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Topic: Photoelectrochemical cells

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	Photoelectrochemical cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Each cell consists of a semiconducting photoanode and a metal cathode immersed in an electrolyte.
		Some photoelectrochemical cells simply produce electrical energy, while others produce hydrogen in a process similar to the electrolysis of water.
		In the latter case, electrolysis of water to hydrogen and oxygen gas occurs when the anode is irradiated with electromagnetic radiation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Photoelectrochemical_cells (138 words)

	Dye-sensitized solar cells - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Dye-sensitized solar cells are photoelectrochemical cells that use photo-sensitization of wide-band-gap mesoporous oxide semiconductors.
		The cells have a simple structure that consists of two electrodes and an iodide-containing electrolyte.
		The cells have been compared to photosynthesis because they use the redox reaction of the electrolyte.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Graetzel_cells (383 words)

	Method of manufacturing photoelectrochemical cell - Patent 4266338
		Or course, the amount of electrolyte used to fill the cell is chosen such that the volume expansion due to heating from incident insulation during operation does not lead to excessive internal pressure, i.e., the cell is made to be leak tight.
		The cell was irradiated by a Xe arc at an intensity of 20 mw/cm.sup.2.
		In normal operation of a photoelectrochemical cell of the type described, a first electrode, the counterelectrode, is utilized having essentially constant potential, determined by the redox couple in the electrolyte, regardless of the state of its irradiation.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4266338.html (6418 words)

	Reshef Tenne Publications in Scientific Journals
		Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells: Interpretation of Cell Performance Using Electrochemical Determination of Photoelectrode Properties.
		Photoelectrochemical etching of ZnS: Further Evidence for Non-Uniform Flow of Charge Carriers in Schottky Barriers.
		Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide in Aqueous Solutions on p-GaP Electrodes: an AC impedence study with phase sensitive detection.
	www.weizmann.ac.il /materials/msg/tennepub.html (2765 words)

	Currently photovoltaic devices (PV’s) are being exploited for generation of electrical energy on a very small scale. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The chemical storage of the redox species within the cell has the advantage over conventional cells because the storage within the cells does away with the necessity of external batteries, and the resistive losses that occur with the power transmission.
		Photoelectrochemical cells (PEC’s) may provide a viable alternative to solid state PV’s since they may be easier to manufacture and may have greater efficiencies due to sensitizing techniques.
		Heterogeneous cell suffer from the disadvantage that the different electrolytes eventually reach equilibrium and must be replenished to maintain the voltage potential.
	courses.cm.utexas.edu /archive/Fall1997/CH380L/bm.html (3892 words)

	Andalusian researchers design alternatives with titanium dioxide to the traditional photovoltaic cell
		The semi-conduit used in most photovoltaic solar cells that are commercialised is silicon, and despite its optimum efficiency in the exploitation of solar energy, it is a material whose production involves a high cost.
		The alternative to using silicon sheets are Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells or DSSC (Dye Sensitised Solar Cells).
		Experts calculate the thermal sensibility of the absorbed colouring, then calculate the photoconverting effectiveness of the cells, and in general, obtain a higher exploitation of the light through these cells by means of using the appropriate tools.
	innovations-report.com /html/reports/.../report-58262.html (287 words)

	EERE: Solar Energy - Photovoltaics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Crystalline silicon (c-Si) is the leading commercial material for photovoltaic cells, and is used in several forms: single-crystalline or monocrystalline silicon, multicrystalline or polycrystalline silicon, ribbon and sheet silicon and thin-layer silicon.
		Although two-junction cells have been built, most research is focusing on three-junction (thyristor) and four-junction devices, using materials such as germanium (Ge) to capture the lowest-energy light in the lowest layer.
		Dye-sensitized solar cells use a dye-impregnated layer of titanium dioxide to generate a voltage, rather than the semiconducting materials used in most solar cells.
	www.eere.energy.gov /RE/solar_photovoltaics.html (1138 words)

	PV Materials Laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		CuIn1-xGaxSe2-ySy (CIGSS) thin film solar cells are being developed at FSEC PV Mat Lab for terrestrial application and space appli cation.
		Photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells are being developed by multiple bandgap combination of thin-film photovoltaic-cell and thinfilm-photocatalyst for production of hydrogen and oxygen by water splitting.
		Efficiency of PEC thin-film photovoltaic (PV) cell combined with catalyst will be increased by 1) an improved understanding of bandgap offset at the CIGS/CdS interface and 2) reducing the overvoltage required for water splitting by employing a photocatalyst that can be activated with infrared photons transmitted through the PV cell.
	www.fsec.ucf.edu /PVT/Projects/pvmat (622 words)

	Renewable Solar Hydrogen Production Water Splitting Photoelectrochemical Cell
		The water splitting efficiency of a photocatalytic electrode can be measured using a standard three electrode photoelectrochemical cell, as shown in the photo in Figure 1.
		More detail of the cell and potentiostat circuit are shown in the schematic in Figure 2.
		Figure 2: Schematic of the standard three electrode photoelectrochemical cell used to measure the water splitting efficiency of a photocatalytic electrode, showing the apparatus and the potentiostat circuit.
	www.tip.csiro.au /IMP/EnergySustain/HydrogenProduction/PEC.htm (265 words)

	Outsourcing - Studium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Tennakone et al.: The photostability of dye-sensitized solid state photovoltaic cells: factors determining the stability of the pigment in a nanoporous n-TiO2/cyanidin/p-CuI cell, Semicond.
		O'Regan et al.: A solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell fabricated with pressure-treated P25-TiO2 and CuSCN: Analysis of pore filling and IC characteristics, Chem.Mater.
		Cervini et al.: Solid-state Ru-dye solar cells using polypyrrole as a hole conductor, J.
	www.student.uni-oldenburg.de /stefan.trotzky/uni/paper (290 words)

	[No title]
		Synthesis of a hemicyanine dye bearing two carboxylic groups and its use as photosensitizer in Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cell: E.
		In situ resonance Raman microspectroscopy of a solid state dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cell: U.Lavrencic Stangar, B.Orel, Ph.Colomban, E.Stathatos and P.Lianos, J.Electrochem.Soc., 149(2002)E413-E423.
		A quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell based on a sol-gel nanocomposite electrolyte containing ionic liquid: E.
	www.des.upatras.gr /lianos/feb0405.dssc.htm (499 words)

	[No title]
		Established a laboratory for research and development of thin-film photovoltaic (PV) solar cells, PV module durability research, and photoelectrochemical solar cells.
		N. Dhere, "Polycrystalline-Thin-Film Thermophotovoltaic Cells" AIP Proceedings of the 2nd NREL Conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity, Colorado Springs, CO July 17-19, 1995, p.
		N. Dhere, R.G. Dhere, C.L. Ferreira and I.G. Mattoso, Fabrication and Characterization of CdS-Cu2S Solar Cells, Rev. Brasil.
	www-mae.engr.ucf.edu /~mini/Dhere_resume_word.doc (5283 words)

	solar cells
		Dye-sensitised cells involve novel materials and design strategies in a potentially low cost technology that can ideally be fabricated on lightweight and flexible substrates using robust processing methods.
		A common approach is being taken to the challenges of electrical transport and photon penetration in these devices based on the finite element method for solving partial differential equations.
		The dye is regenerated by triiodide ions which transfer their charge to iodide ions that are reduced back to triiodide at the Pt coated glass counter electrode, completing the circuit.
	www.bath.ac.uk /~pysabw/research/scell/scells.htm (847 words)

	50548 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Photoelectrochemical Cells with Polymer Electrolytes--EIC Laboratories, Inc., 111 Downey Street, Norwood, MA 02062-2612; 781-769-9450
		Dye sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPCs) are promising as low cost photovoltaic alternatives.
		However, problems remain in creating devices with reproducible performance and in developing large area manufacturing processes that exploit the simple cell structure.
	www.er.doe.gov /sbir/Awards_Abstracts/sbir/cycle16/phase2/16.htm (210 words)

	Grätzel Cells
		Like solar cells, Grätzel cells convert sunlight energy into electric current but they do not store energy.
		They depend on a non-galvanic chemical action in which the active chemicals are constantly regenerated.
		The cells behave in a way analogous to photosynthesis in which chlorophyll molecules reflect green light but absorb light the red and blue parts of the spectrum.
	www.mpoweruk.com /gratzel.htm (233 words)

	Renewable Solar Hydrogen Production by Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
		The energy conversion efficiency of water photoelectrolysis is determined mainly by the properties of the materials used as electrodes in the photoelectrochemical cell.
		Obstacles to direct photo-electrolysis of water are the lack of efficient light absorption, corrosion of the semiconductor photocatalyst and energetics.
		The aim of our work is to engineer materials with appropriate optical, electronic and chemical properties for use as photo-catalysts in efficient and cost effective photoelectrochemical cells.
	www.tip.csiro.au /IMP/EnergySustain/HydrogenProduction/hydrogen.htm (207 words)

	Efficient dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells made from nanocrystalline tin(IV) oxide--zinc oxide composite films (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Efficient dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells made from nanocrystalline tin(IV) oxide--zinc oxide composite films
		Efficient dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells made from nanocrystalline tin(IV) oxide–zinc oxide composite films
		In the second type, larger ZnO crystallites reduce the rate of geminate recombinations, in addition to the effect of the outer shell.
	stacks.iop.org /0268-1242/18/312 (343 words)

	UOW - Dr George Tsekouras (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Interests include polythiophenes as photoactive materials in photoelectrochemical cells and the role of nanostructure in determining device performance.
		Introducing nanostructure at interfaces throughout the photoelectrochemical cell allows exciton dissociation and charge transfer processes to occur more rapidly, leading to enhanced photovoltaic performance.
		Tsekouras, G., Too, C.O. and Wallace, G.G., Effect of growth conditions on the photovoltaic efficiency of poly(terthiophene)-based photoelectrochemical cells, Electrochimica Acta, 50(16-17) (2005) 3224-3230.
	www.uow.edu.au /science/research/ipri/people/georgetsekouras.html (154 words)

	NREL: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Research - Hydrogen Production and Delivery
		A new system is also being developed that uses a metabolic switch (sulfur deprivation) to cycle algal cells between a photosynthetic growth phase and a hydrogen production phase.
		Multijunction cell technology developed by the Photovoltaic industry is being used for photoelectrochemical (PEC) light harvesting systems that generate sufficient voltage to split water and are stable in a water/electrolyte environment.
		One solution to this problem is to produce hydrogen through the electrolysis of water and use that hydrogen in a fuel cell to produce electricity during times of low power production or during peak demand or to use the hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles.
	www.nrel.gov /hydrogen/proj_production_delivery.html (796 words)

	UT Photovoltaics Group
		fabrication of photoelectrochemical cells and modules for hydrogen generation
		Deng, "Study of triple-junction amorphous silicon alloy solar cells", in
		Povolny, P. Agarwal, S. Han and X. Deng, “Comparison study of a-SiGe solar cells and materials deposited using different hydrogen dilution”, in Amorphous and Heterogenous Silicon Thin Films—2000, ed.
	www.physics.utoledo.edu /~dengx/a_si_pv.htm (268 words)

	Photoelectrochemical Cells (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Until now, photovoltaics — the conversion of sunlight to electrical power — has been dominated by solid-state junction devices, often made of silicon.
		But this dominance is now being challenged by the emergence of a new generation of photovoltaic cells, based, for example, on nanocrystalline materials and conducting polymer films.
		Here I look into the historical background, and present status and development prospects for this new generation of photoelectrochemical cells.
	www.pvportal.com /news/data/12010201.htm (148 words)

	Solar energy conversion by chloroplast photoelectrochemical cells
		Various biomimetic systems have been constructed as models for the conversion of light to electrical energy
		These biological photoelectrochemical cells have utilized macrocrystalline chlorophyll a (Chl a)
		We describe here a chloroplast photoelectrochemical cell which generates large photovoltage and photocurrent, and has a power conversion efficiency close to 1%.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v289/n5796/abs/289396a0.html (169 words)

	Caroline Chick Jarrold
		Interests: Physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, heterogeneous catalysts, photoelectrochemical cells, solar energy, dipole moments, hydrogen fuel
		Research in the Caroline Jarrold group involves the application of mass spectrometry, anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to a wide range of chemically interesting systems.
		Among her many projects, Jarrold is looking at how best to configure solar cells that drive the generation of hydrogen fuel (H2, hydrogen gas) from water.
	newsinfo.iu.edu /sb/page/normal/751.html (77 words)

	36 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Dye Sensitized TiO2 Photoelectrochemical Cells with Polymer Electrolytes--EIC Laboratories, Inc., 111 Downey Street, Norwood, MA 02062-2612; (781) 769-9450
		However, considerable problems remain with regard to producing devices with reproducible performance and in developing large area manufacturing processes which exploit the simple cell structure.
		This project will develop the materials and a scalable manufacturing process which will enable DSPCs to be economically produced.
	www.er.doe.gov /sbir/awards_abstracts/sbir/cycle16/phase1/036.htm (186 words)

	Biological and Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry - Honours Chemistry (Monash University) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Dye sensitised solar cells (DSSCs), first reported by Michael Grätzel in 1991, are one viable alternative to ‘classical’ photovoltaics.
		We have also been examining approaches to increasing cell efficiency, such as developing dyes with improved absorption of solar radiation, and we have been developing non-volatile electrolytes based on functionalized nanoparticles to replace currently used volatile organic solvents.
		Very recently, we have commenced a new project (Robin Brimblecombe, PhD), in collaboration with Dr Swiegers (CSIRO) and Prof Dismukes (Princeton), which aims to develop new a photoelectrochemical device that splits water into oxygen and hydrogen, the fuel of the future.
	www.chem.monash.edu.au /honours/spiccia-a.html (379 words)

	ICP-II Cumulative List of Publications
		Negative Ames-test of cis-di(thiocyanato)-N,N'-bis(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bpy)Ru(II), the sensitizer dye of the Nanocrystalline TiO2 Solar Cell.
		Photoelectrochemical cell studies with semiconductor electrodes, a classified bibliography 1975-1983.
		Photoelectrochemical cells for the oxidation of water and bromide ions by visible light
	lpi.epfl.ch /culist.html (10428 words)

	APPLIED PHOTOPHYSICS AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Such materials are used as hosts of photophysically acting molecules or semiconductors, as electrolyte supports in photoelectrochemical cells, as templates for the controlled growth of semiconductor photocatalysts etc [56,60,61,67,68,74,82,85-87,89,93,95,97,99,102,105,108,110,112,114,115,121-123,125, 127-135, 138, 140-144, 149,156,158,159].
		A recent activity is the study of electroluminescent cells based on these complexes [90,96,97,99,101,113,117,125,127,134.136, 139, 144, 152, 154-156, 159].
		In our laboratory we have made dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells exclusively composed of solid materials.
	www.des.upatras.gr /lianos/dec0316.appla.htm (2965 words)

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