of internal fruit quality, and a cost/benefit analysis of each treatment.
	www.avocado.org /growers/pages/15lovatt1.php (722 words)

	Directed Evolution of a Thermostable Phosphite Dehydrogenase for NAD(P)H Regeneration -- Johannes et al. 71 (10): 5728 ...
		oxidation of phosphite to phosphate with the concomitant reduction
		of phosphite according to the kinetic data (Table 2).
		Directed evolution of a phosphite dehydrogenase mutant with enhanced activity and expression for NAD(P)H regeneration.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/71/10/5728 (3617 words)

	Environmental Protection Agency
		Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to trimethylolpropane phosphite may include hyperactivity followed by central nervous system depression, listlessness, twitching, and convulsions.
		Acute exposure to trimethylolpropane phosphite may require decontamination and life support for the victims.
		Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.
	yosemite.epa.gov /oswer/CeppoEHS.nsf/firstaid/824-11-3?OpenDocument (360 words)

	Molecular Genetic Analysis of Phosphite and Hypophosphite Oxidation by Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88 -- Metcalf and Wolfe ...
		Molecular Genetic Analysis of Phosphite and Hypophosphite Oxidation by Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88 -- Metcalf and Wolfe 180 (21): 5547 -- The Journal of Bacteriology
		Molecular Genetic Analysis of Phosphite and Hypophosphite Oxidation by Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88
		White, A. K., Metcalf, W. The htx and ptx Operons of Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88 Are New Members of the Pho Regulon.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/180/21/5547 (529 words)

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