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Topic: Phragmites

In the News (Sat 19 Dec 09)

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	Information about yellow starthistle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Phragmites australis, is possibly the most widely distributed flowering plant, ranging across Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America and Australia, however, the origin of the species is unclear.
		Phragmites australis is a clonal grass species that reproduces both vegetative and by seed dispersal.
		In Washington, Phragmites is rapidly invading the riparian zone of the Snake River displacing native wetland vegetation.
	www.nwcb.wa.gov /weed_info/Written_findings/Phragmites_australis.html (2611 words)

	Scarborough Marsh, IV - Invasive Plants
		Phragmites australis, or Common Reed, is an invasive plant that is a native of the Americas and Eurasia.
		Phragmites is easily recognized by its height (5-15 feet), plume-like inflorescence, and habit of growing in dense, single-species stands.
		Phragmites is especially common in brackish wetlands, where it is able to outcompete native tidal marsh species, and on disturbed sites.
	www.scarboroughmaine.com /marsh/reports/marsh01/section4.html (1678 words)

	CWRL - Mined land restoration ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Phragmites australis: Venturi- and humidity-induced pressure flows enhance rhizome aeration and rhizosphere oxidation.
		Impact of the spread of Phragmites on the distribution of birds in Connecticut tidal marshes.
		Defoliation and treading by cattle of reed Phragmites australis.
	www.siu.edu /~wildlife/research/reclaim_reference/phragmites.htm (2142 words)

	Control of Phragmites communis
		Phragmites is of concern to wetland managers because it grows rapidly, excludes other plant species, provides little wildlife habitat, and is of little aesthetic or recreational value.
		Phragmites, however, typically grows in wetlands where the use of herbicides is difficult, if not impossible, due to regulations and environmental concerns.
		Phragmites at Cape Hatteras tends to grow on high ground (measured in centimeters of change from the surrounding area, by personal observation), so the base of the Phragmites plants can be dry while the surrounding grassy areas are wet.
	www.birdandhike.com /jlboone/papers/plants/Phrag.htm (2793 words)

	Berkshire Taconic :: Conservation issues :: Invasive Plants: Common reed, aka Phragmites
		Phragmites australis is a problem because it can grow in great numbers in almost any wet or wetland habitat and because it has no natural predators in North America.
		Human activity is the primary cause of the spread of Phragmites; the plant tends to follow the path of development, and it flourishes in disturbed soil.
		The stalks of Phragmites are tall and hollow, which allows a constant supply of oxygen to reach the deeply buried rhizomes, or roots.
	www.lastgreatplaces.org /berkshire/issues/art6402.html (822 words)

	deseretnews.com \| Utah's northern marshes — Invasive plant choking Great Salt Lake shores
		Phragmites then appeared to help repaint the wetland picture in flowing acres of waving green stems and golden-brown plumes.
		Phragmites australis, or common reed, is an ornamental plant that on appearances would seem to fit well into the family of wetland plant life.
		Because the stem of phragmites is rigid, in earlier days the plant was used to build homes and thatched roofs, boats, mats, arrows, baskets and even make pen tips.
	deseretnews.com /dn/view/0,1249,645199063,00.html (1052 words)

	WWA - Phragmites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Phragmites australis, a relatively new invader of Wisconsin’s wetlands, is rapidly expanding its range in Wisconsin to the detriment of native wetland communities.
		In Wisconsin, Phragmites is most commonly found in disturbed areas with altered hydrology or sedimentation such as roadside ditches, wetlands downhill from active farm fields, and farmed wetlands that have been left fallow.
		Phragmites root systems were excavated to a depth of at least 1 ft and buried in a ditch 4 ft deep.
	www.wiscwetlands.org /phragmites.htm (2918 words)

	A Landowner's Guide for the Control of Phragmites - Invasive & Exotic Species of Maryland
		But phragmites, also known as common reed, is a large, coarse, perennial grass often found in wetlands.
		Phragmites can be treated successfully with glyphosate when plants are actively growing and are at mid- to full-bloom (late July through October but before a killing frost).
		Phragmites will die within 6-8 weeks and should then be burned or mowed.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /wildlife/phrag.asp (994 words)

	intro
		Phragmites australis is a spectacularly tall perennial grass found on all continents except Antarctica.
		Phragmites is a colonial plant, spreading by rhizomes (underground stems) and capable of forming large stands or colonies arising from one or a few seeds or plant pieces.
		In the case of Phragmites, this disturbance is often anthropogenic (caused by human beings), in the form of an action taken for the "benefit" of the people themselves, as has been done, for example at Belle Isle Marsh in Revere, Massachusetts.
	site.www.umb.edu /conne/leslie/intro.htm (819 words)

	Invasive Plants of Wisconsin: Phragmites australis, common reed
		Phragmites does not seed as heavily into new sites as might be supposed from the dense populations, but seedlings that do become established form very aggressive clones which grow vegetatively to cover large areas.
		It appears to be nearly global in distribution in freshwater wetlands, it is found throughout the continental U.S.A. and is widely distributed in Wisconsin, although it appears to be most common in the southern part of the state, along the Great Lakes and in and around cities.
		Because Phragmites does not usually produce large numbers of new seedlings, one of the most effective means for control is to monitor susceptible areas and destroy the new plants before they can expand vegetatively.
	www.uwgb.edu /biodiversity/herbarium/invasive_species/phraus01.htm (420 words)

	Faculty Template
		Phragmites australis, common reed, is an aggressive, native, 8-16 foot tall, coarse perennial grass which frequently grows in the moist soils of tidal and nontidal wetlands.
		Since the objection to Phragmites is its ability to reduce marsh diversity, the management objective of a control program should be to return wetlands dominated by Phragmites to the condition prior to Phragmites establishment.
		In Maryland, control of Phragmites often requires approval by a number of federal, state, county, and municipal agencies because Phragmites occurs in wetlands and many wetlands are regulated.
	ola4.aacc.edu /smailstock/PhragmitesQ@A.htm (1911 words)

	Invasive Species In The Chesapeake Bay Watershed Workshop - Phragmites
		Environmental determinants of Phragmites australis expansion in a New Jersey salt marsh: an experimental approach.
		Phragmites invasion and expansion in tidal wetlands: Interactions among salinity, sulfide and hydrology, (abstract).
		Rate, patterns, and impacts of Phragmites australis expansion and effects of experimental Phragmites control on vegetation, macroinvertebrates, and fish within tidelands of the lower Connecticut River.
	www.mdsg.umd.edu /exotics/workshop/phragmites.html (3127 words)

	Virginia DEQ - Virginia CZM Program - 2004 coastal grant project descriptions
		Phragmites is found in every U.S. state and is well-established and increasing in coastal habitats of Virginia.
		Phragmites is long-lived and spreads rapidly due to its ability to reproduce both by seed and dispersed rhizome fragments, establishing readily in disturbed areas.
		In all, 225 acres of Phragmites was treated on the Eastern Shore Seaside in 2005 using Habitat herbicide.
	www.deq.state.va.us /coastal/description/2004projects/11-08-04.html (1769 words)

	Nutritional Wellness \| Phragmites (lu gen)
		Phragmites is the name given to several species of aquatic grasses, including the water reed, the giant reed, the sea reed and reed canary grass.
		Phragmites is employed to help treat cases of severe thirst and fever, along with coughs, congestion in the chest, and nausea and vomiting.
		The typical dose of phragmites is between 15 and 30 grams, decocted in water for oral administration.
	www.nutritionalwellness.com /nutrition/herbs/p/phragmites.php (450 words)

	Restoration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Common Reed (Phragmites australis, formerly P. communis) is a tall grass attaining a height of 16 feet or more.
		Phragmites grows under a variety of environmental conditions ranging from salt to fresh which probably has led to its ubiquitous occurrence around the globe.
		Before considering Phragmites control techniques, it is vital to understand how environmental conditions changed to favor the growth of this species.
	www.massaudubon.org /Kids/Lively_Lessons/Saltmarsh/restoration.html (3157 words)

	Phragmites - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phragmites australis, the Common Reed (see Reed (plant) for other species also called 'reed'), is a large grass native to wetland sites throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world.
		It is generally regarded as the sole species of the genus Phragmites, though some botanists divide the genus into three or four species.
		It is now known that the North American native forms of Phragmites are markedly less vigorous than European forms, and that the recent marked increase in Phragmites in North America is due to a vigorous, but otherwise almost indistinguishable European form of the species, best detectable by genetic analysis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phragmites (505 words)

	NJAS: Position on Lower Cape May Meadows Phragmites Treatment Plan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		NJAS believes it is crucial that management practices such as Phragmites eradication in these areas pay strict attention to potential impacts such practice may have on wildlife and habitats.
		Phragmites stands are viewed by many as low-quality or degraded wetlands.
		Complete removal of Phragmites from the Refuge and State Park could eliminate habitat for several species, unless structurally similar vegetation is established within a reasonable timeframe.
	www.njaudubon.org /Conservation/Opinions/09-03.html (2564 words)

	Phragmites australis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Phragmites densely covers the shorelines of all permanent open bodies of water in the Libyan Desert.
		Cluster of Phragmites australis at Ain Murr, Karkur Murr (Jebel Uweinat)
		Phragmites australis surrounding lakes in the crater of Wau Namus volcano
	www.fjexpeditions.com /desert/florafauna/flora/phragmites_australis.htm (93 words)

	Phragmite Removal
		Phragmites alter the structure and function of diverse marsh ecosystems by changing species composition, nutrient cycles and water flow.
		Dense Phragmites stands decrease native biodiversity and the quality of wetland habitat, particularly for migrating waders and waterfowl species.
		The tops of the phragmites were cut off and bagged.
	www.angelfire.com /falcon/ginlc/stewardship/phragmites_removal.html (158 words)

	Draft Report of Baseline Investigation of Managing Phragmites
		tidal enrichment) for a subset of the Phragmites population.
		Stems and rhizomes of Phragmites are equipped with air spaces (Marks et al., 1994) that may contribute to the oxidation of surface soils.
		Phragmites typically flourishes in alkaline and brackish environments (Marks et al., 1994; Haslam 1972, 1971), although there have been anecdotal citings of it in highly acidic wetlands and mine tailings (Marks et al., 1994).
	www.rider.edu /~hsun/phrag/phreport.html (5008 words)

	Recent Research on Phragmites australis in North America: Implications for Management
		Botanical records indicate that Phragmites was uncommon or rare in the 1800’s, however by 1975, it was recorded across all of the lower 48 states.
		The aggressive nature of Phragmites is likely the result of cryptogenic invasion, where the introduced species enters a lag phase, then undergoes rapid population expansion.
		Despite the common perception that all Phragmites is bad, recent research by Saltonstall demonstrates that Phragmites is native to the United States.
	sgnis.org /publicat/proceed/aide/salt2003.htm (878 words)

	Salt Marsh Project \| Mass Audubon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Phragmites australis is an invasive plant species that often grows in monotypic (one type of plant) stands.
		Phragmites stands are still growing and will cover more of the salt marsh in the future if no measures to restore natural tidal circulation are taken.
		Phragmites is growing in areas with salinities as high as 27 ppt.
	www.massaudubon.org /saltmarsh/summary.php (1192 words)

	Aquatic Nuisance Species Program - Phragmites Update
		Phragmites infestations have impacted shallow water habitat in the Winyah Bay/Santee Delta area for over three decades.
		The S.C. Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has battled Phragmites in its waterfowl impoundments for most of that time with limited success, but the release of a new and more effective herbicide has encouraged the agency to increase control efforts.
		In the summer of 2005, about 1,992 acres of Phragmites were treated on DNR properties at a cost of $351,089.
	www.dnr.sc.gov /water/envaff/aquatic/phragmites.html (432 words)

	Wildlife Use of Phragmites at Long Point, Ontario
		Phragmites australis is a large perennial rhizomatous reed that competes with other wetland plants.
		Large stands of exotic Phragmites, however, had a high abundance of red-winged flbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) and provided habitat for least bitterns (Ixobrychus exilis), swallows (Family Hirundinidae), juvenile swamp sparrows, and marsh wrens (Cistothorus palustris).
		Use of exotic Phragmites by Virginia (Rallus limicola) and sora rails (Porzana carolina) was limited to stand edges.
	www.bsc-eoc.org /lpbo/phrag3.html (837 words)

	Friends of Wertheim
		Phragmites, also known as the common reed, has infested and degraded more than half of the refuge's valuable marshes.
		Coverage of Phragmites increased to 245 acres by 1989 and 335 acres by 2000.
		Further work should be done to address the relationship of Phragmites australis distribution and expansion to salinity levels and disturbance in the Refuge.
	www.friendsofwertheim.org /phragmites.html (674 words)

	Thwarting the Phragmites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Several recently initiated, cooperative projects are targeting the invasion of Phragmites on the Eastern Shore.
		Phragmites australis, the perennial wetland grass known as common reed, has become a serious pest.
		Why Phragmites has extended its dominance over so many marshes is the subject of disagreement among scientists.
	www.assateague.org /plover/1-96-g.html (280 words)

	Phragmites Identification - King County Noxious Weed Control Program
		Because of the limited distribution in the county and the potential serious impact, control of phragmites is required in King County.
		Phragmites is found in both eastern and western Washington and some infestations are many acres in size.
		The project began mapping all known locations of phragmites using GPS technology and to develop a GIS layer for the State.
	dnr.metrokc.gov /wlr/LANDS/weeds/phragmites.htm (357 words)

	CapeGazette.com - Covering Delaware's Cape Region
		Frank Buck, coordinator of the project for the city and the Lewes Fire Department, said controlled burning of the vegetation in small increments would begin only if weather conditions were right for doing the job.
		The controlled burn, which is a fuel reduction strategy to prevent wildfires, is part of the city’s hazard mitigation plan.
		Buck said the phragmites were sprayed with herbicide in October to further reduce growth of the plants.
	www.capegazette.com /storiescurrent/0306/phragmites031006.html (479 words)

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