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	Phraates - LoveToKnow 1911
		Phraates Ii., son of Mithradates the conqueror of Babylonia, reigned.
		Phraates Iv., son of Orodes I., by whom he was appointed successor in 37 B.C., after the death of Pacorus.
		Soon afterwards Phraates, whose greatest enemies were his own family, sent five of his sons as hostages to Augustus, thus acknowledging his dependence on Rome.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Phraates (624 words)

	Phraates IV of Parthia - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		King Phraates IV of Parthia, son of Orodes II, ruled the Parthian Empire from 37–2 BC.
		Phraates was attacked in 36 BC by the Roman general Mark Antony, who marched through Armenia into Media Atropatene, and was defeated and lost the greater part of his army.
		Soon afterwards Phraates, whose greatest enemies were his own family, sent five of his sons as hostages to Augustus, thus acknowledging his dependence on Rome (the hostages included Tiridates III, whom the Romans later tried to install as a vassal king in AD 35).
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Phraates_IV_of_Parthia (468 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Parthia
		Parthia was led by the Arsacid dynasty, who reunited and ruled over the Iranian plateau, taking over the eastern provinces of the Greek Seleucid Empire, beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 150 BCE and 224 CE.
		Parthia (mostly due to their invention of heavy cavalry) was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east; and it limited Rome's expansion beyond Cappadocia (central Anatolia).
		A bust from The National Museum of Iran of Queen Musa, wife of Phraates IV of Parthia, excavated by a French team in Khuzestan, Iran in 1939.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Parthia (3138 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Parthia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Parthia was led by the Arsacid dynasty, who reunited and ruled over the Iranian plateau, taking over the eastern provinces of the Greek Seleucid Empire, beginning in the late 3rd century BC, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 150 BC and 224 AD.
		Parthia (mostly due to their invention of heavy cavalry) was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east; and it limited Rome's expansion beyond Cappadocia (central Anatolia).
		A bust from The National Museum of Iran of Queen Musa, wife of Phraates IV of Parthia, excavated by a French team in Khuzestan, Iran in 1939.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Parthia (1417 words)

	Phraates V of Parthia - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		King Phraates V of Parthia, known as Phraataces (a diminutive), ruled the Parthian Empire from about 2 BC to AD 4.
		He was the younger son of Phraates IV and the "goddess Musa", with whom he is associated on his coins.
		Under Phraates V a war threatened to break out with Rome about the supremacy in Armenia and Media.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Phraates_V_of_Parthia (200 words)

	Phraates II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Phraates II Phraates II Coin of Phraates II from the mint at Seleucia on the Tigris.
		Phraates II of Parthia, son of Mithradates I of Parthia (171–138 BC), the conqueror of Babylon, ruled the Parthian Empire from 138 BC to 128 BC.
		Meanwhile Parthia was invaded by the Scythians (the Tochari of Bactria), who had helped Antiochus VII.
	www.infoforyou.org /input.php?title=Phraates_II (157 words)

	Parthian Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Phraates III is the 13th King of Parthia of the House of Arsaces.
		Phraates was slain in battle against the Scythians in 128 BC and was succeeded by his elderly paternal uncle Artabanus II who himself was killed in battle after a reign of five years.
		Parthia itself with Parthaunis as its capital is ruled by the Parni Clan of which King Phraates III is the head.
	www.donaldhs.vic.edu.au /home/spotter/Parthian_Empire.html (1951 words)

	Phraates_I_of_Parthia LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		Phraates got an arrow in his stomache, and died young, but just before his death, he didnât appoint one of his sons, but his brother, and the wise general, Mithridates I. Mithridates managed to escape from the ambush, and presumably made it back to Media in safety.
		Phraates Iâs son Phraates II was not appointed as a new autocratic king, presumably because of Phraates IIâs immaturity, which wasnât suitable as the country was struggling with famine.
		This brought the economy in Parthia into a recession, and every form of alcohol consumption was forbidden the later years.
	language.school-explorer.com /info/Phraates_I_of_Parthia (407 words)

	Parthia
		Parthia derives from Latin Parthia, from Old Persian Parthava-, a dialectical variant of the stem Parsa-, from which Persia derives.
		Parthia was led by the Arsacid dynasty, who reunited and ruled over the Iranian plateau, taking over the eastern provinces of the Greek Seleucid Empire, beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 150 BCE and 224 CE.
		In 53 BCE, the Roman general Crassus invaded Parthia, but was defeated at the Battle of Carrhae by a Parthian commander called Surena in the Greek and Latin sources, most likely a member of the Suren-Pahlav Clan.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3DParthians%26type%3Den (2762 words)

	Parthia (1)
		The borders of Parthia were the Kopet Dag mountain range in the north (today the border between Iran and Turkmenistan) and the Dasht-e-Kavir desert in the south.
		The Persian satrap of Parthia was Hystaspes, the father of the new Persian king; he managed to stand his ground against the Parthian rebels in the city Vishpauzâtish, where he repelled his enemies on March 8, 521.
		In the confusion, Parthia was attacked by the Parni, a nomad tribe from the Central-Asian steppe.
	www.livius.org /pan-paz/parthia/parthia01.html (720 words)

	A Roman description of the Parthians from Justin's History of the World - (CAIS) ©
		Phraates himself, meanwhile, took with him to the war a body of Greeks, who had been made prisoners in the war against Antiochus, and whom he had treated with great pride and severity.
		But the fate of Parthia, in which it is now, as it were, customary that the princes should be assassins of their kindred, ordained that the most cruel of them all, Phraates by name, should be fixed upon for their king.
		Phraates, upon this success, becoming still more insolent, and being guilty of many fresh acts of cruelty, was driven into exile by his subjects.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/History/ashkanian/justin_history_parthian.htm (2606 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia â“ Free Online Encyclopedia for Reference, Research, Facts
		Phraates kings of Parthia of the dynasty of Arsaces.
		After 31 BC, Phraates had to cope with a stubborn rebellion by one of his generals, who briefly usurped the throne.
		He was put on the throne by his brother Vologeses I, king of Parthia, and he was driven from it when the Romans under Corbulo won (AD 59) the Parthian campaign.
	www.encyclopedia.com /category/People/History/ahistmebio.html (2646 words)

	Phraates II (c. 138 - 127 B.C.)
		Sixth king of the Arsacid dynasty, Phraates II took the throne on the death of his father, Mithradates I in 138 B.C. He can be assumed to have been very young, for his mother, whose name was Ri-'nu, acted as regent.
		Phraates held Demetrius captive as had his father, and eventually sent him to fight against Demetrius' brother, Antiochus VII Sidetes, in 130 B.C., who sought to regain the eastern Seleucid provinces and remove Demetrius as a threat to his throne.
		Phraates' army contained captured Greeks whom he treated with great cruelty; they deserted the Parthians in battle in 128/127 B.C., causing a massacre in which Phraates II was killed.
	www.parthia.com /phraates2.htm (1847 words)

	Parthia (2): the empire
		After the fall of the Achaemenid empire, Parthia, northeastern Iran, was governed by the Seleucid kings: a Macedonian dynasty that ruled in the Asian territories of the former Persian Empire.
		In the confusion, Parthia was overrun by the Parni, a nomad tribe from the Central-Asian steppe.
		Parthia controlled the Silk road, the route from the Mediterranean sea to China.
	www.livius.org /pan-paz/parthia/parthia02.html (1908 words)

	Phraates Catalog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Parthia: The Parthian Empire - History and Coins of Phraates IV...
		Phraates IV was the second heir to Orodes II, named to...
		From around 130 BC, the Parthians suffered numerous incursions by Scythian nomads (also called the Tocharians from Bactria, possibly the Yuezhi), in which kings Phraates II and Artabanus I were...
	www.allsaleprices.com /phraates (94 words)

	RSACIDS, THE (Persian AÞka@n^a@n), Parthian dynasty which ruled Iran from about 250 B
		In the circumstances, Phraates felt obliged to comply with the frequently expressed demands of the Romans that the captives and standards of the legions seized at Carrhae and other standards taken from Decidius Saxa (40 B.C.) and Marc Antony (36 B.C.) should be returned.
		Phraates gave way, and negotiations held in A.D. 1 ended with the Parthians relinquishing any claims to influence affairs in Armenia and the Romans granting recognition to Phraataces as a legitimate and sovereign ruler.
		J. Wolski, “The Decay of the Iranian Empire of the Seleucids and the Chronology of the Parthian Beginnings,” Berytus 12, 1956-58, pp.
	www.iranica.com /newsite/articles/v2f5/v2f5a012.html (13151 words)

	Tiridates - LoveToKnow 1911
		Tiridates fled to Syria, where Augustus allowed him to stay, but refused to support him.
		During the next years Tiridates invaded Parthia again; some coins dated from March and May, 26 B.C., with the name of a king "Arsaces Philoromaios," belong to him; on the reverse they show the king seated on the throne, with Tyche stretching out a palm branch towards him.
		He was soon expelled again, and brought a son of Phraates into Spain to Augustus.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Tiridates (189 words)

	e. Parthia. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Phraates II (138–127) defeated Antiochus VII in Media (129), and as a result the Seleucids were permanently excluded from the lands east of the Euphrates; but he died in battle fighting the Tochari (the Scythians or Sacae of the Greeks), a tribe driven out of central Asia by the Yuezhi.
		Parthia suffered a collapse and was greatly reduced in territory by Tigranes I of Armenia (c.
		Phraates III restored order but was not strong enough to resist the Roman advance, led by Lucullus and Pompey.
	www.bartelby.com /67/216.html (402 words)

	Phraates III of Parthia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Coin of Phraates III from the mint at Ecbatana.
		King Phraates III of Parthia (named "the God" on some of his coins), succeeded his father Sanatruces and ruled the Parthian Empire from 70 to 57 BC.
		Naturally, Phraates declined to assist Mithradates VI of Pontus and Tigranes against the Romans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phraates_III_of_Parthia (262 words)

	CoinArchives.com Lot Viewer
		The contemporary and classical sources confirm that Phraates was largely preoccupied with hostilities against Rome and Armenia, and wars with Artabanos II in Parthia proper down to 61/0 BC.
		Phraates issued his S39 series (lots 439-41) while still fighting his rival, followed by his S38 series (lots 442-3) which lasted to the end of his reign.
		It is possible that Phraates minted S35 drachms with his facing bust, generally regarded as the issue of an “Unknown King”, Sinatrukes, Darius, or Mithradates III, at this juncture in response to the “campaign” coins of Artabanos III (see lot 434), circa 63/2-62/1 BC.
	www.coinarchives.com /a/lotviewer.php?LotID=67730&AucID=73&Lot=436 (423 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News
		King Phraates III of Parthia, succeeded his father Sanatruces and ruled the Parthian Empire from 70 to 57 BC.
		When Phraates III came to the throne in 70 BC, the Roman general Lucullus was preparing to attack Tigranes the Great, king of Armenia, who was supreme in western Asia and had wrested Mesopotamia and several vassal states from Parthia.
		Naturally, Phraates declined to assist Mithradates VI of Pontus and Tigranes against the Romans.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Phraates_III (237 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Persia
		Pherecles, the Seleucid satrap, having insulted Tiridates, was slain, and Parthia freed from the Macedonians.
		Of these heroes of Parthia the most important was Mithridates the Great, who not only repaired the losses the empire had sustained in its conflicts with the Seleucids, but carried the conquests of Parthia as far as India in one direction, and the banks of the Euphrates in the other.
		Parthia never recovered from the effects of this last was with Rome.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11712a.htm (13488 words)

	Phraates V of Parthia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phraates V of Parthia, known as Phraataces (a diminutive), ruled the Parthian Empire from 2 BC to AD 4.
		He was the younger son of Phraates IV of Parthia (37–2 BC) and the "goddess Musa", with whom he is associated on his coins.
		Josephus alleges that Phraates V married his mother Musa, and, this being unacceptable to the Parthians, they rose up and overthrew him, offering the crown to Orodes III of Parthia (who ruled briefly in 6).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phraates_V_of_Parthia (253 words)

	danrogers - pafg1055 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		King Phraates III Theos of Parthia [Parents] was born in 120 BC.
		King Mithradates III of Parthia was born in 0095 BC.
		King Phraates I of Parthia was born in 195 BC.
	freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com /~dantrogers/pafg1055.htm (334 words)

	The Parthians - InfoHub
		Phraates of Parthia died in 171 B.C and his younger brother Mithradates took the throne.
		Phraates led his army against the forces of Antiochus for a major showdown in 129 B.C. The Parthians won and Antiochus was killed.
		Parthia was the only nation that stood up to Rome while Rome was at the height of its power.
	www.infohub.com /forums/showthread.php?goto=lastpost&t=3685 (1780 words)

	Persian Empire By Pejman Azadi - The Parthia (Ashkanian) Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The people are settled on the land, cultivating the fields and growing rice and wheat.
		envoy first visited the kingdom of Anxi (Parthia), the king of Anxi dispatched a party of 20,000 horsemen to meet them on the eastern border of the kingdom...
		economic crisis for three or four decades, and the consequences of the looting for Parthia were dire.
	pejman.azadi.googlepages.com /theparthia(ashkanian)empire (2173 words)

	The Eastern Settlement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Deciding that it would be both unrealistic and unprofitable to extend Rome's territorial empire east of the Euphrates he sought to develop a continuous line of Roman provinces and client kingdoms around the coast of Asia Minor from Syria in the south to Pontus on the Black Sea in the north.
		It was Armenia, however, that was the keystone of Pompey's eastern settlement: Armenia was given the role of the crucial buffer state between Rome and Parthia.
		Phraates had invaded Armenia to help Pompey in his struggle against Mithridates, but Pompey decided that it would be better to side with Tigranes, perhaps he was persuaded by the Armenian's donations of money to Pompey's warchest and officers to Pompey's army.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /westcivi/pompey_in_the_east.htm (795 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Phraates II of Parthia
		Phraates II of Parthia, son of Mithradates I of Parthia (171–138 BC), the conqueror of Babylon, ruled the Parthian Empire from 138 BC to 128 BC.
		Meanwhile Parthia was invaded by the Scythians (the Tochari of Bactria), who had helped Antiochus VII.
		Phraates II marched against them, but was defeated and killed.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Phraates_II (153 words)

	Ancient coins of Parthia
		C., Parthia, 1903 (with references to the works of Prokesch, Longpérier, Markoff, and, especially, P. Gardner’s Parthian Coinage, 1877); Ritter A. von Petrowicz, Arsaciden-Münzen, Wien, 1904 (a Catalogue of the Petrowicz Coll.).
		The tetradrachms from the time of Phraates IV are regularly inscribed with the year and month of issue.
		The classification of the Arsacid coinage is far from certain, more especially in the period before Phraates IV, when the coins are, as a rule, undated, and only the dynastic name (‘Arsaces’) of each sovereign is recorded.
	www.snible.org /coins/hn/parthia.html (717 words)

	Phraates IV (c. 38 - 2 B.C.)
		Phraates IV was the second heir to Orodes II, named to succeed his father in the wake of his brother Pacorus I's death.
		Initially forced to flee Parthia, Phraates regrouped his forces and re-invaded, and eventually forced Tiridates to seek refuge among the Romans.
		But Tiridates was likely killed during the last of his several attempts to overthrow Phraates as his name disappears from the historical record after 25 B.C. Also included in the exchange was the gift to Phraates of a slave girl named Musa, by whom he had a son, Phraataces.
	www.parthia.com /phraates4.htm (1578 words)

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