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Topic: Photographic processes

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	Photography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Photographers control the camera to expose the light recording material (usually film or a charge-coupled device) to the required amount of light.
		The first photograph is considered to be an image produced in 1826 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce on a polished pewter plate covered with a petroleum derivative called bitumen of Judea.
		It was this process that was used by the photographer and renowned children's author, Lewis Carroll.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Photography (5288 words)

	Definitions of photographic terminology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Photographers such as Eadweard Muybridge experimented with making two exposures for outdoor scenes -- one exposed for a brief time to bring the sky and clouds into proper exposure, and the other for a longer time to capture the rest of the scene.
		The first photographic process, invented by Nièpce in 1826 and involving the use of light-sensitive bitumen on a pewter plate.
		The process invented and patented by Hamilton Smith in 1855 and involving the use of a collodion emulsion on fl, japanned tin plates.
	www.clements.umich.edu /Photogal/def.html (705 words)

	Photography: Soulcatcher Studio: Glossary of Photographic Terms & Processes
		This process produced an extremely fine and delicate grain, and was favored by publishers who wanted a means of reproduction that emulated the appearance of an actual photograph.
		An original photographic image is re-photographed through a screen that transforms the continuous tones of the image into a series of dots, relative to the amount of darkness in the original.
		A fl and white printing process in which the image is formed of metallic platinum or palladium in the fibers of the paper (instead of an emulsion coating on the surface).
	www.soulcatcherstudio.com /glossary.html (2235 words)

	Information Leaflet on the Care, Handling, and Storage of Photographs (Preservation, Library of Congress)
		Photographs that are hazardous (such as cellulose nitrate), or may give off harmful gases as they deteriorate (such as nitrate and acetate negatives), or damage other materials (such as nitrate, acetate, and diazo) must be stored separately.
		Four principal factors contribute to the deterioration of photographs: poor environmental storage conditions, poor storage enclosures, rough or inappropriate handling that results in unnecessary wear and tear and shelving conditions, and in some cases, the presence of residual photographic processing chemicals or the use of exhausted processing chemicals.
		Mounted photographs that are fragile or brittle may be stabilized with a rigid support such as 4-ply matboard inside a protective enclosure or by placement into a sink mat for protection.
	www.lcweb.loc.gov /preserv/care/photolea.html (6752 words)

	ECPA: To have and to hold: Processes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The improvement of the process, especially the reduction of exposure time to less the one minute, led to the opening of many portrait studios in all the major cities of Europe and North America.
		In the first photographic processes, the binder layer is absent and the emulsion lies directly on top of the paper.
		Some major photographic processes are: daguerreotypes, calotypes, cyanotypes, albumen processes, collodion processes and dry gelatine processes.
	www.knaw.nl /ecpa/photo/proces01.htm (1461 words)

	Rauschenberg and Wedgewood
		Able Was I Ere I Saw Elba II The techniques Rauschenberg uses to produce the photographic character we see in these three works have something in common with a group of photographic methods called "alternative photographic processes," so called, because they do not use the common silver-based chemical in their development.
		The experimental nature of these processes, in fact, are similar to a discovery in the 1700's, by chemist and physicist Thomas Wedgewood, the son of the famous industrialist and potter, Josiah Wedgewood.
		This constant, covertly performed segmentation means that the photographic language is not unlike certain ideagraphic languages which mix analogical and specifying units, the difference being that the ideogram is experienced as a sign whereas the photographic copy is taken as the pure and simple denotation of reality" (Hopps, p.
	www.hccs.cc.tx.us /JWoest/Research/photography.html (3072 words)

	Vintage Photographs - PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES - From a Collection of Fine Photographic Books about well-known ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This section is intended to describe the various photographic processes available to the photographer through the years in greater detail than contained in the various "pop-up" windows used throughout this site for a quick reference.
		Generally, the "photographic process" is thought to be the more recent and current silver-gelatin process.
		Alternative photographic processes are usually considered to be any photographic process that does not use the methods and technology of current silver-gelatin materials.
	dpicg.com /collection/processes_text.html (307 words)

	PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES
		Although photographs have been produced on a variety of materials, including silver-plated copper plates and glass, photographs produced on paper quickly came to be the dominant format for photography.
		Since the 1920s, the dominant photographic printing materials have been gelatin silver prints, which are the fl and white photographs we encounter every day.
		These processes have different tonal scales, colors and textures and are much less convenient to use than the modern photographic materials.
	www.kentuckycrafts.org /photographic_processes.htm (815 words)

	Imaging and Photographic Technology Course Descriptions
		This is the minimum photographic education needed to gain entry to second-year standing and replaces 2061-201, 202, 203 and 2076-201, 202, 203.
		Photographic topics are discussed that emphasize scientific and technical applications where photography functions as a tool of measurement and visualization of events that are beyond the range of normal photographic equipment.
		A course for practicing photographers and students in which photographic effects beyond those encountered in everyday situations in illustrative, commercial and advertising photography are discussed and practiced.
	www.rit.edu /~andpph/ipt-courses.html (2128 words)

	Photographic processes - The Jerwood photography project at the British Library. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The decades following photography's experimental beginnings in the 1820s and the public availability of a practical photographic process from 1839 were characterised by the introduction of a bewildering proliferation of photographic processes.
		If individual photographers defended the superior expressive potential of particular processes and techniques, scientific attention, aware of the fugitive silver image's proneness to fading, was being directed towards printing processes using more permanent compounds, such as carbon.
		The many different processes that were introduced during photography's first half-century possessed both technical and artistic merits and disadvantages, and each contributed to the remarkable variety of nineteenth-century photography.
	www.bl.uk /jerwood/jerwoodphoto.html (239 words)

	The Dead media Project:Working Notes:07.5
		In 1905 Thomas Manly invented the ozobrome process which eliminated the use of bichromated paper; the pigment image was made direct from a bromide print as in present day carbo process.
		The bromoil process is based on this and is still used today by some pictorial photographers.
		Described by Robert Hunt in 1843, a process by which either a positive or a negative could be obtained depending on the length of exposure, the latter presumably by solarization.
	www.deadmedia.org /notes/7/075.html (1084 words)

	Joseph Holmes - Photographic Processes
		But for a photograph to work, as a general rule, a print must use essentially the entire dynamic range of the print medium, from paper white to maximum fl (usually between five and eight stops, depending on the medium).
		Once I have identified a processed sheet of film as worthy of the long rendering process, I scan the film myself on the finest scanning system in the world, with the utmost care and precision, to obtain files that typically contain seventy-five million pixels of impeccable quality.
		The process yields pictures that are, on average, several times closer to my artistic vision than any all-chemical photographic process can manage, making photography much more analogous to the human visual system than photography based solely on conventional chemical processes has ever been, yet without merely endeavoring to make good copies of the subject matter.
	www.josephholmes.com /processes.html (2860 words)

	Nevada Historical Society - The People - Photographic Processes
		Because of the slowness of early photographic printing papers, these large glass-plate negatives were printed directly on the paper without enlargement.
		Before 1900, photographic papers were printed in a contact printing frame with sunlight or a studio arc lamp.
		Developing out paper made possible the rapid mass-production of photographic images that could be sent through the mail as "post cards." The first color postcards were fl and white ink reproductions of photographs that were hand tinted.
	dmla.clan.lib.nv.us /docs/MUSEUMS/reno/expeople/process.htm (392 words)

	The alternative photographic process FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Alternative photographic processes are usually considered to be any photographic process that does not use the methods and technology of current silver -gelatin materials.
		The inking process involves first soaking the matrix (what the original print is called after bleaching and tanning) in water to induce the differential swelling of the gelatin.
		Contains illustrations of the major processes; a commentary on the plates; an identification key; a chart indicating the periods at which the processes flourished; and notes on the care of photographs.
	duke.usask.ca /~holtsg/photo/faq.html (6419 words)

	Research on the Conservation of Photographs (Conservation at the Getty)
		Chemical analysis of photographs is a major tool for identification of individual photographic processes.
		The research on the conservation of photographs project seeks to advance the identification of photographs and photographic processes beyond optical microscopy—the current standard methodology for identification of photographs.
		The consensus among participants was that there was a need for the development of an advanced methodology to identify photographs and photographic materials as a prerequisite for further development of treatment and preventive treatment of photographic material.
	www.getty.edu /conservation/science/photocon (524 words)

	Mike Ware's Alternative Photography: A Conspectus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The full gamut of photographic printing processes may be little-known to contemporary photographers, who have been educated largely within the mainstream of the silver-gelatine tradition.
		Compared with modern silver-gelatine printing, the conspicuous disadvantage of most alternative processes is their low 'speed' in the photographic sense, because the sensitivity of the coatings to light is about a million times less than that of bromide enlarging papers.
		If the photographer is given to the large-format ethos, the picture will be composed on the ground glass, in the knowledge that this is the real image that will fall on the film and not, as with viewfinder and reflex cameras, some optical derivative of it.
	www.mikeware.demon.co.uk /conspec.html (1352 words)

	Library Preservation at Harvard: Photographic Prints Workshop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Photographic prints, she explained, are made up of multiple components-usually the support layer (paper, for example, or plastic film); a binder layer (such as albumen, collodion, or gelatin), which binds the image to the support; and various materials that form the image itself (silver or pigment, for example).
		A number of photographic processes share similar characteristics and are difficult to distinguish from one another.
		Prints from a single process can look very different, and there are occasional exceptions to the rules.
	preserve.harvard.edu /news/conferences/photoprints.html (592 words)

	Early Photographic Processes - Tintype
		Both processes relied on the fact that a collodion negative appeared as a positive image when viewed against a dark surface.
		Larger tintypes in the UK were more likely to be produced by itinerant photographers (seaside etc.) because the tin was light and unbreakable and tintypes became more and more popular in the 1880s and 1890s and lasted until as late as the 1930s on some beaches.
		Tintype photographs were often produced by beach photographers.
	www.edinphoto.org.uk /1_early/1_early_photography_-_processes_-_tintype.htm (770 words)

	Amazon.com: Historic Photographic Processes: Books: Richard Farber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Historic Photographic Processes is a comprehensive user's guide to the historical processes that have become popular alternatives to modern and digital technology.
		Fine-art photographer Richard Farber incorporates extensive research with clearly-written directions and resource lists to provide in-depth information on eight of the most enduring processes in photographic history, including salted paper, albumen, cyanotype, kallitype, platinum/palladium, carbon/carbro, gum bichromate, and bromoil.
		Historic Photographic Processes: A Guide to Creating Handmade Photographic Images is a comprehensive user's guide to the historical processes that have become popular alternatives to modern and digital technology.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1880559935?v=glance (1803 words)

	Texas Photographic Society Alternative Processes Exhibit
		Amateur and professional photographers were invited to submit slides of their alternative processes works to the Texas Photographic Society (TPS) for the group’s Alternative Processes Traveling Exhibition.
		I like to define “alternative process” to mean any technique that utilizes light to express the artist’s intention, that incorporates the tools and methods from other disciplines (such as painting and printmaking), and that transports the unique qualities found in the photographic arts into new territory; including digital imaging and Piezography.
		As our beloved wet lab process gets in line to meet its inevitable successor, be assured that it will not disappear but simply be adopted, as a personal alternative process of choice, by those artists who can think of no better way to express their vision.
	www.texasphoto.org /TPSExAltProcess.html (717 words)

	Flury and Company - Edward S. Curtis - Photographic Processes
		This term refers to the original photographs, not photogravures, sold by the Curtis studio with an ink signature.
		This term refers to photographs printed by the photographer, or under his/her supervision, within the general time frame in which they were first exposed.
		Vintage photographs have greater value than images printed in recent years from the original negatives or plates.
	www.fluryco.com /curtis/process6.htm (98 words)

	Newsletter 16.2 Summer 2001 (Conservation at the Getty)
		The ultimate aim of the project is to provide a foundation for the later development of new tools to diagnose the causes of deterioration of photographic materials, and for the development of new treatment and preventive conservation strategies for these materials.
		The project focuses on the characterization of photographic materials, with the objective of advancing methods to identify photographic processes and postprocessing treatment of photographs (as needed for the development of appropriate conservation and treatment strategies).
		The photographs, which are primarily salt prints or albuminized salt prints, are in various states of preservation.
	www.getty.edu /conservation/publications/newsletters/16_2/gcinews1.html (1029 words)

	Early Photographic Processes - Carbon Print
		The carbon process was used by the Autotype Company from 1866 until the end of the century.
		He said that the carbon process was one of the earliest (dating from somewhere in the eighteen-fifties) but had been until recently comparatively neglected.
		A H Baird, in his journal 'Photographic Chat' in December 1902 commented on the steady increase in popularity of the carbon process, less due to its reputation for permanence than due to its ability to produce uniform coloured tones and a wide range of gradation.
	www.edinphoto.org.uk /1_early/1_early_photography_-_processes_-_carbon_print.htm (1535 words)

	AlternativePhotography.com : History of Alternative photographic processes
		France: The invention of Daguerrotypes is publicly announced, sold to the French government and released to the public.
		Kallitype printing is found in Sir John Herschel's paper On the Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Vegetable Colours, and on Some New Photographic Processes.
		Nicol patented the first iron-silver process and he is widely considered to be the inventor of the kallitype.
	www.alternativephotography.com /articles/art008.html (813 words)

	Amazon.de: Historic Photographic Processes: A Guide to Creating Handmade Photographic Images: English Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The title is a little misleading since it says "historical processes." The book focuses on photo processes that are used largely in art photography and do not involve the normally used silver paper or color paper.
		Yes, many of these processes were used for photography in its earlier years and are "historical," but these processes are most often referred to as "alternative photography" now.
		Another plus is that Farber covers some of the lesser known processes, such as the Ware cyanotype, argyrotype and printing-out platinum/palladium process.
	www.amazon.de /exec/obidos/ASIN/1880559935 (625 words)

	Amazon.com: Alternative Photographic Processes: A Working Guide for Image Makers: Books: Randall Webb,Martin Reed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Photographers Webb and Reed teach about albumen printing, cyanotypes, bromoil transfer, and many other approaches to making photographs.
		Valuable to anyone who wishes to make photographs safely and competently using these varied processes, the book will also appeal to those who want to learn more about these methods.
		"...amply illustrated...provides an overview of alternative printing processes, including several nearly forgotten traditional processes, such as salt printing and photo etching....takes a straightforward, how-to approach to each of these unique and often complicated processes in a series of short chapters.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1883403707?v=glance (780 words)

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