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Topic: Photovoltaic cell

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	Solar cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A solar cell (or a "photovoltaic" cell) is a semiconductor device that converts photons from the sun (solar light) into electricity.
		Solar cells are often electrically connected and encapsulated as a module, termed a photovoltaic array or solar panel.
		Organic solar cells and Polymer solar cells are built from thin films (typically 100 nm) of organic semiconductors such as polymers and small-molecule compounds like polyphenylene vinylene, copper phthalocyanine (a blue or green organic pigment) and carbon fullerenes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Photovoltaic_cell (5392 words)

	Photovoltaics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Photovoltaics or PV for short is a solar power technology that uses solar photovoltaic arrays or solar cells to provide electricity for human activities.
		Solar cells produce direct current electricity from the sun’s rays, which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery.
		When more power is required than a single cell can deliver, cells are generally grouped together to form “PV modules” that may in turn be arranged in “solar arrays” which are sometimes ambiguously referred to as solar panels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Photovoltaic (1503 words)

	photovoltaic cell
		A photovoltaic (PV) cell is made of thin wafers of two slightly different types of silicon.
		Photovoltaic cells used to produce electricity from sunlight are called solar cells.
		Usually the terms photovoltaic cell and solar cell are used interchangeably.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/P/AE_photovoltaic_cell.html (189 words)

	different types of photovoltaic systems
		The cell is attached to a base called a "backplane." This is usually a layer of metal used to physically reinforce the cell and to provide an electrical contact at the bottom.
		Ribbon-type photovoltaic cells are made by growing a ribbon from the molten silicon instead of an ingot.
		These interconnected cells and their electrical connections are then sandwiched between a top layer of glass or clear plastic and a lower level of plastic or plastic and metal.
	www.polarpowerinc.com /info/operation20/operation23.htm (4672 words)

	Photovoltaic cell - Patent 6933436
		A photovoltaic cell is described, having a photoactive layer (4) made of two molecular components, namely an electron donor and an electron acceptor, particularly a conjugated polymer component and a fullerene component, and having two metallic electrodes (2, 5) provided on both sides of the photoactive layer (4).
		The photovoltaic cell of claim 7, wherein, during use of the photovoltaic cell, the second electrode is a hole-collecting electrode.
		The photovoltaic cell of claim 10, wherein the second electrically insulating layer is between the smoothing layer and the second electrode.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6933436.html (2283 words)

	Photovoltaics - PV Basics
		The current (and power) output of a PV cell depends on its efficiency and size (surface area), and is proportional the intensity of sunlight striking the surface of the cell.
		Photovoltaic cells are connected electrically in series and/or parallel circuits to produce higher voltages, currents and power levels.
		Photovoltaic power systems are generally classified according to their functional and operational requirements, their component configurations, and how the equipment is connected to other power sources and electrical loads.
	www.fsec.ucf.edu /pvt/pvbasics (2061 words)

	photovoltaic cell - a Whatis.com definition
		Photovoltaic cells are an integral part of solar-electric energy systems, which are becoming increasingly important as alternative sources of utility power.
		The first PV cells were made of silicon combined, or doped, with other elements to affect the behavior of electrons or holes (electron absences within atoms).
		The use of PV cells and batteries for the generation of usable electrical energy is known as photovoltaics.
	whatis.techtarget.com /gDefinition/0,294236,sid44_gci1028949,00.html (357 words)

	SOLAR CELL DEVELOPMENT AND PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS OR ARRAYS
		A solar, or photovoltaic cell, is a semiconductor device consisting of a large-area p-n junction diode, which, in the presence of sunlight is capable of generating usable electrical energy.
		A solar cell is a large-area semiconductor p-n junction.
		Polymer or organic solar cells are built from ultra thin layers (typically 100 nm) of organic semiconductors such as polyphenylene vinylene and fullerene.
	www.speedace.info /solar_cells.htm (5870 words)

	Photovoltaic cell - Patent 6812399
		A photovoltaic cell is described, having a photoactive layer (4) made of two molecular components, namely an electron donor and an electron acceptor, particularly a conjugated polymer component and a fullerene component, and having two metallic electrodes (2, 6) provided on both sides of the photoactive layer (4).
		The photovoltaic cell of claim 1, further comprising a third layer between the first electrode and the second layer, the third layer comprising a third polymer.
		It probably does not have to be emphasized that, depending on the application, photovoltaic cells may be used which have such an intermediate layer between the hole-collecting electrode and the photoactive layer, between the electron-collecting electrode and the photoactive layer, or in the region of both electrodes.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6812399.html (1922 words)

	Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Collector Manufacturing Activities
		Photovoltaic (PV) cell and module shipments reached 112.1 peak megawatts in 2002, a 15 percent increase from the 2001 total of 97.7 peak megawatts (Table 25).
		Photovoltaic cells represented 43 percent of shipments in 2002 versus 31 percent in 2001.
		Photovoltaic modules represented 57 percent of shipments in 2002 versus 69 percent in 2001 (Table 25).
	www.eia.doe.gov /cneaf/solar.renewables/page/rea_data/chapter2.html (2033 words)

	An unexpected discovery could yield a full spectrum solar cell
		The most efficient semiconductors in solar cells are alloys made from elements from group III of the periodic table, like aluminum, gallium, and indium, with elements from group V, like nitrogen and arsenic.
		One of the most fundamental limitations on solar cell efficiency is the band gap of the semiconductor from which the cell is made.
		In a photovoltaic cell, negatively doped (n-type) material, with extra electrons in its otherwise empty conduction band, makes a junction with positively doped (p-type) material, with extra holes in the band otherwise filled with valence electrons.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/MSD-full-spectrum-solar-cell.html (1378 words)

	How do Photovoltaics Work?
		In a single-junction PV cell, only photons whose energy is equal to or greater than the band gap of the cell material can free an electron for an electric circuit.
		In other words, the photovoltaic response of single-junction cells is limited to the portion of the sun's spectrum whose energy is above the band gap of the absorbing material, and lower-energy photons are not used.
		The top cell captures the high-energy photons and passes the rest of the photons on to be absorbed by lower-band-gap cells.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2002/solarcells.htm (784 words)

	THE VIRGINIA SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC MANUFACTURING INCENTIVE GRANT PROGRAM
		The photovoltaic cells and modules are assembled in Virginia with other components to form a photovoltaic panel which can produce electrical energy in a usable form, independent of any other device.
		Photovoltaic Panel A complete, environmentally protected assembly of one or more photovoltaic cells or modules, mechanically fastened together and electrically wired together, which is capable of independent production of usable electrical energy, suitable for connection to an electrical load without further assembly.
		Each model of photovoltaic panel, where the panel is manufactured by a substantially different manufacturing process, for which a grant is requested from the SPMIGP is to be tested in compliance with the procedures and standards published in these guidelines.
	www.mme.state.va.us /de/smigguid.html (2229 words)

	Distributed Energy Resources Guide: Photovoltaic Systems
		Photovoltaic (PV) cells, or solar cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity.
		PV cells are assembled into flat plate systems that can be mounted on rooftops or other sunny areas.
		A photovoltaic cell is composed of several layers of different materials.
	www.energy.ca.gov /distgen/equipment/photovoltaic/photovoltaic.html (190 words)

	Photovoltaics: How Photovoltaic Cells Work
		When photons from the sun hit a photovoltaic cell, they may be absorbed by an electron.
		In a photovoltaic cell, boron is found on the bottom.
		In a photovoltaic cell, phosphorus is found on the top, directly on top of the silicon.
	www.botproductions.com /pv/howwork.html (246 words)

	Solar Energy Photovoltaic Power Cell
		How a cell does this is using a process called the photovoltaic effect.
		The basic operation of the solar cell depends upon the ability of light, when it falls on a solar cell, to excite the electrons in the atom of the semiconductor and cause it to break away.
		This breaking away of electrons is encouraged by the way the solar energy cell is constructed to form an electrical current which can power an electrical device.
	www.plumcreekmarketing.com /solar/solarenergycell.html (228 words)

	New record with near infrared absorbing organic photovoltaic cell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Under only NIR radiation, the Princeton solar cell would appear to be generating power in the dark -- as the human eye is only sensitive to visible light.
		This latest achievement is the highest level of conversion performance yet achieved for an organic solar cell in the IR portion of the solar spectrum.
		Thus, while the cost of silicon solar cells has dropped dramatically since the 1950's, further reductions and new capabilities are needed for additional market penetration and broader adoption.
	oemagazine.com /newscast/2006/010406_newscast01.html (745 words)

	Solar Photovoltaic Research
		The ecological and economic promise of a-Si:H solar cells is currently incomplete because of the light induced degradation of its electronic properties known as the Staebler-Wronski Effect (SWE).
		A-Si:H-based solar cells generally have a p-i-n (superstrate) and n-i-p (substrate) diode structures depending on the deposition sequence of the doped and intrinsic layers.
		The dark current voltage characteristics of high quality a-Si:H p-i-n solar cells are determined primarily by the mobility gap and the distribution of gap states in the intrinsic layer and an example of such characteristics of a high quality p-i-n cell is illustrated below.
	jupiter.clarion.edu /~jpearce/pv.html (1670 words)

	pvresources.com - solar cells
		Self loses are caused by metal contacts on the upper side of a solar cell, solar cell resistance and due to solar radiation reflectance on the upper side (glass) of a solar cell.
		Amorphous cells have current density of up to 15 mA/cm2, and the voltage of the cell without connected load of 0.8 V, which is more compared to crystalline cells.
		Diode represents PN junction of a solar cell.
	www.pvresources.com /en/solarcells.php (1259 words)

	Photovoltaic cell - New Organic Dye-Sensitized Photovoltaic Cell for Simultaneous (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Photovoltaic Cell Manufacturing A manufacturer of photovoltaic cells is developing a new type of PV module and
		Silicon was chosen for the manufacture of photovoltaic solar cells because of its electronic properties, characterized by the presence of four electrons on
		A photovoltaic cell (PV cell) is a specialized semiconductor diode that converts visible light into direct current (DC).
	allindexes.com /alid/photovoltaic-cell.htm (374 words)

	Photovoltaics
		When light strikes the cell, electrons are knocked loose from the silicon atoms and flow in a built-in circuit, producing electricity.
		Solar cells are designed to absorb as much light as possible and are interconnected in series and parallel electrical connections to produce desired voltages and currents.
		These groups of cells are packaged into standard modules that protect the cells from the environment while providing useful voltages and currents.
	www.epsea.org /pv.html (3383 words)

	Fuel Cell Works Supplemental News Page
		The photovoltaic cell produces electrical energy which, in turn is converted to hydrogen by electrolysis.
		Upstream of the chain, the hydrogen used to power the cell is also clean since it is obtained by electrolysis.
		This field experience clearly demonstrated the ability of the fuel cell to satisfy the energy requirements for an operational company beyond the various experiments on this subject that have been performed in laboratory conditions to date.
	www.fuelcellsworks.com /Supppage709.html (429 words)

	SPECMAT Photovoltaic Cells (PV Cells)
		The RTWCG passivating antireflection coatings with graded index of refraction are applied in one easy step on finished (bare) photovoltaic cells.
		works well to lower a photovoltaic cell's reflectivity in the visible spectrum.
		Click on the following link for a general description of a photovoltaic cell..
	www.specmat.com /pvcells.htm (222 words)

	Energy Ideas, PV Cell Animation, Photovoltaic Consultant
		Inside the cell, phosphorous and boron are doped into the silicon to create an electrical field, represented by the top red, or positive, and blue; bottom, negative.
		A photon of sunlight (the gold sphere) enters the cell and is absorbed by a silicon atom, allowing one electron to be freed, which enters the electrical field and is whisked away to the top grid.
		The photovoltaic cell is a renewable source of electricity, running off the rays of the sun.
	www.energyi.mccabe.net /gifani.htm (220 words)

	FuturePundit: Material Discovered For Full Spectrum Photovoltaic Cell
		To fully implement the InxGa1-xN alloys for photovoltaic applications some additional hurdles such as control of p-type doping must be overcome, however the work demonstrates that III-V nitride alloys are promising candidates for the development of new solar cells with efficiencies as high as 50%.
		It is still possible to study embryonic stem cells of other species and most developmental biology questions are going to yield similar answers in mice, rats, rabbits, and monkeys anyhow.
		Photovoltaic energy systems are funded at $81,775,000, an increase of $6,000,000 over fiscal year 2001 and $42,775,000 over the budget request.
	www.futurepundit.com /archives/000668.html (6375 words)

	Solar cells Ltd. - photovoltaic solar cell manufacturer
		Within EPIA - the European Photovoltaic Industry Association-solar energy is not regarded just as an alternative to convertional energy sources.It is regarded as having the potential of becoming the ultimate solution to mankind's energy problem.
		Microex solar cells are designed for a variety of applications including utillity interactive power systems,stand-alone generating systems and many small power generating applications.
		* Modules shall be defined as a photovoltaic device on a glass substrate protected with a glass - to -glass,edge seal and frame encapsulating system.All modules shall be framed with fl plastic framing material or aluminium frame.
	www.solar-cells.net (446 words)

	Solar Photovoltaic
		Photovoltaic devices use semiconducting materials to convert sunlight directly into electricity.
		Solar radiation, which is nearly constant outside the Earth's atmosphere, varies with changing atmospheric conditions (clouds and dust) and the changing position of the Earth relative to the sun.
		This map shows solar photovoltaics resource potential on Federal lands and the lower 48 states.
	www.eia.doe.gov /cneaf/solar.renewables/page/solarphotv/solarpv.html (291 words)

	Multilayer photovoltaic cell (US4332974)
		A new high efficiency, multijunction photovoltaic solar cell for use with a concentrating lens.
		The outer surfaces of the top layer and the substrate are provided with electrical contacts for distribution of the electric current.
		A high efficiency, multijunction photovoltaic solar cell for use with a light concentrating element comprising:
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US04332974 (417 words)

	REDUCED TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF HIGH-CONCENTRATION PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELL OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE (Voc) AT HIGH ...
		The overall effect of this reduced temperature sensitivity for Voc of the HCPV cell on the power output at operating temperature is analyzed and compared against typical single and poly-crystalline silicon, front-junction, one-sun, flat-plate manufacturer’s data.
		Diode “D3” is introduced to describe the electrical characteristics of the HCPV cell at high concentration operation where Auger recombination process is a dominant recombination due to the fact that minority carrier concentration approaches the majority carrier concentration under high injection conditions.
		C. For the temperature range tested, all cell parameters showed linear behavior as exemplified in Figure 4(a) and 4(b) for their efficiency and V
	www.amonix.com /Tech_Papers/Temp_Depend.htm (1996 words)

	Solar Energy Industry Solar Photovoltaic PV Cell Manufacturers
		Solar Energy Industry Solar Photovoltaic PV Cell Manufacturers
		Note: Some of the Companies above have multiple Cell Manufacturing Plants.
		List excludes a) Companies in Research or in the Pre-Production Phase b) Concentrator Cell Manufacturers
	www.solarbuzz.com /solarindex/CellManufacturers.htm (564 words)

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