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Topic: Photosensitive epilepsy

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	Seizures and Epilepsy: Hope Through Research: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
		Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain sometimes signal abnormally.
		Epilepsy is not contagious and is not caused by mental illness or mental retardation.
		Epilepsy syndromes are frequently described by their symptoms or by where in the brain they originate.
	www.ninds.nih.gov /disorders/epilepsy/detail_epilepsy.htm (11833 words)

	Photosensitive Epilepsy
		Photosensitive epileptics have with a peak age of onset of 10-14 years, are mostly woman, and experience a decline in the photosensitivity after 25 years of age (3).
		In patients with epilepsy, this normal pattern is interrupted sometimes by sudden and unusually intense bursts of electrical energy, which may briefly affect a person's consciousness, bodily movements, or sensation (4).
		The epilepsy trigger area in the brain of photosensitive individuals is connected to the visual processing area of the brain and is sensitive to a trigger stimulus, which is a light display flashing between 10 and 30 time per second.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro99/web1/Cenedella.html (1181 words)

	Photosensitive epilepsy
		Photosensitivity with generalized seizures may accompany idiopathic generalized epilepsies with spontaneous seizures, especially juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and is typical in eyelid myoclonia with absences.
		Photosensitivity is not typical of idiopathic occipital lobe epilepsies either of the Panayiotopoulos or Gastaut type and is not typically associated with fixation-off sensitivity; sensitivity to flicker is unusual in these conditions despite the florid occipital EEG epileptiform activity (Panayiotopoulos 1998).
		Photosensitive epilepsies are usually diagnosed in childhood or adolescence.
	www.ilae-epilepsy.org /visitors/centre/ctf/photosensitive_epilepsy.html (3993 words)

	Photosensitive Epilepsy
		Photosensitivity describes a sensitivity to flashing or flickering lights, usually of high intensity, which are pulsating in a regular pattern.
		Photosensitive epilepsy most commonly affects children, and usually appears between the ages of 8 and 20 years.
		Photosensitive epilepsy is largely a genetically determined, although its inheritance is complex.
	www.epilepsytoronto.org /photo.html (1144 words)

	International League Against Epilepsy
		The etiology of this epilepsy syndrome is unknown.
		Outcome studies in generalized photosensitive epilepsies, conducted regardless of the specific epileptic syndrome, indicate that although seizures are well-controlled in most, a photoparoxysmal response persists through early adulthood in at least two thirds of patients (Binnie and Jeavons 1992; Harding et al 1997).
		Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes.
	www.ilae-epilepsy.org /Visitors/Centre/ctf/idio_photo_occi_lobe.cfm (3361 words)

	Epilepsy is said to affect 20-40 million people worldwide... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Killam's discovery of the photosensitive epilepsy of the baboon Papio papio among 10 animal in the Gambia was rapidly confirmed in a study of 100 animals (17).
		The guidelines for neuro-imaging in epilepsy are clearly defined-partial seizures,progressive or fixed neurological or psychological deficit,onset of generalised seizures before the age of 1 year and after 20 years,uncontrolled seizures with anti-epileptic drugs,loss of seizure control or status epilepticus in spite of good compliance.
		Epileptic photosensitivity disappears gradually in most patients usually in the 3rd decade.Pure photosensitive epilepsy has the best prognosis.Most patients with IPS-induced epileptiform discharges show subtle but visible ictal signs but are unaware of them.The data suggests that patients with a generalised epileptiform response to laboratory IPS are likely to have epileptic seizures in later life.
	www.indegene.com /Ped/FeatArt/indPedFeatArt19.html (2501 words)

	NSE : Information on epilepsy : Photosensitive epilepsy
		This is a fairly rare condition and is known as photosensitive epilepsy.
		Photosensitivity is more common in children and adolescents and becomes less common from the mid twenties onwards.
		People with photosensitive epilepsy may also have seizures without flashing lights, although there are some people who only have seizures due to this trigger.
	www.epilepsynse.org.uk /pages/info/leaflets/photo.cfm (694 words)

	Reflex Epilepsies : Epilepsy.com
		Reflex epilepsies are a group of epilepsy syndromes in which a certain stimulus brings on seizures.
		Photosensitive epilepsy usually begins in childhood and is often (but not always) outgrown before adulthood.
		But usually people with reflex epilepsies require medication because their seizure triggers are unavoidable in everyday life or they also experience seizures without detectable causes.
	www.epilepsy.com /epilepsy/epilepsy_reflex.html (714 words)

	Photosensitive Epilepsy Analysis Tool (PEAT) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Epilepsy is the most commonly known type of photosensitive seizure disorder, but there are others as well.
		Photosensitive seizure disorder is twice as common in females as in males and is a function of binocular vision.
		Epilepsy Action – site maintained by the British Epilepsy Association, includes information about photosensitive epilepsy and television and other triggers of photosensitive epilepsy.
	trace.wisc.edu /peat/photosensitive.htm (347 words)

	Photosensitive Epilepsy
		However there are a small number of people with photosensitive epilepsy who may have a seizure while working on computers.
		For the majority of people with epilepsy, working in front of a computer monitor will not be a problem and will not result in an increase in seizures.
		There is a rare condition called photosensitive epilepsy in which seizures may be triggered by flashing or flickering lights or by certain geometric shapes and patterns.
	homepage.eircom.net /~ictadvisor/epilepsy.htm (606 words)

	Medical disclaimer, Light and Sound, Photosonix, Signal Hill, California, United States
		Photosensitive Epilepsy is a relatively rare condition, affecting approximately 1 person in 4000.
		Epilepsy is a condition characterized by recurrent seizures.
		If flickering lights and photosensitivity was the cause of the seizure, then the patient knows he/she should avoid flickering lights in the future, but probably no other life style changes will be required and the diagnosis of epilepsy is not appropriate (see reference 1, page 139).
	www.photosonix.com /medical_disclaimer.htm (1707 words)

	Light & Sound Systems and Seizures
		Photosensitivity is rare enough in the general population that most books on seizures and epilepsy do not even mention it.
		A photosensitive mother has a one in four chance of having a photosensitive child, and having a photosensitive sibling raises the odds of photosensitivity.
		If flickering lights and photosensitivity was the cause of the seizure, then the patient knows he/she should avoid flickering lights in the future, but probably no other life style changes will be required and the diagnosis of epilepsy is not appropriate.
	www.mindmachines.com /AVsJournal/article-LightSoundSystemsSeizures.htm (2936 words)

	Professor warns that Nintendo games may cause epileptic seizures in photosensitive children
		Photosensitive epilepsy is the name given to that form of epilepsy in which seizures are provoked by flickering light or intermittent light stimulation and visual patterns encountered in everyday life.
		It is often assumed that everybody with epilepsy is photosensitive, but only 5 per cent of people with epilepsy are.
		The onset of photosensitive epilepsy occurs below the age of 20 years and the condition appears to be most common between the ages of 9 and 15.
	www.aston.ac.uk /about/news/releases/2004/april/040423.jsp (862 words)

	Photosensitive epilepsy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Photosensitive epilepsy is a form of epilepsy in which seizures are triggered by visual stimuli that form patterns in time or space, such as flashing lights, bold, regular patterns, or regular moving patterns.
		Of all persons who have been diagnosed as epileptic, between three and five percent are known to be of the photosensitive type (approximately two people per 10,000 of the general population).
		Photosensitive epilepsy was again brought to public attention in late 1997 when the Pokémon episode "Electric Soldier Porygon" was broadcast in Japan, showing a sequence of flickering images that triggered seizures simultaneously in hundreds of susceptible viewers (although mass hysteria caused 12,000 children to report seizure-like syndromes).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Photosensitive_epilepsy (1384 words)

	Photosensitive Epilepsy (PSE) - What You Should Know
		Photosensitivity is sensitivity to flickering or intermittent light stimulation and visual patterns.
		The most common trigger for photosensitive epilepsy in Europe is the domestic television set.
		The onset of photosensitive epilepsy in an individual occurs typically around the time of puberty; in the age group 7 to 20 years the condition is five times as common as in the general population.
	www.rense.com /general63/wwjt.htm (680 words)

	Soloaphoto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		I have had photosensitive epilepsy for the past 16 years and have faced many problems because of it.
		Photosensitivity therefore can be defined as recurrent convulsions precipitated by visual stimuli.” (Harding and Jeavons, 1994) Approximately 1 in 200 of the population has epilepsy and of these only a few per cent have photosensitive epilepsy.
		Although for those who have photosensitive epilepsy life can be restricted, it is still a relatively rare condition and unnecessary constraints on people’s lifestyles should be avoided.
	www.epilepsysupport.org.uk /Html/Information/Articles/photosen.htm (771 words)

	eMedicine - Reflex Epilepsy : Article Excerpt by: Joseph F Hulihan, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Photosensitive epilepsy is the most common type of reflex epilepsy; seizures occur when an individual is exposed to visual stimuli, usually flashes of light of a particular frequency.
		Audiogenic seizures characterize genetic reflex epilepsies in predisposed strains of mice, rats, and birds.
		Photosensitive epilepsy, like the majority of generalized epilepsies, generally manifests in childhood or adolescence.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/byname/reflex-epilepsy.htm (542 words)

	Epilepsy
		It has been known for people with epilepsy have to be brought into the casualty ward with seizures, because they have been playing sport and haven't eaten.
		It is not uncommon to find that a person with a mild epilepsy, who is seizure free, does not want to have it known that he has epilepsy.
		The person with epilepsy should tell those at his work place that he has epilepsy, if there is a risk of seizures occurring at work.
	www.epilepsy.dk /Handbook/Living-with-epilepsy-uk.asp (1380 words)

	Video Games Induced Seizures
		Photosensitive epilepsy is far more common in children than in adults.
		The typical age at which photosensitive epilepsy emerges is between 9 and 15 years.
		Rather, children with undiagnosed epilepsy may also be photosensitive, and may experience their first seizure while playing a video game.
	www.jimsokolove.com /case_types/general/video-games/index.php (740 words)

	eMedicine - Reflex Epilepsy : Article by Joseph F Hulihan, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Seizures occurring in photosensitive epilepsy are the most common type of visually induced seizures.
		In humans, musicogenic epilepsy is the term for a condition in which seizures are produced by tones or music.
		Wieser HG: Seizure induction in reflex seizures and reflex epilepsy.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/topic687.htm (2377 words)

	Epilepsy
		Photosensitive Epilepsy Fact sheet from the Epilepsy Association of Scotland.
		American Epilepsy Society Research and education for professionals dedicated to the prevention, treatment and cure of epilepsy.
		Walking for epilepsy The journey of Karla Brown who walked 9000 miles across America to raise people's awareness of epilepsy.
	members.tripod.com /~pex/epilepsy.html (403 words)

	Epilepsy: Signs and symptoms - MayoClinic.com
		This type of epilepsy is characterized by seizures that begin as partial — often affecting the face and tongue, causing drooling and speech problems — and then progress to tonic-clonic convulsions.
		Benign rolandic epilepsy appears most often in children younger than age 15, and is almost always in remission within five years of the first seizure.
		People with a type of reflex epilepsy have seizures that are triggered by certain stimuli, most often intense, flickering or flashing light (photosensitive epilepsy).
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/epilepsy/DS00342/DSECTION=2 (1346 words)

	Epilepsy Newfoundland and Labrador - Learn About Epilepsy
		Television is by nature a flickering medium, and can pose a risk to viewers with photosensitive epilepsy.
		Natural light sources are just as likely to trigger seizures in a photosensitive individual as artificial ones.
		If something on television or elsewhere causes you to have a photosensitive seizure, bring it to the attention of the station or company responsible and/or to Epilepsy Newfoundland and Labrador.
	www.nfld.net /epilepsy/laephotosensitive.html (1191 words)

	ScienceDaily: Color Changes In TV Cartoons Cause Seizures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Although photosensitive epilepsy is not a new phenomenon, the events in Japan appear to be unprecedented.
		One Third Of Epilepsy Patients Found To Have Sleep Apnea (October 13, 2000) -- As much as a third of people with epilepsy may also have undiagnosed sleep apnea, a potentially serious but treatable condition marked by interruptions in breathing during sleep, according to a new...
		Epilepsy -- Epilepsy (often referred to as a seizure disorder) is a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1999/06/990601080722.htm (1615 words)

	Cross polarised spectacles in photosensitive epilepsy -- JAIN et al. 82 (8): 974 -- British Journal of Ophthalmology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Photosensitive epilepsy was first reported by Gowers in 1885 who described a girl who had attacks when going into
		Closing one eye is known to be an effective way of avoiding photosensitive epilepsy.
		A controlled study of the effect of sodium valproate on photosensitive epilepsy and its prognosis.
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/82/8/974 (749 words)

	Lack of cortical contrast gain control in human photosensitive epilepsy - Nature Neuroscience
		To better understand the triggering elements of visual stimuli and cortical mechanisms of hyperexcitability, we examined eleven patients with idiopathic photosensitive epilepsy by recording visually evoked potentials (VEPs) in response to temporally modulated patterns of different contrast.
		Binnie, C. D., Findlay, J. and Wilkins, A. Mechanisms of epileptogenesis in photosensitive epilepsy implied by the effects of moving patterns.
		Binnie, C. and Wilkins, A. in Reflex Epilepsies and Reflex Seizures.
	www.nature.com /neuro/journal/v3/n3/full/nn0300_259.html (3529 words)

	Epilepsy Action: Photosensitive Epilepsy and Web Design
		Epilepsy Action is a working name of British Epilepsy Association.
		Some people with photosensitive epilepsy can have a seizure triggered by displays that flicker, flash, or blink, particularly if the flash has a high intensity and is within certain frequency ranges.
		"People with photosensitive epilepsy can have seizures triggered by flickering or flashing in the 4 to 59 flashes per second (Hertz) range with a peak sensitivity at 20 flashes per second as well as quick changes from dark to light (like strobe lights)."
	www.epilepsy.org.uk /info/photo_web.html (432 words)

	Photosensitive Epilepsy - Cambridge University Press
		Photosensitive epilepsy is a relatively rare condition in which convulsions are precipitated by visual stimuli.
		The authors have spent almost 30 years studying this condition and have assembled the largest cohort of patients ever studied by one centre.
		In addition there is advice on procedures to reduce the risk of stimulation from television as well as such factors as the genetics of photosensitivity.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=1898683026 (286 words)

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