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Topic: Phototoxic

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	Altweb: ECVAM Reports
		Phototoxicity is an acute toxic response elicited after the first exposure of skin to certain chemicals and subsequent exposure to light/UV radiation, or that is similarly induced by skin irradiation after the systemic administration of a chemical (the photosensitiser).
		In this organism, phototoxicity can easily and cheaply be tested qualitatively and quantitatively, directly on plates with complete growth medium or after plating of exposed cell suspensions, by measuring the density of the outgrowing cells or colony forming ability (clonogenic survival; 37).
		An established absence of a phototoxic action in relevant investigations is considered to be a strong indicator that the respective compound would be unlikely to possess photogenotoxic properties, although it may not be a sufficient criterion for forgoing testing.
	altweb.jhsph.edu /publications/ECVAM/ecvam42.htm (14650 words)

	Electronic Textbook of Dermatology--Botanical Dermatology , Phytophotodermatitis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Phototoxicity implies an immediate or delayed inflammatory reaction caused by the combination of a topical or oral photosensitizing agent followed by the appropriate wavelength of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) to the skin.
		The phototoxic ingredient was bergamot oil found in the fresh rind of Citrus bergamia, a small orange.
		A major cause of phototoxic reactions in the United States, especially in Florida and the desert southwest, is the rind of the Persian lime, Citrus aurantifolia.
	telemedicine.org /botanica/bot5.htm (3471 words)

	Phototoxic Fluorinated Pesticides. Fluoride Action Network Pesticide Project.
		Substances that are phototoxic in vivo after systemic application and distribution to the skin, as well as compounds that could act as phototoxicants after topical application to the skin can be identified by the test.
		The in vitro 3T3 NRU phototoxicity test is based on a comparison of the cytotoxicity of a chemical when tested in the presence and in the absence of exposure to a non-cytotoxic dose of UVA/vis light.
		Phototoxicity: an acute toxic response that is elicited after the first exposure of skin to certain chemicals and subsequent exposure to light, or that is induced similarly by skin irradiation after the systemic administration of a chemical.
	www.flouridealert.com /pesticides/effects.phototoxic.htm (2335 words)

	Phototoxic - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Phototoxicity is a phenomenon known in live-cell fluorescence microscopy, where illuminating a fluorescent molecule (the fluorescently active site is called a fluorophore) causes the selective death of the cells expressing it.
		While not completely understood, it seems to be clear that the main cause for phototoxicity is the formation of oxygen radicals due to non-radiative energy transfer.
		Phototoxicity in live cells depends strongly on the kind of fluorescent molecule used.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Phototoxic (286 words)

	Infotrieve Online
		Phototoxicity of visible light laser on the porphyrin-producing bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, in the absence of photosensitizers and under aerobic conditions was shown in previous studies.
		To elucidate the mechanism of this phototoxic effect, P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum were exposed to light (1) under aerobic and anaerobic environments and (2) in the presence of scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
		Phototoxic effect was not observed when the bacteria were exposed to light under anaerobic conditions.
	www4.infotrieve.com /newmedline/detail.asp?NameID=15960594&Session=&searchQuery=Fusobacterium&count=3424 (207 words)

	Phototoxic Fluorinated Pesticides. Fluoride Action Network Pesticide Project.
		Substances that are phototoxic in vivo after systemic application and distribution to the skin, as well as compounds that could act as phototoxicants after topical application to the skin can be identified by the test.
		The in vitro 3T3 NRU phototoxicity test is based on a comparison of the cytotoxicity of a chemical when tested in the presence and in the absence of exposure to a non-cytotoxic dose of UVA/vis light.
		Phototoxicity: an acute toxic response that is elicited after the first exposure of skin to certain chemicals and subsequent exposure to light, or that is induced similarly by skin irradiation after the systemic administration of a chemical.
	www.fluoridealert.org /pesticides/effects.phototoxic.htm (2335 words)

	Electronic Textbook of Dermatology--Botanical Dermatology , Phytophotodermatitis
		Phototoxicity implies an immediate or delayed inflammatory reaction caused by the combination of a topical or oral photosensitizing agent followed by the appropriate wavelength of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) to the skin.
		A major cause of phototoxic reactions in the United States, especially in Florida and the desert southwest, is the rind of the Persian lime, Citrus aurantifolia.
		Phototoxic reactions were also reported among day camp children in Maryland using Persian limes to make sweet-smelling pomander balls.
	www.telemedicine.org /botanica/bot5.htm (3471 words)

	Sun sensitizing (photosensitizing) and essential oils.
		Sun sensitivity (phototoxicity) or otherwise also known as photosensitization occurs when an agent, in our case certain essential oils, are used and they cause the skin to be more sensitive to sunlight (actually any ultra violet - UV - light) and one would therefore burn and damage more easily.
		The main culprits causing phototoxicity are the oils from the citrus family, when they are extracted by direct expression and without distillation.
		Oils like bergamot, lime and bitter orange are severely phototoxic when used undiluted, but should they be used in very low dilutions the sun sensitizing effect is negated to a large degree.
	www.essentialoils.co.za /sun-sensitivity.htm (332 words)

	photoxic contact dermatitis
		Phototoxic contact dermatitis is a sunburn-like skin disorder resulting from direct tissue damage following the ultraviolet light-induced activation of a phototoxic agent.
		Rare manifestations of phototoxic contact dermatitis present as photo-onycholysis, slate-gray hyperpigmentation (due to amiodarone and tricyclic antidepressants) and lichenoid eruptions (reported with quinine and quinidine).
		Patient history regarding exposure to potential phototoxic agents and a careful examination of the clinical features (distribution of the lesions, sparing of sun-protected areas) are mandatory.
	eczema.dermis.net /content/e03typesof/e04photoxic/index_eng.html (225 words)

	Phototoxic Drug Induced Photosensitivity - Causes, Symptoms And Treatment
		Phototoxic, which can occur in all individuals and is essentially an exaggerated sunburn response (erythema, edema, vesicles, etc.).
		Phototoxic drug reactions are more frequent than photoallergic drug sensitivity.
		A phototoxic reaction usually has a rapid onset (within several hours after exposure to ultraviolet radiation) and presents as an exaggerated or intensified sunburn with erythema (redness), pain and prickling or burning.
	www.skin-disorders.net /diseases/phototoxic-drug-induced-photosensitivity.html (297 words)

	Research Update - PositiveHealth.com
		The abilities of hexane extr acts of Echinacea to inhibit growth of different yeast strains, under near UV irradiation (phototoxicity) or without irradiation, were investigated.
		Phototoxic activity of Echinacea extracts was related to the presence of polyacetylenes and alkylamides.
		Specifically, the phototoxic activity of Echinacea species was attributed primarily to the ketoalkenes and ketoalkynes abundantly present in its roots.
	www.positivehealth.com /research-view.php?researchid=1617 (411 words)

	Review
		In this experiment, the neutral red assay was used to measure the phototoxic potential of plant extracts to human keratinocytes, a type of skin cell that makes up 95% of the epidermis.
		Several control substances with known phototoxicity were tested as well to confirm the validity of the assay.
		Phototoxicity increased in a dose-dependent and UVA-dose-dependent manner, as was expected.
	www.physiologics.com /herbclip/review.asp?i=43120 (548 words)

	DDS - Drug Development Solutions - Phototoxicity
		Phototoxicity research has advanced dramatically in the past 5 years, and the Photobiology Unit with Drug Development Solutions in Scotland, are a world-leader in both the conducting of, and consultation on, photobiology clinical trials.
		Professor James Ferguson, MD, FRCP is a recognized expert in the field of photobiology and in over 15 years, has performed phototox studies for the world's largest pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.
		When a drug is shown to be phototoxic, advice on how to protect against, and even prevent this problem is available at DDS.
	www.drugdevsol.com /phototoxicity.html (280 words)

	eMedicine - Phytophotodermatitis : Article by William P Baugh
		Phytophotodermatitis (PPD) is a cutaneous phototoxic inflammatory eruption resulting from contact with light-sensitizing botanical substances and long-wave ultraviolet (UV-A 320-380 nm) radiation.
		PPD is a phototoxic reaction entirely independent of the immune system; that is, PPD can occur in any individual, and prior sensitization or an intact immune system is not required.
		A phototoxic combination of sunlight and a psoralen-containing plant produced this bizarre linear vesicular eruption.
	www.emedicine.com /derm/topic324.htm (3017 words)

	Statements of Principles — Photocontact dermatitis
		"phototoxic agent" means a topical agent or substance, for example a chemical, which, when applied to an area of skin which is simultaneously exposed to light, causes dermatitis which is referred to as phototoxic contact dermatitis.
		"phototoxic contact dermatitis" means a type of contact dermatitis which develops on an area of the skin which has been simultaneously exposed to a phototoxic agent and light;
		"photocontact dermatitis" means phototoxic contact dermatitis or photoallergic contact dermatitis, which describes inflammation of an area of the skin due to a particular substance coming into contact with that part of the skin whilst that same part of the skin is exposed to light, attracting an ICD code of 692.72.
	www.dva.gov.au /pensions/statemnt/m024.htm (1150 words)

	The many faces of phytophotodermatitis
		Phytophotodermatitis is a common cutaneous phototoxic reaction produced by contact with a variety of plant substances, followed by sunlight exposure.
		Contact with plant-derived phototoxic substances (furanocoumarins or psoralens) followed by sunlight exposure produces the clinical lesions [1, 2].
		These phototoxic substances are found in various vegetable families (Umbilliferae, Moracea, Rutaceae, and Leguminous) [3, 4].
	dermatology.cdlib.org /127/commentary/phytophoto/almeida.html (584 words)

	Science in the box - Publications Details
		To determine the potential of a compound to elicit a phototoxic reaction, a mouse ear-swelling model, which uses a xenon arc ultraviolet (UV) solar simulator as the radiation source, was used.
		The phototoxic response to 8-methoxypsoralen was dependent upon the UVA dose and, when tested at a constant UVA dose, the response was concentration dependent.
		To obtain an optimal phototoxic response to 7-methoxycoumarin, both UVB and UVA radiation were required.
	www.scienceinthebox.com /cgi-bin/en_UK/searchresult_multiple_en.pl?elements=638 (246 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Using a double-blind controlled study method, 10 fluoroquinolones have been studied; most recently Clinafloxacin (400 mg/day) has demonstrated a marked phototoxic potential (phototoxic index range at 365 1 30 nm = 31-120; mean 82), the effect is maximal at 24 hours and is induced by UVA wavelengths (335 400 1 30 nm).
		Clinafloxacin phototoxicity was preventable to a significant degree using a broad spectrum sunblock.
		The phototoxic index values for a range of new agents will be presented and discussed.
	www.kumc.edu /POL/ASP_Home/Meetings/Annual2000/Sunday/view_abstract32.html (239 words)

	C-Health : Medications and your skin
		Phototoxic reactions appear as an exaggerated sunburn-like reaction only on sun exposed skin.
		The amount of medication required to cause a photoallergic reaction is considerably smaller than that required for phototoxic reactions.
		Moreover, photoallergic reactions can occur 24 to 72 hours after exposure to the medication and sunlight, whereas phototoxic responses often occur within minutes or hours of light exposure.
	chealth.canoe.ca /channel_section_details.asp?text_id=3077&channel_id=2003&relation_id=11997 (295 words)

	PERSONAL HEALTH - New York Times
		A phototoxic response can theoretically happen to anyone who is exposed to the particular combination of chemical and light.
		A phototoxic reaction can occur the first time a person is exposed to the chemical in question.
		Among the dyes that are phototoxic are fluorescein and rose bengal, used in lipsticks and in products used to reveal dental plaque.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E4D8173BF93BA35755C0A965948260&sec=health&pagewanted=print (1165 words)

	Drug-induced photosensitivity reactions reactions Drug Store News - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		the most common type of (1mg-induced photosensitivity reaction is the phototoxic type, where the offending agent is thought to act as a chromophore, absorbing ultraviolet radiation.
		Phototoxic photosensitivity reactions are dose-dependent and will occur in almost any one who takes or applies an adequate amount of the offending agent.
		Phototoxic photosensitivity reactions are not immunologically mediated, are not allergic reactions, can occur on first exposure to the agent and generally show no cross-sensitivity to chemically related agents.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3374/is_n11_v20/ai_20969544 (802 words)

	[No title]
		The influences on phototoxic reactions by bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) and UV-A by treating the skin with a membrane labilizing agent, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), and a membrane stabilizing agent, the steroid desoximethasone, are evaluated.
		In: Burns (1995 Nov) 21(7):542-3 ISSN: 0305-4179 Plants of the family Umbelliferae are known to cause a phytophotodermatitis due to a phototoxic reaction caused by furocoumarin (psoralens) and simultaneous exposure to sunlight.
		The minimal phototoxic erythema dose was determined to be lowest for abdominal and midback skin.
	www.swsbm.com /Abstracts/Heracleum-AB.txt (1741 words)

	[No title]
		To investigate the phototoxic effects of a mixture of the two most important furocoumarins in vegetables, after gastro-intestinal uptake, 8-MOP and 5-MOP (15 mg each) were ingested separately in a 50% alcoholic solution.
		This phototoxic threshold dose was not reached by the consumption of celery roots and other conventional vegetables under normal dietary habits (experimental intake of 2-8 mg per subject of the potentially phototoxic furocoumarin mixture).
		Foliar levels of phototoxic furanocoumarins (psoralen, bergapten, and xanthotoxin) in plants 87A-147-3 (406 micrograms/g), 87A-147-2 (292.9 micrograms/g), and the family 87A-338 (265.9 micrograms/g) were 22.6, 16.3, and 14.8 times higher, respectively, than the concentration known to produce contact dermatitis (18 micrograms/g).
	www.pinch.com /skin/docs/medline/celery.txt (1199 words)

	eMedicine - Drug-Induced Photosensitivity : Article by Alexandra Y Zhang, MD
		Phototoxic reactions occur because of the damaging effects of light-activated compounds on cell membranes and, in some instances, DNA.
		Phototoxic reactions develop in most individuals if they are exposed to sufficient amounts of light and drug.
		Thus, distinguishing phototoxic reactions from photoallergic reactions strictly based on physical appearance of the lesions may be difficult.
	www.emedicine.com /derm/topic108.htm (3679 words)

	Medina, A. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The phototoxic compounds 8-methoxypsoralen, tetracycline, promethazine and 6-methylcoumarine (weak phototoxicity), and the non-phototoxic compound sodium lauryl sulfate were tested.
		The response of the tissue to the application of the test articles in the presence and absence of UV light, was analyzed in terms of viability (LDH release), proinflmmatory activity (IL-8 and IL-1 alpha release and mRNA expresion) and morphology (histopathological analysis).
		Due to poor skin penetration, tetracycline was identified as phototoxic only after application in the culture medium, and not via the topical route.
	www.invitroderm.com /abstracts/medina2.htm (256 words)

	Discussion (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Interestingly, the phototoxic reactions occurred with a delay peaking from 8 to 12 h after irradiation, almost the same delay well known from phototoxic reactions on human skin [2].
		CF and PMZ are discussed as phototoxic substances in the literature [2-5].
		The PHET is a sensitive and inexpensive test procedure to investigate phototoxic reactions, which does not conflict with legal obligations, especially with respect to animal protection laws and it can help to reduce investigation on mammals.
	www-public.rz.uni-duesseldorf.de /~neumannt/discuss.htm (281 words)

	Outbreak of Phototoxic Dermatitis from Limes -- Maryland
		Outbreak of Phototoxic Dermatitis from Limes -- Maryland
		The rash, confined to the dorsa of the hands and extensor and flexor surfaces of the forearms and in the form of blotches, speckles, and streaks, was macular, hyperpigmented, and nonpruritic.
		During the process, oil glands in the lime skin probably ruptured, releasing chemicals in the oil known to cause phototoxicity on exposure to the sun (1-5).
	www.cdc.gov /MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/00017874.htm (674 words)

	The Fluoroquinolone Toxicity Research Foundation
		The phototoxic potential of eight fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ofloxacin, enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, tosufloxacin, sparfloxacin and gatifloxacin) was evaluated by using three in vitro methods of cytotoxicity against mammalian cells, erythrocyte lysis and DNA strand breakage.
		In particular, the phototoxic potential of sparfloxacin, enoxacin and lomefloxacin was high in both methods.
		Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enoxacin were very photohemolytic, but sparfloxacin was not, indicating that the in vivo phototoxic potencies of fluoroquinolones might not be predictable by the photohemolysis study.
	www.fqresearch.org /photo_2.htm (202 words)

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