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Topic: Photic zone

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	Photic zone
		The photic zone is the depth of the ocean that is exposed to sunlight.
		The depth of the photic zone can be greatly affected by such things as turbidity[?] and the season of the year.
		The depth of the photic zone is generally proportional to the level of primary productivity[?] that occurs in that area of the ocean.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ph/Photic_zone.html (74 words)

	Aphotic zone
		The aphotic zone is the depth of the ocean that is not exposed to sunlight.
		The depth of the aphotic zone can be greatly affected by such things as turbidity and the season of the year.
		The aphotic zone generally underlies the photic zone, which is that portion of the ocean directly affected by sunlight.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ap/Aphotic_zone.html (55 words)

	Marine Life Zones
		The photic zone is the upper part of the ocean it to which any sunlight penetrates.
		Euphotic zone is the portion of the photic zone near the surface where light is bright enough for photosynthesis to occur.
		The abyssal zone is a subdivision of the benthic zone and is characterized by extremely high pressures, consistently low temperatures, low oxygen, few nutrients and no sunlight.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /_ht_a/redsknqt13/4th12/Sec10.htm (421 words)

	Photic zone Summary
		The photic zone is the depth of the water, whether in a lake or an ocean, that is exposed to sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis to occur.
		Since the photic zone is the only zone of water where primary productivity occurs, an exception being the productivity connected with abyssal hydrothermal vents along mid-oceanic ridges, the depth of the photic zone is generally proportional to the level of primary productivity that occurs in that area of the ocean.
		The transparency of water, which affects the photic zone, is simply measured with a Secchi disk.
	www.bookrags.com /Photic_zone (270 words)

	Pelagic zone Summary
		Because plant growth is confined to the shallow depths of the pelagic zone reached by light (epipelagic zone, 0-650 ft/0-200 m), much of the biological activity in the pelagic zone is concentrated in near-surface waters.
		The pelagic zone is the part of the open sea or ocean comprising the water column, i.e.
		In contrast, the demersal zone comprises the water that is near to (and thus is significantly affected by) the coast or the sea floor.
	www.bookrags.com /Pelagic_zone (592 words)

	Marine Life Zones
		The Photic zone is the upper part of the ocean into which any sunlight penetrates.
		The euphotic zone is the portion of the photic zone near the surfacewhere the light is bright enough for photosynthesis to occur.
		In clear water this zone can reach a depth of 100 meters, but in cloudy water the zone is much shallower.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /EGEMELTEM1/5web12sec10.htm (301 words)

	shimmersplash: "The Mesopelagic Zone, Part 1 (2006 Abridged Edition)"
		Photic/sunlit zone: The upper layer of the ocean penetrated by sunlight.
		Note: The term ‘twilight zone’ is used interchangeably for both the dysphotic zone of sunlight penetration and the mesopelagic zone of sea depth.
		Consequently, almost all of the organisms inhabiting the twilight zone are ultimately reliant on producers living in the photic zone.
	shimmersplash.livejournal.com /18748.html (2206 words)

	Oceanic Ecosystems
		The vertical zonation of life in the sea can be coursely divided into the photic zone where light fuels photosynthesis given the proper nutrient supply, and a deep layer that is dependent on a flux of carbon from above in the form of detritus or vertically migrating organisms.
		In the photic zone there are broad regions in the center of the mid-latitude oceans where nutrients are almost undetectable.
		The balance of input and output of nutrients in the photic zone involves the upward flux of "new" NO3 from the deep ocean versus the sinking of organic matter with nitrogen in it (mostly in protiens) out of the surface layers.
	fig.cox.miami.edu /~ddiresta/msc101/Lec6.htm (902 words)

	Deep Ocean Creatures In The Pacific Ocean (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		There are two main layers in all oceans: the photic zone and the aphotic zone.
		The aphotic zone is divided into two parts- the bathyal zone and the abyssal zone.
		The bathyal zone extends from 200 meters to 2000 meters.
	library.thinkquest.org /TQ0313195 (203 words)

	Vertical Advection
		In the sulfatic zone, Fe is more depleted than in the nitric zone, but appears in significantly higher concentrations than in the oxic zone (Fig 4a) due to greater solubility of the iron sulfide vs ferric hydroxide.
		In the nitric zone (where nitrate is the oxidant), concentrations of micronutrients (P as phosphate, Si as silicate and N as nitrite and ammonia) increase with increasing depth.
		Mn concentrations are greater in the sulfatic zone than in the oxic zone, and similar to those in the nitric zone, based on observations from the Cariaco Trendh (Fig 4d).
	www.marscigrp.org /igcp90.html (5560 words)

	NPWRC :: Wetland Symposium
		Yet submerged macrophytes may require 5-10% of surface light (i.e., the 5% or 10% photic zone), not the 1% commonly used to define the photic zone.
		For the pooled data, mean estimates of the 5% and 10% photic zones from the AC's differed by 28 and 22 cm, respectively, between the 45 and 150 cm sampling depths.
		The 5-10% submerged macrophyte photic zones estimated by the regression equation provide wetland managers with more consistent and meaningful assessments of water clarity conditions, expected maximum depth of colonization and abundance of submerged macrophytes, and suitability for transplanting various species.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/wetlands/wetsympo/estimati.htm (539 words)

	Light (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The amount of light received by the ocean is an impartant factor governing the distribution of biota.
		The level of the ocean known as the 'photic zone' is essentially the richest and most diverse area of the ocean, extending downwards to the maximum depth of sunlight penetration, approximately 200 meters in the open sea.
		The littoral zone falls completely within the photic zone, and much of the sublittoral zone.
	www.earth.rochester.edu /ees207/Marine_Env/kates_paleoec7.html (370 words)

	From the Top of the World...
		The bottom of the photic zone is the depth at which the light intensity is about 1% of its intensity at the ocean surface.
		At any location, the photic zone depth is not constant because of variations in water clarity and daily-to-seasonal changes in the angle of incoming sunlight.
		Conversely, the photic zone is shallow where biological productivity is high; in such turbid waters, phytoplankton cells absorb sunlight for photosynthesis while scattering green and yellow light.
	www.bigelow.org /foodweb/satellite3.html (805 words)

	Marine Discovery Lesson
		The ocean is divided into six zones to separate regions of the ocean and to make it easier to define organisms by the different regions they live in.
		This zone is surrounded by wetlands, salt marshes and mangrove swamps.
		For instance, draw a picture on the board of where the zones are and have them think about and discuss as a class what areas have not been talked about.
	marinediscovery.arizona.edu /lessons/brittle_stars/Templates/index.html (3409 words)

	[No title]
		Phytoplankton is restricted to the photic zone of the ocean.
		Littoral fringe: This zone extends higher than the highest tide where there is great exposure with spray from the various waves causing the organisms to extend higher into the littoral zone; lichens and algae enclosed in a gelatinous sheath form the vegetation; snails feed on these vegetation.
		Littoral zone: it is covered and uncovered by daily tides; Upper subzone: barnacles on the upper limit, Midlittoral subzone: oyster, mussels and limpet; brown algae Lower subzone: blue mussels, young starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars and bryozoans; red algae and Irish moss.
	www.cbu.edu /~esalgado/BIOL412/Ch31.doc (9134 words)

	Freshwater Ecology
		For this lab, we will calculate productivity in the pelagic zones using our light and dark bottle incubation data.
		Convert the NPP values from oxygen units to carbon for the photic and aphotic zones by multiplying by 0.375 and then dividing by the quotient 1.2.
		For this question, refer to your hypsographic curve and calculate the volume of the lake that is between 0-2 meters and between 3-21 meters (you can take half of your 6 meter value, since that is the resolution of the data).
	serc.fiu.edu /periphyton/Limnology/Lab5Oxygen.htm (410 words)

	Marine Biome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Photic zones are portions of the marine biome that are shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate.
		Aphotic zones are the deeper waters that sunlight cannot reach.
		The area on the shoreline that lies between the high and low tide lines is called the intertidal zone.
	www.parisisd.net /parishigh/web_of_life/marine_biome.htm (426 words)

	Food Webs
		If the nutrients are recycled in the photic zone, they are rapidly used again by the phytoplankton.
		Nutrient resupply to the photic zone occurs when surface and deeper waters mix or when there is upwelling.
		At temperate and tropical latitudes, there is sufficient stratification of surface waters most or all of the year to keep phytoplankton in the photic zone.
	www.geocities.com /oceanking_uk_2003/Foodwebs.htm (1075 words)

	NWFSC Glossary - Northwest Fisheries Science Center
		The surface layer of the ocean that is penetrated by sunlight.
		The photic zone is the layer of the ocean that has been explored the most as it is relatively easy to access with conventional diving equipment.
		In the photic zone phytoplankton flourish and it is where the fish, marine mammals, and marine invertebrates that most people are familiar with are found.
	www.nwfsc.noaa.gov /resources/lingo.cfm?letter=P (886 words)

	Ocean Life
		The Benthic Zone is divided into the intertidal or Littoral Zone, the deeper Bathyal Zone of the continental slope, the Abyssal Zone of the deep ocean floor, and the Hadal Zone, or deep DEEP zones in the trenches.
		The Photic Zone is the zone in the ocean that light penetrates.
		The seafloor is called the Benthic Zone and is divided into the intertidal or Littoral Zone, the deeper Bathyal Zone of the continental slope, the Abyssal Zone of the deep ocean floor, and the very deep Hadal Zone.
	www.coloradocollege.edu /dept/gy/rweb/ocnlife.html (1671 words)

	Abiotic Factors : Light - ITU Ecology Club
		The layer of water through which light penetrates is called the photic zone.
		Below the photic zone is the aphotic zone, where there is no light.
		Except for a few chemotrops, organisms that live in the aphotic zone are all heterotrops deriving their energy from organisms that drift or migrate down from the photic zone.
	members.tripod.com /~ituecoclub/light.html (289 words)

	Project AWARE
		Lentic environments are also influenced by temperature gradients which cause biological stratification and are divided into the littoral zone, the limnetic zone and profundal zone.
		The ocean is made up of two zones -- the aphotic zone or the zone of perpetual darkness and the zone of light penetration, which is the photic zone.
		This is important because it brings nutrients to the photic zone that would otherwise be trapped in deeper water (underneath a thermocline).
	www.projectaware.org /americas/english/knowledgeReview.asp (572 words)

	CalSpace/SIO/Earthguide-Diatoms-Where they live-California Current (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This sunlit region of the water column is referred to as the photic zone.
		Since the entire surface of the ocean is exposed to sunlight at least part of the year, diatoms live practically everywhere at the sea surface.
		Since all diatoms are photosynthetic, both planktonic and benthic diatoms are restricted to living within the photic zone.
	earthguide.ucsd.edu /diatom/d4.html (228 words)

	Coccolithophorid distribution in the Ionian Sea and its relationship to eastern Mediterranean circulation during late ...
		The distribution of coccolithophorid assemblages is analyzed from water samples collected in the photic zone of the middle Ionian Sea during a cruise of R/V Urania in November–December 1997.
		During the investigated period, the area is characterized by the presence of a surface mixed layer, reaching a depth of 25 to 90 m.
		Such vertical distribution appears to be strictly related to the local hydrology, with the zone boundaries rising and falling as a function of the location of the isotherms.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2003/2002JC001346.shtml (503 words)

	Ocean Habitat FAQ
		The neridic zone is closer to the land so things like earthquakes affect it, while the pelagic zone is the open ocean and is not affected by land.
		It is split up into five different zones: the Epipelagic zone, the Mesopelagc zone, the Bathypelagic zone, the Abyssopelagic zone, and the Hadalpelagic zone.
		It is the closest zone to the ocean; therefore,
	web2k.wsfcs.k12.nc.us /jeffms/schnably/6/5/ocean_habitat.htm (302 words)

	The Open Ocean - MarineBio.org
		The epipelagic zone is closest to the surface and stretches down 200 m.
		The mesopelagic zone, also known as the twilight zone, begins at 200 m down and reaches a depth of 1,000 m and has a little light but not enough for photosynthesis to occur.
		Animals in the mesopelagic zone include the bigscale fish which lives in the depths between 150-1,000 m, an animal with oversized scales and bony plated head.
	marinebio.org /Oceans/OpenOcean.asp (1615 words)

	photic zone
		In the ocean (or in lakes) this is the area near the surface with enough light to support photosynthesis.
		In this zone, both the chemical and biological activity can be enhanced by penetrating solar radiation.
		In the upper surface of this zone, the marine photochemistry is most vigorous.
	www.webref.org /chemistry/p/photic_zone.htm (194 words)

	Television Without Pity » CSI: Miami » Breathless
		The lower boundary of the photic zone is compensation level, i.e.
		The photic zone varies wildly in temperature, salinity, and amount of sunlight depending on depth -- and that varies wildly too -- but it's generally the workhorse of your open-water ecological zones.
		So, what this brief lesson in oceanography means for the case: if this guy was below the photic zone, he was way the hell underwater.
	www.televisionwithoutpity.com /articles/content/a3267/index-6.html (504 words)

	Primary Producers
		· Photic zone – The sunlit layer of the oceans surface.
		· Epipelagic zone – Corresponds to the photic zone
		Euphotic zone – Most of the biological productivity of the ocean occurs in the upper half of the photic zone.
	www.utdallas.edu /~msweet/oc-unit7.html (1436 words)

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