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Topic: Photochemical smog

Related Topics

Smog

Peroxyacetyl Nitrates

Nitrogen dioxide

Tropospheric ozone

Ozone

Air pollution

Great Smog of 1952

Nitric oxide

Chemical

Paint thinner

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Punishment

Singer Corporation

Traffic congestion

Volatile organic compounds

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	Photochemical smog - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Photochemical smog is the term used to represent a multitude of chemical agents which are considered to be detrimental to the environment and health.
		They are called photochemical smog because they are produced by the photolysis of primary pollutants.
		Because of this, photochemical smog is considered to be a problem of modern industrialization.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Photochemical_smog (88 words)

	Smog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The word smog is a portmanteau word constructed from the words smoke and fog, although modern usage of the term does not require either a smoke or fog component and smog is often used as shorthand for air pollution.
		Photochemical smog is caused when two kinds of air pollution combine in the presence of sunlight.
		Episodes of smog became common in London in the late 19th century and were nicknamed as "pea-soupers".
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/smog (471 words)

	Living Landscapes
		Photochemical smog is extremely toxic to animal and plant life, and damages paint, rubber, and plastics.
		Photochemical smog is a condition that develops when primary pollutants (oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds created from fossil fuel combustion) interact under the influence of solar radiation to produce a mixture of hundreds of different and hazardous chemicals known as secondary pollutants.
		The previous section suggested that the development of photochemical smog is primarily determined by an abundance of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere and the presence of particular environmental conditions.
	www.livinglandscapes.bc.ca /thomp-ok/env-changes/atmos/ch3.html (7767 words)

	Inversions and Smog
		Photochemical smog is brown smog, the gray-brown haze that fills the air in many cities.
		Smog is worse in Los Angeles--and everywhere--in the summer, because the light energy from the sun moves some of the reactions along.
		Photochemical Smog formation from the Hong Kong Institute of Education.
	daphne.palomar.edu /calenvironment/smog.htm (1646 words)

	photochemical smog
		As for the generation mechanism and effects of photochemical smog, the following is known at present.
		Depending on the main complaint or the importance of clinical manifestation, the victim is advised to seek a diagnosis from a clinical specialist and not to conduct autotherapy needlessly.
		When a photochemical smog alarm is officially announced, people are advised not to do intense exercise outdoors as much as possible and do indoor activities instead.
	www.eco.pref.mie.jp /english/data-syu/data-sokuhou/top6_e.htm (560 words)

	Photochemical smog
		Photochemical smog is the term to represent a multitude of chemical agents which are considered to be detrimental to the environment and health.
		All of these are usually highly reactive and/or oxidising, and so photochemical smog is considered to be a problem of modern industrialization.
		The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ph/Photochemical_smog.html (80 words)

	Photochemical smog has had an impact on vegetation within cities and in the outskirts. Smog in L.A. has damage ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Photochemical smog has had an impact on vegetation within cities and in the outskirts.
		Smog in L.A. has damage Ponderosa pines as far as 129 km from the city.
		Smog in L.A. has damage Ponderosa pines as far as 129 km from the city.Ozone (70 pphm in LA) can reduce photosynthesis, inhibit flowering and germination.
	gis.depaul.edu /envirsci/ljh/env217/Lecture6/sld006.htm (84 words)

	Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution produced when sunlight acts upon exhaust gases.
		Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution produced when sunlight acts upon exhaust gases.
		Below is a short sample of the essay "Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution produced when sunlight acts upon exhaust gases.".
		Factors which limit photochemical smog's are: precipitation, winds, geography (smog's more common in valleys) sunlight, and temperature.
	www.coursework.info /i/29342.html (354 words)

	Abstract
		Photochemical smog pollution in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area in relation to O3 precursor concentrations and meteorological conditions
		Analysis of photochemical pollution was done using the available 5-year monitoring data (1996-2000) from 11 monitoring stations in Bangkok and 5 stations in other surrounding provinces, i.e.
		Status and trend of O3 as well as the monthly and diurnal variations were analyzed in relation to the local meteorological conditions as well as the regional transport of pollutants associated with the monsoon.
	www.serd.ait.ac.th /airpet/Photochemical.htm (284 words)

	General aspects of photochemical smog formation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		An important characteristic of atmospheres receiving hydrocarbon and NO pollution accompanied by intense sunlight and stagnant air massed is the formation of oxidants.
		In air-pollution parlance, gross photochemical oxidant is a substance in the atmosphere capable of oxidizing iodide ion to iodine.
		Furthermore, NO released at night is converted to photochemically active NO by reactions starting with the decomposition of PAN.
	home.skhtst.edu.hk /~chemistry/chem_pj/aspect_smog.htm (197 words)

	Atmospheric Pollutant Analyser (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Photochemical Smog is a condition that develops when primary pollutants, such as oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds created from fossil fuel combustion, interact under the influence of sunlight to produce a mixture of hundreds of different and hazardous chemicals known as secondary pollutants.
		Development of photochemical smog is typically associated with specific climatic conditions and centres of high population density.
		For photochemical smog to occur there must be abundance of atmospheric pollutants, previously mentioned, and certain environmental conditions.
	www.kingston.ac.uk /~ku05346/atmospheric/smog.htm (501 words)

	Photochemical Smog
		To fully appreciate photochemical smog formation, one must first recognize that nitrogen is transformed between many different substances in the atmosphere.
		The necessary ingredients for photochemical smog formation are (1) nitrogen oxides, (2) sunlight, and (3) hydrocarbons.
		Photochemical smog formation proceeds through a sequence of reactions, all involving a free radical mechanism.
	www.mtsu.edu /~nchong/Smog-Atm1.htm (446 words)

	opq
		Ozone that is present in the troposphere is mostly a result of anthropogenic pollution and therefore higher concentrations are found in urban areas.
		Ozone also occurs in the troposphere as a pollutant, often in photochemical smog.
		Photochemical Smog - Natural and artificially emitted hydrocarbons in the presence of oxides of nitrogen undergo photochemical reactions which produce a cloud of toxic chemicals including ozone and a variety of caustic agents.
	www.shsu.edu /%7Echemistry/Glossary/opq.html (3174 words)

	Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
		was developed for the study of photochemical smog formation and development in a coastal environment.
		The model predictions of the meteorological fields and the ozone concentrations were comprehensively compared with measurements taken during a case study day in the Perth Photochemical Smog Study carried out in 1994.
		The sea breeze circulation system is shown to have an important influence on the location and levels of photochemical smog.
	www.scieng.flinders.edu.au /cpes/research/meteorology/photochemicalsmog.html (245 words)

	PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG
		A type of smog that forms in large cities when chemical reactions take place in the presence of sunlight, its principal component is ozone.
		Ozone and other oxidants are not emitted into the air directly but form from reactions involving nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons.
		Specialty definitions using "PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG": polyaromatic hydrocarbon ♦ Volatile organic compounds.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /ph/photochemical+smog.html (353 words)

	Photochemical smog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants which includes particulates, nitrogen oxides, ozone, aldehydes, peroxyethanoyl nitrate (PAN), unreacted hydrocarbons, etc. The smog often has a
		The condition needed for the formation of the smog are present in modern cities.
		The smoke from these fires mixed with the fog and was unable to disperse, resulting in a smog which persisted for 4 days.
	hk.geocities.com /xavier114fch/03/03b.htm (194 words)

	Photochemical Smog
		The large number of automobiles in that city, together with the bright sunlight and frequently stagnant air, leads to the formation of photochemical smog.
		This begins with the emission of nitrogen oxide during the morning commuting hour, followed by the formation of nitrogen dioxide by oxygenation, and finally, through a complex series of reactions in the presence of hydrocarbons and sunlight, to the formation of ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrite and other irritant compounds.
		Although acute episodes of communal air exposure leading to demonstrable mortality are unlikely, there is much concern over the possible long-term consequences of brief but repetitive exposures to oxidants and acidic aerosols; such exposures are now common in the lives of millions of people.
	michele.usc.edu /cttc/workshop2000/healthsmog.html (435 words)

	Smog Chamber (Photochemical Smog)< (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Fundamental research is performed on the photo-chemical reaction of automobile emissions using a smog chamber.
		Endeavour is given to establish the method of micro gas analysis and the evaluation method of particulate materials, such as lead compounds and so on, contained in the exhaust gas.
		A smog chamber is used as the test facility for photochemical reactions of hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen, simulating the atmospheric condition.
	staff.aist.go.jp /chisaka.f/smog/chamber_e.htm (100 words)

	A Generalized Reaction Mechanism for Photochemical Smog
		In Los Angeles and Southern California the topography of the region,intensely sunny days which favorise photochemical processes,and the high density of automobiles which are the most important source of pollutants make the photochemical smog to be a serious problem.
		In this project we want to analyze a reaction mechanism for photochemical smog, emphasizing the relation between the concentration of NOx and organic reactants in atmosphere and the evolution of the tropospheric ozone.
		The chemical features of ozone formation in the photochemical smog system can be studied by plotting isoplets of maximum concentrations achieved over a fixed period of time of irradiation.
	www.ima.umn.edu /~daescu/proj.html (673 words)

	reactions
		"Smog" is a term originally formed by the combination of of the words "smoke" and "fog." This can seem a little confusing, because Los Angeles, infamous for for its smog, is hardly known for foggy weather.
		The confusion arises because there are actually two kinds of smog: London smog (well know for its fog) and L.A. smog (also know as photochemical smog).
		Fortunately, there are a few that can help us to initially understand the formation of photochemical smog.
	www.csun.edu /~vchsc006/356b/reactions.html (356 words)

	No Room to Breathe: Photochemical Smog and Ground-level Ozone
		Photochemical smog occurs in the lower portion of our atmosphere, known as the troposphere.
		Ozone is formed by the reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) in the presence of sunlight and warm temperatures.
		Ozone, for example, is not only a major component of smog; it also contributes to the enhanced greenhouse effect, which is predicted to lead to global climate change.
	wlapwww.gov.bc.ca /air/vehicle/nrtbpsag.html (1567 words)

	an emergency caused by photochemical smog
		When the emergency measures such as photochemical smog alarms are officially announced, local residents and those at schools, kindergartens and day nurseries should pay attention to the action and caution shown in the next list, and prevent damage.
		A. Discuss the knowledge of photochemical smog and the measures to be taken among the staff of a school, children and students to let everybody understand the matter well.
		D. Regarding outdoor events to be held from spring to fall (from April to October), discuss how to respond to the outbreak of photochemical smog beforehand.
	www.eco.pref.mie.jp /english/data-syu/data-sokuhou/top7_e.htm (1462 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - photochemical smog
		Photochemistry, the study of chemical changes that are initiated by light.
		Smog, mixture of solid and liquid fog and smoke particles formed when humidity is high and the air so calm that smoke and fumes accumulate near their...
		Air Pollution, addition of harmful substances to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the environment, human health, and quality of life.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /photochemical_smog.html (117 words)

	Photochemical smog - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Photochemical smog - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This page was last modified 07:58, 19 May 2005.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Photochemical smog contains research on
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Photochemical_smog (106 words)

	Introduction: Photochemical Smog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the modern industrial world, photochemical smog is the most common air-quality problem.
		Smog is a mixture of pollutants including nitrogen oxides, ozone, aldehydes, peroxyacetyl nitrate, particulates and volatile organic hydrocarbons (see Table 1).
		Many people notice eye irritation when smog is severe because peroxyacetyl nitrate is a lachrymator (irritates the eyes), and some people experience difficulty breathing.
	www.chemistry.wustl.edu /~courses/genchem/Tutorials/AirQuality/intro.htm (459 words)

	(Chemistry of Photochemical Smog) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The chemical reactions that result in photochemical smog occur all the time.
		Conditions for photochemical smog usually occur during early morning commuter traffic when the environmentally damaging automobile emissions contribute to the increased presence of hydrocarbons and NOx in the atmosphere.
		As the smog matures, visibility is reduced because the light is being scattered by aerosols.
	www.nsac.ns.ca /envsci/staff/jhoyle/students/cjcudmore/PSchemistry.html (494 words)

	Planet Diary Atmosphere Activity
		Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution that forms when certain gases in the atmosphere react with sunlight.
		When smog levels are high, a smoggy haze settles like a thick blanket over a city where it can cause respiratory and other health problems.
		To start, you'll take a look at the chemistry of photochemical smog.
	www.phschool.com /science/planetdiary/background/atmoacti2.html (294 words)

	Moopuna: Term Papers on Photochemical Smog
		Historically, the term smog referred to a mixture of smoke and fog, hence the
		smog can be extremely toxic to humans and other living organisms.
		Photochemical smog is a condition that develops when primary
	www.moopuna.com /a2532.htm (288 words)

	Photochemical smog contains Ozone (O3), a powerful oxidising agent. Ozone is formed when sunlight shines on primary ...
		Photochemical smog contains Ozone (O3), a powerful oxidising agent.
		Coursework and Essays: By Level: GCSE: Geography: Physical Geography: Global warming and the Greenhouse effect: Photochemical smog contains Ozone (O3), a powerful oxidising agent.
		At Logannet the BPEO chosen to reduce SOX emissions is the sea scrubbing process.
	www.coursework.info /i/36369.html (368 words)

	Glossary of Terms: P (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Typical size is 1 to 7 meters high, 10 to 30 meters wide, and 15 to 150 meters long.
		Formed from photochemical reactions involving nitric oxide (NO) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
		Photochemical smog is a condition that develops when primary pollutants (oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds created from fossil fuel combustion) interact under the influence of sunlight to produce a mixture of hundreds of different and hazardous chemicals known as secondary pollutants.
	www.geog.ouc.bc.ca /physgeog/physgeoglos/p.html (3299 words)

	New initiative to help battle against photochemical smog (5/4/98). (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		New initiative to help battle against photochemical smog (5/4/98).
		The State Government today announced a new initiative in the battle against photochemical smog.
		"The Department of Environmental Protection's Perth Photochemical Smog Study identified that Perth is on the verge of an air pollution problem, however programs such as this will help make a difference in improving our air quality.
	pandora.nla.gov.au /pan/23604/20040615/www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/cabinet/mediast/dg98-14/edwlpg.html (297 words)

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