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Topic: Phraates IV of Parthia

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	ooBdoo
		Parthia was led by the Arsacid dynasty, who reunited and ruled over the Iranian plateau, taking over the eastern provinces of the Greek Seleucid Empire, beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 150 BCE and 224 CE.
		Parthia (mostly due to their invention of heavy cavalry) was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east; and it limited Rome's expansion beyond Cappadocia (central Anatolia).
		A bust from The National Museum of Iran of Queen Musa, wife of Phraates IV of Parthia, excavated by a French team in Khuzestan, Iran in 1939.
	www.oobdoo.com /wikipedia/?title=Parthia (3151 words)

	Parthia info here at en.alfred-hitch-covers.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Parthia was led by the Arsacid dynasty, who reunited ruled concluded the Iranian plateau, taking concluded the eastern provinces of the Greek Seleucid Empire, rudiment in the overdue 3rd century BCE, intermittently controlled Mesopotamia tween ca 150 BCE 224 CE.
		Parthia (mostly due to their invention of heavy cavalry) was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east; it controlled Rome's unfolding free of Cappadocia (central Anatolia).
		Parthia Parthian rulers Parthian rulers A detention from The National Museum of Iran of Queen Musa, wife of Phraates IV of Parthia, excavated by a French yoke in Khuzestan, Iran in 1939.
	en.alfred-hitch-covers.info /Parthia (3355 words)

	Parthia info here at en.air-treatment.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Parthia was led by the Arsacid dynasty, who reunited & ruled defunct the Iranian plateau, taking defunct the eastern provinces of the Greek Seleucid Empire, onset in the tardy 3rd century BCE, & intermittently controlled Mesopotamia inserted ca 150 BCE & 224 CE.
		Parthia (mostly due to their invention of heavy cavalry) was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east; & it narrow Rome's augmentation outlying Cappadocia (central Anatolia).
		Parthia Parthian rulers Parthian rulers A arrestation from The National Museum of Iran of Queen Musa, wife of Phraates IV of Parthia, excavated by a French side in Khuzestan, Iran in 1939.
	en.air-treatment.info /Parthia (3421 words)

	Parthia info here at en.10-parenting-tips.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Parthia was led by the Arsacid dynasty, who reunited ruled ancient bygone times the Iranian plateau, taking ancient bygone times the eastern provinces of the Greek Seleucid Empire, dawn in the consequently 3rd century BCE, intermittently controlled Mesopotamia midway ca 150 BCE 224 CE.
		Parthia (mostly due to their invention of heavy cavalry) was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east; it defined Rome's amplification moreover Cappadocia (central Anatolia).
		Parthia Parthian rulers Parthian rulers A seizure from The National Museum of Iran of Queen Musa, wife of Phraates IV of Parthia, excavated by a French line-up in Khuzestan, Iran in 1939.
	en.10-parenting-tips.info /Parthia (3330 words)

	Parthia info here at en.along-gasoline-alley.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Parthia was led by the Arsacid dynasty, who reunited & ruled the Iranian plateau, taking the eastern provinces of the Greek Seleucid Empire, preface in the overdue 3rd century BCE, & intermittently controlled Mesopotamia within ca 150 BCE & 224 CE.
		Parthia (mostly due to their invention of heavy cavalry) was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the east; & it particular Rome's boom over there Cappadocia (central Anatolia).
		Parthia Parthian rulers Parthian rulers A ensnare from The National Museum of Iran of Queen Musa, wife of Phraates IV of Parthia, excavated by a French confirmed in Khuzestan, Iran in 1939.
	en.along-gasoline-alley.info /Parthia (3315 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Parthia
		Parthia PARTHIA [Parthia], ancient country of Asia, SE of the Caspian Sea.
		In its narrowest limits it consisted of a mountainous region intersected with fertile valleys, lying S of Hyrcania and corresponding roughly to the modern Iranian province of Khorasan.
		Phraates PHRAATES [Phraates], kings of Parthia of the dynasty of Arsaces.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Parthia (575 words)

	Phraataces : Sirchin - The Free Encyclopedia And Other Stuff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Phraates V of Parthia, known as Phraataces (a diminutive), ruled the Parthian Empire from 2 BC to AD 4.
		He was the younger son of Phraates IV of Parthia (37–2 BC) and the "goddess Musa", with whom he is associated on his coins.
		Josephus alleges that Phraates V married his mother Musa, and, this being unacceptable to the Parthians, they rose up and overthrew him, offering the crown to Orodes III of Parthia (who ruled briefly in 6).
	phraataces.sirchin.com (394 words)

	Parthia (2): the empire
		After the fall of the Achaemenid empire, Parthia, northeastern Iran, was governed by the Seleucid kings: a Macedonian dynasty that ruled in the Asian territories of the former Persian Empire.
		In the confusion, Parthia was overrun by the Parni, a nomad tribe from the Central-Asian steppe.
		The spoils were immense, and put to good use: king Phraates IV invested them in Ctesiphon, a new capital on the Tigris.
	www.livius.org /pan-paz/parthia/parthia02.html (1908 words)

	Phraates II (c. 138 - 127 B.C.)
		Sixth king of the Arsacid dynasty, Phraates II took the throne on the death of his father, Mithradates I in 138 B.C. He can be assumed to have been very young, for his mother, whose name was Ri-'nu, acted as regent.
		Phraates held Demetrius captive as had his father, and eventually sent him to fight against Demetrius' brother, Antiochus VII Sidetes, in 130 B.C., who sought to regain the eastern Seleucid provinces and remove Demetrius as a threat to his throne.
		Phraates' army contained captured Greeks whom he treated with great cruelty; they deserted the Parthians in battle in 128/127 B.C., causing a massacre in which Phraates II was killed.
	www.parthia.com /phraates2.htm (1635 words)

	Phraates IV (c. 38 - 2 B.C.)
		Phraates IV was the second heir to Orodes II, named to succeed his father in the wake of his brother Pacorus I's death.
		Initially forced to flee Parthia, Phraates regrouped his forces and re-invaded, and eventually forced Tiridates to seek refuge among the Romans.
		But Tiridates was likely killed during the last of his several attempts to overthrow Phraates as his name disappears from the historical record after 25 B.C. Also included in the exchange was the gift to Phraates of a slave girl named Musa, by whom he had a son, Phraataces.
	www.parthia.com /phraates4.htm (1639 words)

	RSACIDS, THE (Persian AÞka@n^a@n), Parthian dynasty which ruled Iran from about 250 B
		In the circumstances, Phraates felt obliged to comply with the frequently expressed demands of the Romans that the captives and standards of the legions seized at Carrhae and other standards taken from Decidius Saxa (40 B.C.) and Marc Antony (36 B.C.) should be returned.
		Phraates gave way, and negotiations held in A.D. 1 ended with the Parthians relinquishing any claims to influence affairs in Armenia and the Romans granting recognition to Phraataces as a legitimate and sovereign ruler.
		In the year 216 the emperor Caracalla asked Artabanus IV for the hand of his daughter in marriage, in itself a clear evidence of the fact that the latter was then monarch, even though the coinage of Vologases VI continued to appear in Seleucia until at least 221/2.
	www.iranica.com /newsite/articles/v2f5/v2f5a012.html (13151 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Parthia
		The Seleucid monarchs attempted to "hold the line"?title=against the Parthian expansion; Antiochus IV Epiphanes spent his last years on a campaign against the newly emerging Iranian states.
		In his accounts Parthia is named "ÄnxÄ«"?title=(Chinese: å®æ¯), a transliteration of "Arsacid", the name of the Parthian dynasty.
		In the course of one year anywhere from five to six to over ten parties would be sent out."?title=(Shiji, trans.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Parthia (3138 words)

	PARTHIA - NumisWiki, The Collaborative Numismatics Project
		The tetradrachms from the time of Phraates IV are regularly inscribed with the year and month of issue.
		Parthia, a region of Asia, whose inhabitants were called Parthi, ortiginally the most inveterate enemies of the Roman name, and who, under their King Orodes, having laid a snare for Crassus, into which that unfortunate gerneral fell, detroyed him and his whole army in one general slaughter.
		Sometime afterwards Orodes was murdered by his son Phraates, who took possession of the kingdom, and gained a decisive victory over Antony the triumvir; but having treated his subjects with great cruelty and oppression, they drove him from the throne, and elected Tyridates as sovereign.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /numiswiki/view.asp?key=PARTHIA (1461 words)

	SOME COMMENTS ON PARTHIAN HISTORY by Robert M. Harlick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Parthia did not spring up full-blown-- in the 7th century the Assyrians raided an area called Parthia, and 100 years later Cyrus the Great included Parthia in the Persian empire.
		His son, Phraates in a struggle with the Seleukid, Antiochus, released Demetrios to cause dynastic problems and that coupled with a revolt of the Medians started a Seleukid decline from which it never recovered.
		During 95-57 "Dark Ages" of Parthia the succession the throne was always in doubt and contested.
	ancient-coins.com /articles/parthia/parthia2.htm (851 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Phraates himself, meanwhile, took with him to the war a body of Greeks, who had been made prisoners in the war against Antiochus, and whom he had treated with great pride and severity.
		But the fate of Parthia, in which it is now, as it were, customary that the princes should be assassins of their kindred, ordained that the most cruel of them all, Phraates by name, should be fixed upon for their king.
		Phraates immediately proceeded to kill his father, as if he would not die, and put to death, also, all his thirty[13] brothers.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Parthian.html (2690 words)

	History of Iran: Parthian Empire
		The end of this loosely organized empire came in 224 CE, when the last king was defeated by one of their vassals, the Persians of the Sassanid dynasty.
		The Parthian kings -Arsaces I, Arsaces II, Phriapathus, Phraates I- recognized the Seleucid king as their superiors, especially after the campaign of Antiochus III the Great, who reconquered the lost eastern territories between 209 and 204 BCE.
		The Arsacid dynasty was recognized as the lawful ruler of Parthia, but the kings had to pay tribute to Antiochus.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/parthians/parthians.php (1968 words)

	Musa of Parthia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Called Thermusa by Josephus, she was an Italian slave given as a concubine by the Roman emperor Augustus (27 BC – AD 14) to king Phraates IV of Parthia (37–2 BC) as part payment for the return of the eagles lost by Marcus Licinius Crassus in the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC.
		She became a favourite of Phraates IV and he made her his legitimate wife under the name of "the goddess Musa"; her son Phraates V (2 BC – AD 4), commonly called Phraataces (a diminutive form), he appointed successor.
		She persuaded Phraates IV to send his other sons to Rome as hostages.
	www.parsnava.com /biography/sdmc_Musa_of_Parthia (261 words)

	Parthia information information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The end of this loosely organized empire came in 224 CE, when the last king was defeated by one of the empire's vassals, the Persians of the Sassanid dynasty.
		In 53 BCE, the Roman general Crassus invaded Parthia, but was defeated at the Battle of Carrhae by a Parthian commander called Surena in the Greek and Latin sources, most likely a member of the Sûrên clan.
		Two years later, he took Ctesiphon, and this time it meant the end of Parthia, replaced by the second Persian Empire, ruled by the Sassanid dynasty.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Parthia (2977 words)

	The Parthian period (
		Himerus could not have been a rebel, since he struck coins in the name of the Parthian rulers Phraates II and Artabanus II, both of whom were killed in fighting in eastern Iran.
		Conflict between two claimants to the Parthian throne, Vologeses IV or V and Artabanus V, gave the Roman emperor Caracalla an excuse to invade Adiabene, but in 217 he was assassinated on the road from Edessa to Carrhae(Harran), and the Romans made peace.
		The end of the Parthian kingdom was near, and the advent of the Sasanians brought a new phase in the history of Mesopotamia.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/parthian.html (2485 words)

	Phraates IV of Parthia - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Phraates IV of Parthia - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Parthia, ancient empire of Asia, in what are now Iran and Afghanistan.
		The Parthians were of Scythian descent, and adopted Median dress and Aryan...
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=Phraates+IV+of+Parthia (156 words)

	parthian_empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Parthia derives from Latin Parthia, from Old Persian Parthava-, a dialectical variant of the stem Parsa-, from which Persia derives.
		An Shih Kao, a Parthian nobleman and Buddhist missionary, went to the Chinese capital Luoyang in 148 CE where he established temples and became the first man to translate Buddhist scriptures into Chinese.
		The date Î“ÎÎ¡ is the year 173 of the Seleucid era, corresponding to 140–139 BCE.]]Rebellions soon broke out due to the continuing loyalty of the population to Parthia.
	www.toptenvaluetravel.com /wiki/?title=Parthian_Empire (2971 words)

	Persian Empire By Pejman Azadi - The Parthia (Ashkanian) Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Phraates IV invested them in building up Ctesiphon.
		Vologases IV declared war against the Romans and reconquered Armenia.
		economic crisis for three or four decades, and the consequences of the looting for Parthia were dire.
	pejman.azadi.googlepages.com /theparthia(ashkanian)empire (2173 words)

	Cheryl Walker, Hostages in Republican Rome - Chapter 4: The Termination of Hostageship [144-191]
		In 23 B.C. Phraates IV sent envoys to Rome to seek the return of both [161] his son and his rebellious subject Tiridates; although Caesar refused the latter part of the demand, he did release the son without ransom, with the understanding that Phraates would surrender the Roman standards and prisoners of war in Parthia.
		Unfettered by the pre-existing conditions of a legal contract, Augustus was not restricted in his manipulations of Eastern policy; by the support of a rival claimant to the throne he could embroil a nation in civil war, establish a monarch friendly to Rome, or gain concessions in exchange for his non-intervention.
		Despite the bitter hatred felt for Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Balas’ alleged father, the Jews felt that Balas, a political cipher, was preferable to the energetic Demetrius.
	www.chs.harvard.edu /publications.sec/online_print_books.ssp/cheryl_walker_hostages/walker_ch04_tei.xml (14553 words)

	ONLIPIX - Great names pictures : PHR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		PHRAATACES (son of PHRAATES IV, king of Parthia from 2 B.C. to 4 A.D.)
		PHRAATES II (son of MITHRIDATES I, king of Parthia from 138 to 127 B.C. Coin 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/
		PHRAATES IV (son of ORODES II, king of Parthia, 38-2 B.C. Coin 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9/10/11/12/13/14/15/16/17/18/19/20/
	www.onlipix.com /personages/phr.htm (60 words)

	Vonones I Of Parthia : Sirchin - The Free Encyclopedia And Other Stuff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		He was the eldest son of Phraates IV of Parthia (ruled c.
		10–38), who was living among the Dahan nomads in the east of Parthia, was invited to the throne.
		Vonones I of Parthia (ΟΝΩΝΗΣ on his coins) ruled the Parthian Empire from about AD 8–12.
	vonones-i-of-parthia.sirchin.com (211 words)

	Paranormal News -- Your Source for UFO and Paranormal Related Information
		The monarch of this vast and powerful nation was Phraates IV, and since there had been various hostilities between Phraates and Rome over the years, this influential leader was going to need a very special present indeed to demonstrate Rome’s peaceful intent.
		But no, Phraates was so impressed with his ‘prostitute’ that he made Thea Muse his chief wife, and nominated their future son as heir to the kingdom.
		Thea Muse desired the throne for her son, and so she had Phraates IV poisoned.
	www.paranormalnews.com /article.asp?articleid=1157 (1789 words)

	Media, Persia, Parthia, & Iran
		Phraates IV c.37-3 BC Tiridates II c.30-25 BC Phraates V/ Phraataces
		Since Han China and Rome traded silk for gold by way of Parthia, which endeavored to conceal knowledge of each from each other, any occasions for common knowledge would be extraordinary.
		The Sassanids replace the Hellenophile Parthian dynasty, with the program of deliberately reviving the Zoroastrian Achaemenid Persian Empire, aspiring to recover all the former provinces of the Achaemenids (Egypt, Syria, Anatolia).
	www.friesian.com /iran.htm#parthian (2645 words)

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