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Topic: Photoreceptor cell

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	How To Fix an Eye
		The photoreceptor cells, both rods and cones, seem particularly susceptible to injury as they are often the first cells to degenerate or suffer damage.
		Mller cells are an example of a class of non-neuronal cell called glia, which traverse the entire retina in a radial direction from the ganglion cells to the photoreceptor cell bodies.
		Macrophages (phagocytic cells found in the wall of blood vessels and in loose connective tissues) are known to produce many different growth factors, some of which could have the ability to promote photoreceptor cell survival.
	www.accessexcellence.org /LC/SS/vision_background.html (3346 words)

	Photoreceptor cell -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In rod cells these together are called (A red photopigment in the retinal rods of vertebrates; dissociates into retinene by light) rhodopsin.
		The function of the photoreceptor cell is to convert the light energy into a form of energy more readily usable or functional to the organism: this conversion is called (Click link for more info and facts about signal transduction) signal transduction.
		The signal-transduction pathway in this case is the mechanism by which the energy of a photon signals a mechanism in the cell that leads to its electrical polarization.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/ph/photoreceptor_cell.htm (428 words)

	Webvision: Photoreceptors
		Thus, the depolarized photoreceptor releases neurotransmitter (thought to be the amino acid glutamate) from its synaptic terminals upon second-order neurons in the dark.
		Rod photoreceptors, thought at one time not to light adapt, are now known to adapt over a range of 2 log units of background intensity and combined with a network adaptation through the whole visual system, allows as much as 5 log units of background intensity adaptation in rod driven vision (Yau, 1994).
		Photoreceptor outer segment discs are phagocytosed by the pigment epithelium in a diurnal cycle.
	webvision.med.utah.edu /photo1.html (1648 words)

	Cell Biology and Genetics :: Research Interests
		These studies are extended to investigate a light damaged rat retina in vivo model for photoreceptor cell death in retinal dystrophies and an elevated intra-ocular pressure induced model of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in glaucoma.
		In glaucoma, a culture of retinal ganglion cells to test the hypothesis that "ischemia and or neurotrophin deprivation results in oxidative stress to cause ganglion cell apoptosis in glaucoma" is being established.
		The photoreceptor cells derived from transformed progenitor cell populations will be transplanted into diseased rodent eyes and their functional capacity will be assessed by microscopic and visual tests.
	www.hsc.unt.edu /departments/cellbiogen/resinterests.cfm (1392 words)

	Bode, Mol Vis 2003; 9:144-150.
		Apoptotic cell death in the tubby mouse retina was investigated in comparison to wild type retina during retinal differentiation and in the mature retina.
		The apoptotic cell death of photoreceptor cells in the outer nuclear layer determined by TUNEL-labeling was confirmed by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation (DNA ladder) of genomic DNA (Figure 1F).
		To explain the discrepancy between the reduction of cell number in the photoreceptor layer and the number of observed apoptotic cells, it has been suggested that apoptotic retinal cells may be quickly removed from the degeneration retina by phagocytic microglial cells [28-32].
	www.molvis.org /molvis/v9/a21 (3754 words)

	NYTREV
		Cells in the outer retina are therfore not so much designed to pass on information about the absolute intensity of light at a point in the field of view, but to be able to make measurements of relative changes in light intensity throughout a range of background levels of light.
		In the photoreceptor this gradient is maintained by a membrane transport protein that continuously exports calcium and potassium ions from the cell interior in exchange for entry sodium ions from outside the cell.
		At the synapse between the Off bipolar cell and the photoreceptor, glutamate binds to a receptor-operated channel which is permeable to positively charged ions, or cations, and the resulting influx of these ions causes the post-synaptic membrane of the dendrites to become depolarized.
	www.cellscience.com /NYTREV.htm (6781 words)

	Mechanisms of Photoreceptor Cell Apoptosis Induced by N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea in Sprague-Dawley Rats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Photoreceptor cell death was evoked in all treated rats.
		After MNU treatment, 7-methyldeoxyguanosine DNA adduct was detected selectively in photoreceptor cell nuclei at 12 hours, followed by photoreceptor cell apoptosis as confirmed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-digoxigenin nick-end labeling signals which peaked at 24 hours and continued until day 7 when several layers of photoreceptor cell nuclei were left.
		Therefore MNU-induced photoreceptor cell death was attributed to DNA adduct formation restricted to photoreceptor cell nuclei leading to photoreceptor cell apoptosis by up-regulation of Bax protein, down-modulation of Bcl-2 protein, and activation of caspases 3, 6, and 8.
	info.med.yale.edu /labinvest/abstracts/99months/9911Nov/9911_1359.html (229 words)

	Pharyngula::Rhabdomeric and ciliary eyes
		The increase in membrane surface area in ciliary photoreceptors, the kind of receptor we vertebrates use, is by modification of the cilium, a process that extends from the cell.
		Paralogy of effector genes of rhabdomeric and ciliary photoreceptor cells.
		Early metazoans possessed a single type of precursor PRC [photoreceptor cell] that used an ancestral opsin for light detection and was involved in photoperiodicity control and possibly in phototaxis.
	pharyngula.org /index/weblog/comments/rhabdomeric_and_ciliary_eyes (1889 words)

	Evolution of eyes and photoreceptor cell types (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the eye, the various types of photoreceptor cells, as well as pigment and lens cells, each require distinct combinations of specifying transcription factors that control their particular differentiation programmes, such as opsin expression in photoreceptors, specific neurotransmitter metabolism, or axonal outgrowth.
		This is exemplified here on the evolution of ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells in bilaterian eyes and on the evolution of cell type diversity in the vertebrate retina.
		I propose that the retinal ganglion, amacrine and horizontal cells are evolutionary sister cell types that evolved from a common rhabdomeric photoreceptor cell precursor.
	www.ijdb.ehu.es /abstract.03078/a563.htm (206 words)

	ISIS News no.3 index
		It is taken up by phagocytosis – a kind of eating response in which the cell envelops the material – and is then either metabolised to generate energy and raw materials for building the cell, or it may be incorporated into the genome of the cell.
		The lymphoid cells were killed by an irradiation procedure or a drug that fragmented DNA, and then added to cultures of human fibroblasts, macrophages, or bovine aortic endothelial cells.
		Cells taking up naked DNA include germ cells, so people receiving vaccinations may be receiving germ-line genetic modification at the same time.
	www.i-sis.org.uk /i-sisnews3.htm (8667 words)

	RP and MD Linked by Photoreceptor Cell Loss (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Photoreceptors are the light sensitive cells in the retina that begin phototransduction - the process of turning light into an electrical signal that is transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
		Cone cells are densely concentrated in the macula, the center of the retina.
		Once cone cells in the macula degenerate, individuals with MD are left to discern the indistinct images that enter their periphery.
	members.iquest.net /~macihms/SpecialInfo/Rpmdlink.html (375 words)

	Ask A Scientist - Cell Specialization
		Thus, cells must be shaped to perform specific functions in the context of the organism.
		For example, each photoreceptor cell is slender and long, and encases a stack of membranous discs.
		Some cells in your stomach are specialized to secrete mucus that protects your stomach wall from the extremely acidic stomach contents.
	www.hhmi.org /cgi-bin/askascientist/highlight.pl?kw=&file=answers/developmental/ans_003.html (838 words)

	Xin Zhang, PhD
		Many studies have demonstrated that the function of Pax6 is critically required in vertebrate eye field specification, lens induction and retinal cell differentiation.
		Highlighting this, PAX6 heterozygosity is the underlying cause of the human ocular disease aniridia, which includes iris hypoplasia, corneal opacification, cataracts and glaucoma.
		Furthermore, a specific cell differentiation defect is detected in the Pax6 knockout, where glucagon-producing cells are absent, and islet structure is disrupted.
	www.iupui.edu /~medgen/faculty/zhang.html (409 words)

	The Foundation Fighting Blindness - Kids Corner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Photoreceptor Cells: The light sensitive cells in the retina that absorb light and convert it into an electrical signal that is passed to the brain.
		Retinitis pigmentosa causes the degeneration of photoreceptor cells in the retina.
		Stem cells have now been isolated and are being evaluated as a potential source for RPE and photoreceptor cells for transplants.
	www.blindness.org /kidscorner/glossary.htm (1275 words)

	Bax Is Not the Heterodimerization Partner Necessary for Sustained Anti-photoreceptor-Cell-Death Activity of Bcl-2 -- ...
		Overexpression of Bax induced a gradient of photoreceptor cell death in transgenic retinas.
		The dark bands correspond to photoreceptor nuclei stained with a dye and demonstrate the gradient of Bax-induced photoreceptor cell death.
		Photoreceptor cell counts were taken within 200-µm spans of four quadrants of the retina, corresponding to the numbers shown on the photomicrograph at right.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/43/5/1636 (5400 words)

	TOPOGRAPHY OF THE PHOTORECEPTOR CELL OF VISION
		The active elements of the photoreceptor cell, the Activas, are located within the individual dendritic structures of the cell and just inside the cell body near the colax (also known as the ciliary collar in morphology).
		Following extrusion, the disk stack forming the main structure of the Outer Segment leaves the photoreceptor cell environs and is immersed in the Inter-Photoreceptor cell Matrix (IPM) until is arrives at the phagocytosis cup of the RPE.
		The disk stack is not surrounded by a cell membrane while it is in the IPM although it is coated with a variety of nutrients supplied from the RPE layer.
	www.4colorvision.com /files/pc-topography.htm (432 words)

	Cells From The Iris... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The procedure caused the iris cells to express rhodopsin, a substance in the retina that adapts the eye to changes in light.
		RPE cells support photoreceptor cell function by shuttling nutrients, oxygen and various survival factors to the photoreceptor cell layer.
		Further, If these cells would be used in an autologous transplant setting (where the patient was the donor), then it would have to be clear that the iris cells don't carry the same genetic defect that the photoreceptor or RPE cells carry.
	www.mdsupport.org /library/iris_cells.html (569 words)

	The Rockefeller University - Laboratory of Apoptosis and Cancer Biology
		To understand cell specification and differentiation, it is therefore important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in generating the unique expression patterns of these genes.
		Altogether these studies demonstrate that 1) different cell death pathways can be stimulated at different stages of development and; 2) the same cell death pathway will have different efficiency depending on the cellular type and the stage of development in which it is activated.
		To identify new genes to that control cell death in terminally differentiated neurons, we conducted a dominant modifier screen of dp53-induced PR death.
	www.rockefeller.edu /labheads/steller/mollereau/photoreceptor.php (1834 words)

	Non-Cell-Autonomous Photoreceptor Degeneration in rds Mutant Mice Mosaic for Expression of a Rescue Transgene -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		photoreceptors are a subtype of neurons, non-cell-autonomous degeneration
		Nir I, Papermaster DS (1986) Immunocytochemical localization of opsin in the inner segment and ciliary plasma membrane of photoreceptors in retinas of rds mutant mice.
		Travis GH (1998) Mechanisms of cell death in the inherited retinal degenerations.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/18/11/4076 (3972 words)

	The Evolution of the Human Eye (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The close proximity of the choroidal blood supply to the photoreceptor cells without any extra intervening tissue or space such as nerves and ganglion cells (ie: from a “verted” system) allows the most rapid and efficient delivery of vital nutrients and the removal of the tremendous quantities of waste generated.
		The cells that remove this waste and re-supply several needed elements to the photoreceptors are the RPE cells.
		All of these functions require large amounts of energy and so the RPE cells, like the photoreceptor cells, must be in close proximity to a very good blood supply, which of course they are.
	naturalselection.0catch.com /Files/humaneye.html (4436 words)

	PHOTORECEPTOR CELL BIOLOGY AND INHERITED RETINAL DEGENERATIONS
		Cell and Molecular Biology/ Genetics and Genomics/ Structural Biology
		This important book presents review articles on the cell biology of photoreceptor and RPE cells, as well as the relationship between this cell biology and inherited photoreceptor degeneration.
		For the cell biologist, there are articles on topics such as protein targeting, molecular motors, and phagocytosis placed in the functional context of two of the most specialized cells in the body.
	www.worldscibooks.com /lifesci/5557.html (361 words)

	Brigham and Women's Division of Genetics - Maas Lab
		Hoxa-10 regulates uterine stromal cell responsiveness to progesterone during implantation and decidualization in the mouse.
		Shh signaling within the dental epithelium is necessary for cell proliferation, growth and polarization.
		Gene expression profiling reveals progestrone-mediated cell cycle and immunoregulatory roles of Hoxa-10 in the pre-implantation uterus.
	genetics.bwh.harvard.edu /genetics/labs/Maas/publications.html (2184 words)

	Photoreceptor Cell Apoptosis in the Retinal Degeneration of Uchl3-Deficient Mice -- Sano et al. 169 (1): 132 -- ...
		Photoreceptor Cell Apoptosis in the Retinal Degeneration of Uchl3-Deficient Mice -- Sano et al.
		Photoreceptor Cell Apoptosis in the Retinal Degeneration of Uchl3-Deficient Mice
		Increased number of TUNEL-positive cells in mutant mice at P10 correspond to apoptosis in the inner nuclear layer (C), whereas that in 3w, 6w, and 8w is reflected to apoptosis in the outer nuclear layer (D).
	ajp.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/full/169/1/132 (4662 words)

	Topography of different photoreceptor cell types in the larval retina of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) ...
		The cellular identities of the different photoreceptors in the retina of Atlantic halibut larvae at the end of the yolk-sac period (40 days post-hatching) were investigated by in situ hybridisation analysis with RNA probes for the four different Atlantic halibut cone opsins: ultraviolet (A,B), blue (C,D), green (E,F) and red (G,H).
		Expression patterns in tangential sections from the central retina are with blue, green and red opsin probes, respectively, while tangential sections in the ventral retina are with ultraviolet opsin probe.
		The various photoreceptors were visualised by in situ hybridisation analysis with specific opsin probes: ultraviolet (A,B), blue (C), green (D), red (E) and rod (F).
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/204/14/2553 (3552 words)

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