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Topic: Phototropism

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	Botany online: Growth Movements - Phototropism
		Growth towards a source of light is called positive phototropism, that away from the source is termed negative phototropism.
		The dose-effect curve of the phototropism of etiolated Avena coleoptiles (schematic depiction).
		Phototropic reactions are characteristic for growing tissues, and are less easily detected in fully differentiated ones.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e32/32b.htm (661 words)

	Phototropism
		There are two kinds of phototropism: positive photropism, or the growth of a plant stem towards light, and negative phototropism, or the growth of a plant's roots away from light.
		Phototropic responses are caused by auxins, which modify cell walls within a plant to acheive phototropic effect.
		Phototropism was originally termed "heliotropism," or a plant's response to the sun.
	tn.essortment.com /phototropism_rdwn.htm (526 words)

	Phototropism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phototropism is directional plant growth in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction of the light source.
		Phototropism is one of the many plant tropisms or movements in response to external stimuli.
		Phototropism in plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana is regulated by blue light receptors called phototropins.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phototropism (458 words)

	Tropisms
		Charles Darwin and his son Francis discovered (in 1880) that the phototropic stimulus is detected at the tip of the plant.
		If they placed an opaque cover over the tip, phototropism failed to occur even though the rest of the coleoptile was illuminated from one side.
		This suggested that the chemical signal was a growth stimulant as the phototropic response involves faster cell elongation on the shady side than on the illuminated side.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Tropisms.html (1007 words)

	bending
		One of the earliest responses in the phototropism is phosphorylation of a membrane bound protein
		He isolated several mutants defective in phototropism, which were eventually found to be defective in the photoreceptor and also in the components of the signal transduction chain.
		Liscum E and Briggs WR (1995) Mutations in the NPH1 locus of Arabidopsis disrupt the perception of phototropic stimuli.
	phototropism.tripod.com /photo1.htm (2718 words)

	Untitled
		PHOTOTROPISM is defined as the growth of a shoot toward the light.
		Thoroughly understand phototropism (pages 675-676; 702-704), its significance to plants (why is this a good thing for plants to do?), the role of auxin in phototropism and Figures 28-1, 29-1 and 29-2.
		The bottom line on phototropism is as follows: under the influence of unilateral light (light coming from the side), auxin, which is produced in the coleoptile tip, migrates to the shady side of the coleoptile tip and then migrates down the coleoptile.
	www.botany.uga.edu /~darley/btny1210/Oct19Mon.htm (1431 words)

	INTERIORSCAPE.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Phototropism is one of those words that requires timing.
		Phototropism is the growth movement of an organism in response to light.
		Phototropism in itself is a complex and often studied topic of plant physiology.
	www.interiorscape.com /liu/liumj04.shtml (1540 words)

	GraPhoBox NL-Taxivlucht
		Phototropism is another major component in directional growth of the plant.
		It has been established that phototropism occurs mainly in the shoot, but light has also a negative effect on the direction of root growth.
		Furthermore, the mutual effects of phototropism and gravitropism resulting from this study can be used as a consideration when new experiments with plants are designed.
	www.desc.med.vu.nl /NL-taxi/GraPhoBox/GPB-page1.htm (1509 words)

	Phototropism Summary
		The tendency of plants to alter their growth in response to the direction of light shining on them is called phototropism.
		Phototropism or heliotropism are botanical terms for an organism's response to light (in the case of heliotropism, specifically the light from the Sun).
		Phototropism: The Thale Cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) is regulated by blue to UV light (plantphys.net)
	www.bookrags.com /Phototropism (140 words)

	Science Fair Project Phototropism
		I have read about experiments that show the effect of light on phototropism, and about experiments that use different colored lights to measure plant growth, but I have not seen the two combined.
		The results of the experiment were the plant grown in the box under sunlight had the highest average growth, the red light was second, the incandescent light was third, the plant light was fourth, and the fllight was last.
		Auxin is a hormone that tells the side of the plant with the most shade to grow longer than the other side.
	www.schoelles.com /Science/sciphototropism.htm (2715 words)

	Untitled Document
		Phototropism - the directional curvature of organs in response to lateral differences in light intensity and/or quality - represents one of the most rapid and visually obvious responses of plants to changes in their light environment (Liscum, 2002).
		Candi Galen in Biological Sciences, we are examining phototropism in Arabidopsis seedlings under greenhouse and field conditions and have already found that phototropism provides a dramatic fitness advantage during seedling establishment and early development (Galen et al., 2004), apparently through influences on root phototropism and subsequent drought tolerance (Galen et al., 2006).
		With respect to directionality, phototropic curvatures are oriented relative to the direction of the incident light, while nastic and circadian-regulated movements are not.
	www.biosci.missouri.edu /liscum/phototropism.html (4299 words)

	Phototropism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		These phototropic responses may instead be caused by a gradient of a growth inhibitor.
		The role of the blue light receptor in phototropism is discussed.
		The author then describes evidence that a sequence of short pulses of blue light (a few seconds) followed by longer darker periods (15 minutes) can be summed by the plant to produce larger curvatures than exposure to continuous blue light for the same total time.
	www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk /references/ref7.htm (236 words)

	Primary Inhibition of Hypocotyl Growth and Phototropism Depend Differently on Phototropin-Mediated Increases in ...
		phototropic responses of stems (Briggs and Huala, 1999
		The kinetics of phototropic curvature and the magnitude of curvature
		Phototropic curvature was measured as a change in hypocotyl angle as determined from analysis of stacked images captured every 30 min for 120 min.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/133/4/1464 (3869 words)

	Interaction between Gravitropism and Phototropism in Sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus -- Grolig et al. 123 ...
		The gravitropic and the phototropic transduction chains are linked through the tonic feedback loop consisting of three elements: (a) a tonic enhancer (+, dashed line), which exerts a light-mediated stimulation of gravitropism; (b) the negative regulator geo-10, and (c) a tonic inhibitor (-, dashed line), which acts on the phototropic transduction chain.
		Since the microscope axis was tangent to the circle of rotation, the phototropic angle was measured in the radial plane.
		Shen-Miller J, Gordon SA (1967) Gravitational compensation and the phototropic response of oat coleoptiles.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/123/2/765 (5863 words)

	Hangarter Lab Papers
		Phototropism in Arabidopsis is mediated by two sensory systems.
		Genetic separation of phototropism from blue-light inhibition of stem elongation in Arabidopsis.
		Repression of plant tissue culture growth by light is caused by photochemical change in the culture medium.
	www.bio.indiana.edu /~hangarterlab/abstracts/abstract.html (540 words)

	ASGSB 1998 - ROOT PHOTOTROPISM AND GRAVITROPISM IN WILD-TYPE AND STARCHLESS MUTANTS OF ARABIDOPSIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Arabidopsis roots are negatively phototropic (grow away from the light), and gravitropism-impaired mutant roots (aux1) displayed stronger phototropism than the wild-type (WT; Okada and Shimura 1992 Aust J Pl Physiol 19: 439).
		To determine the contribution of phototropism to the measurement of apparent root gravitropism, various measures of gravitropism were performed so that the responses with light from above or below were compared in the WT and in the starchless mutants pgm-1 and adg1-1 (TL255) of Arabidopsis.
		By accounting for the contribution of root phototropism, the pgm-1 mutant was found to be significantly less sensitive to gravity than the WT compared to previous estimates.
	baby.indstate.edu /asgsb/programs/1998/56.html (328 words)

	Asymmetric distribution of auxin correlates with gravitropism and phototropism but not with autostraightening ...
		mediates gravitropism and phototropism and that the epidermis
		The mean phototropic curvatures ±SD determined at 60 min for the entire epicotyl and zone 1 were 20.1±4.1 and 9.1±1.9 degrees, respectively.
		The mean phototropic curvatures ±SD determined at 60 min for the entire epicotyl and zone 1 were 41.7±9.0 and 13.6±2.8 degrees, respectively.
	jxb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/57/4/837 (5183 words)

	(Blue) Light At The End Of The Tunnel?
		In phototropism, growing toward light has the obvious consequence of improving the plant's chance to generate its own food through photosynthetic processes.
		For the past six decades, scientists have been searching for the photoreceptor for phototropism, and have simultaneously debated what the chromophore might be a carotenoid or a flavin (flavins are related to the B-vitamin riboflavin.) In their paper, Christie, Briggs et al.
		The LOV domains, characterized earlier this year by the Briggs laboratory, are found in all sorts of proteins that detect changes in redox status as affected by light, oxygen, or voltage (hence LOV).
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-11/CI-LATE-261198.php (468 words)

	RPT2: A Signal Transducer of the Phototropic Response in Arabidopsis -- Sakai et al. 12 (2): 225 -- THE PLANT CELL
		Phototropic curvature of the rpt2-1 mutant was induced by
		in phototropic curvature of wild-type seedlings at the fluence
		Janoudi, A.K., and Poff, K.L. (1991) Characterization of adaptation in phototropism of Arabidopsis thaliana.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/12/2/225 (6325 words)

	Poff, K; Faculty Plant Biology Department at Michigan State Unversity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Our approach is to define the physiological processes, to isolate mutants with alterations in the sensory responses, to characterize these mutants physiologically, biophysically and genetically, to use particularly interesting mutants as material from which we can clone the genes of interest, and to use the genes to identify the corresponding proteins.
		By analyzing gravitropism and phototropism of a number of mutants we have shown that we can alter phototropism, leaving gravitropism normal; we can alter gravitropism, leaving phototropism normal; or we can simultaneously alter phototropism and gravitropism.
		Thus, a photoreceptor pigment mutant should be altered in phototropism but not in gravitropism.
	www.plantbiology.msu.edu /poff.shtml (481 words)

	Tropisms
		Charles Darwin and his son Francis discovered (in 1880) that the phototropic stimulus is detected at the tip of the plant.
		This suggested that the chemical signal was a growth stimulant as the phototropic response involves faster cell elongation on the shady side than on the illuminated side.
		When a coleoptile tip that has previously been illuminated from one side is placed on two separated agar blocks, the block on the side that had been shaded accumulates almost twice as much auxin as the block on the previously lighted side.
	home.comcast.net /~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/T/Tropisms.html (1007 words)

	Plant Responses II
		Describe experiments which demonstrate that the apical region of the coleoptile is involved in phototropism.
		Phototropism studies with coleoptiles demonstrated that growth towards the light depended upon the coleoptile tip-- (cut off the tip or cover the tip and no phototropism occurs).
		Studies indicated that the coleoptile tip produced that was responsible for phototropism.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /plantbio/100/Syllabus/responses2.html (632 words)

	Fast Plants® : Plant Physiology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		By constructing a phototropism chamber out of plastic film cans, electrical tape, a paper punch and other various materials, students can explore the many possibilities that arise out of that very question.
		In-groups of four, your students search for the answer to this question by building a phototropism chamber, using such materials as a water bottle, film cans, and aluminum foil.
		After constructing a phototropism chamber, discover which color wavelength of visible light affects your Fast Plant the most, and why.
	www.fastplants.org /activities.physiology.php (301 words)

	Chapter 27: Control of Growth and Responses in Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Phototropism is growth of plants in response to light; stems show positive phototropism.
		Phototropism occurs because cells on shady side of stems elongate.
		Auxin-controlled cell elongation is involved in gravitropism and phototropism.
	www.sirinet.net /~jgjohnso/apbio27.html (2077 words)

	From the Cover: The Phycomyces madA gene encodes a blue-light photoreceptor for phototropism and other light responses ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		similar to the phototropic responses of plants (1).
		(A) Phototropic bending of sporangiophores toward white light (illuminated from the left) occurs in WT Phycomyces and is reduced in the madA mutant strains.
		A56 were examined for phototropic responses, and the edges of the Petri dishes were photographed (equivalent to the left third of Fig.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/103/12/4546 (4112 words)

	Nature Photography -- Dew Drops, Exotic Creatures, Macro Photography by Positively Phototropic, Glenn McCrea
		Phototropism means growth or movement in response to light.
		With a germinating seedling, for instance, the roots are negatively phototropic (as they move down through the soil away from the light) and the stem is positively phototropic (as it moves upward through the soil toward the light).
		Almost all of the photographs on this site were taken with natural light, and because playing with light is of paramount importance to photography and to me, this site is in many ways an outgrowth of my own appreciation of and aspiration toward light in its many guises.
	www.positively-phototropic.com (230 words)

	NCSU-NSCORT Outreach - Phototropism Experiments
		Plant roots grow away from the light (called "negative phototropism") but toward gravity (called "positive gravitropism"), whereas plant shoots grow toward light (called "positive phototropism") and away from gravity (called "negative gravitropism").
		In phototropism, molecules in the plant (called "receptors") perceive certain colors, or wavelengths, of light (primarily blue light).
		The receptor is activated which leads to a change in the direction of growth through a series of steps.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /nscort/outreach_exp_phototrop.html (984 words)

	PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE 1 is a phototropin 1 binding protein required for phototropism -- Lariguet et al. 103 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE 1 is a phototropin 1 binding protein required for phototropism -- Lariguet et al.
		Phototropism, or plant growth in response to unidirectional
		that the PKS proteins are critical for hypocotyl phototropism.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/103/26/10134 (429 words)

	[No title]
		By the end of the discussion, the students should understand the terms “phototropism” and “photosynthesis”.
		By the end of the discussion, record your understanding of the terms “phototropism” and “photosynthesis” on #3 and #4 of the data sheet.
		From your observations, write the conclusions you have drawn and any applications of the phototropism, photosynthesis, and your general observations to agriculture.
	www.uark.edu /depts/aeedhp/agriscience/plantmaze.doc (819 words)

	Florida Entomologist, v. 81, n. 3, p. 282
		The attraction of flying (i.e., mobile), but not of nonflying (i.e., relatively sedentary) arthropods, is consistent with the phototropic behaviors of the victims serving as a means of orientation during travel.
		Miscellaneous luminous social signals: Manipulation of the phototropic responses of arthropods, including flies, is presumably responsible for the evolution of lights in mycetophilids.
		Perhaps, such a stationary nature is both a requirement for duping phototropic victims and rarely encountered in flies (the pit-trap digging larvae of Vermilionidae are stationary, but underground and not visible to potential prey, e.g., Wheeler 1930).
	www.fcla.edu /FlaEnt/fe81p282.html (4389 words)

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