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Topic: Phreatic eruption

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	USGS Photo Glossary: Phreatic eruption
		Phreatic eruptions are steam-driven explosions that occur when water beneath the ground or on the surface is heated by magma, lava, hot rocks, or new volcanic deposits (for example, tephra and pyroclastic-flow deposits).
		Phreatic eruption at the summit of Mount St. Helens, Washington.
		These phreatic eruptions preceded the volcano's plinian eruption on 18 May 1980.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/HydroVolcEruption.html (118 words)

	Phreatic Eruption - John Seach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A phreatic eruption is a steam eruption without lava ejection.
		Phreatic eruptions are a common precursor of volcanic activity.
		The eruptions are caused by groundwater flashing to steam as it is heated by magma.
	www.volcanolive.com /phreatic.html (34 words)

	Phreatic eruption - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phreatic eruption at the summit of Mount St. Helens, Washington.
		Phreatic eruptions typically include steam and rock fragments; the inclusion of lava is unusual.
		A 1979 phreatic eruption on the island of Java killed 149 people, most of whom were overcome by poisonous gases.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phreatic_eruption (233 words)

	Volcanic and Geologic Terms
		Eruption: The process by which solid, liquid, and gaseous materials are ejected into the earth's atmosphere and onto the earth's surface by volcanic activity.
		Phreatic Eruption (Explosion): An explosive volcanic eruption caused when water and heated volcanic rocks interact to produce a violent expulsion of steam and pulverized rocks.
		Plinian Eruption: An explosive eruption in which a steady, turbulent stream of fragmented magma and magmatic gases is released at a high velocity from a vent.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/glossary.html (4560 words)

	Encyclopedia: Krakatoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The 1883 eruption ejected more than six cubic miles (25 cubic kilometres) of rock, ash, and pumice [1], and generated the loudest sound ever historically recorded by human beings â” the cataclysmic explosion was distinctly heard as far away as Perth in Australia, and the island of Rodrigues near Mauritius.
		The resulting phreatic eruption of superheated steam all but annihilated Krakatoa, leaving only the southern tip (Rakata.) The blast was heard as far distant as the island of Rodrigues, near Mauritius, 4,800 km away; the sound of Krakatoa's destruction is believed to be the loudest sound in recorded history.
		Eruption can refer to: Volcanic eruption The eruption of teeth through the gum Eruption (band) This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Krakatoa (4457 words)

	The Ultimate Phreatic eruption - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Phreatic eruptions occur when rising hot lava or magma makes contact with either ground water or surface water.
		The eruptions may leave a crater called a maar, typically a shallow crater.
		A phreatic eruption in Java in 1979 killed 149 people, most of whom were overcome by poisonous gases.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Phreatic_eruptions (195 words)

	Encyclopedia: Phreatic eruption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Phreatic eruption at the summit of Mount St....
		The term mud volcano or mud dome is used to refer to formations created by geologically excreted liquids and gases, although there are several different processes which may cause such activity.
		The word crater may refer to A landform resembling a pit or depression in the topography that can be formed in several ways: a meteorite impact with another body can cause an impact crater, an electrical discharge such as lightning may form a crater-like pit, volcanic activity may form...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Phreatic-eruption (600 words)

	Major Japanese Volcanic Activity in 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Magmatophreatic eruption occurred at Nishiyama in the northwestern flank on 31 March.
		Phreatic eruptions continued at many craters at the two regions.
		Phreatic eruption at Kompirayama crater is still continuing and volcanic ash emission and air-shocks are observed.
	homepage3.nifty.com /hyamasat/jp2000.html (346 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This is called "Bunka eruption." Suwanose-jima island is thought to have been a peace island before the eruption.
		As ejecta by these eruptions are deposited around "Tongama" at the southern edge of the ridge of Mt. O-take, eruptions of this phase are thought to have occurred at "Tongama crater" at the southern end of the 1813 crater row.
		The magmatic eruptions are considered to be those of strombolian for its small area (R = 2 km) of distributuion.
	www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp /shimano/English/the1813.html (307 words)

	Talang, Sumatra, Indonesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Talang is a stratovolcano with 8 confirmed eruptions between 1833 and 1968.
		Eruptions in 1833, 1843, 1845, and 1876 were from flank vents.
		An eruption in 1967 and two different eruptions in 1968 were from radial fissures.
	volcano.und.edu /vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/indonesia/talang.html (94 words)

	[No title]
		of the volcano's eruptions are phreatic due to the interaction between hot magma beneath the solid crust and the water in the crater lake.
		Phreatic explosion of the crater lake ejected most of the lake's water, with a large steam and ash cloud reaching 4 km.
		Phreatic crater lake explosions in intervals of 5-30 min.
	people.colgate.edu /tvandervort/Eruption_history.htm (838 words)

	Ventotene Island
		The reconstruction of this eruption is important to understand the volcanological and structural evolution of the island because this explosive event may be associated with a caldera collapse.
		Each of the remnant five explosive eruptions began with a pumice fall phase and culminated with the emplacement of pyroclastic flows.
		As most eruptions, after the climactic phase, represented by the emission of a lithic rich flows, there is a waning phase with a relatively minor activity.
	vulcan.fis.uniroma3.it /ventotene/ventotene.html (1681 words)

	1851 phreatic eruption
		The most complete account of the events of the 1851-52 eruption is a report ordered by the local authorities of Martinique, in an attempt to calm down the emotion raised by the sudden eruption.
		There was no visible sign of the impending convulsion from the eruption of a volcano At around 11:00 pm, a dull, distant and sinister noise could be heard ; at first, everybody mistook it for some noise they were familiar with.
		This one with the thunder, that one with the vapor bellowing when the valve of a steamer engine is opened, this other one with the rumble of a flooding river.
	www.mount-pelee.com /1851-phreatic-eruption-2.html (320 words)

	Anatahan-eruption geology report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ongoing eruptive event started with pumice eruption (subplinian?) probably in middle May, such that whole of the island was covered with brown tephra (ash) especially in the direction WSW of crater.
		Phreatic eruptions issued gray ash, which was deposited mainly inside the calderas but weakly covered most part of the island.
		As the crater bottom deepened during eruption (near sea level), interaction of magma with water, invaded from the interior of the volcanic body, might have triggered destructive phreatic explosions.
	hakone.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp /vrc/erup/anatahan/index.html (1523 words)

	Explore Kilauea Volcano \| Eruption
		As the eruption continued, lava poured down the wall of the crater, the lava lake grew larger and deeper, and both the rate the lava extruded from the vent and the size of the lava fountain increased.
		The first phase of the eruption continued for seven days, until the crater was half-filled with lava and the level of the lava lake reached the height of the vent.
		The eruption began from a fissure on the floor of the crater.
	www.fireworkstudios.com /erupt.html (3293 words)

	1980 Mount St. Helens eruption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The eruption was preceded by a series of earthquakes and steam venting episodes that created a huge bulge and afracture system on Mount St. Helens ' north slope.
		A phreatic eruption (exploding groundwater -derived steam) ejectedpulverized rock from within the old summit crater, excavating a new crater 250 feet (76m) wide at 12:36 PM on March 27.
		The eruption was preceded by a sudden increase inearthquake activity and occurred during a rain storm.
	www.therfcc.org /1980-mount-st.-helens-eruption-89612.html (2350 words)

	ERUPTION HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It does exhibit bursts of fumarolic activity, spaced one quarter to half a century apart, accompanied by small phreatic eruptions, and preceded by a considerable increase in seismic activity.
		The May 8 eruption was preceded by an earthquake swarm starting on May 7, the earthquakes occurred at a rate of 1/min, accompanied by thunder-like noise.
		The phreatic explosions of May 8, 1986 took place at a steam vent on the NW slope of Tacaná.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /volcanoes/tacana/eruption3.html (518 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, The Eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Colombia, South America, November 13, 1985 (1991)
		A phreatic eruption began that was described as similar to the September 11, 1985 eruption.
		Before the eruption, a large percentage of the available shear strength of the soil was required to maintain stability of the sediments on the steep 10°-12° slopes (Point A in Figure 2.1).
		The phreatic eruption on September 11, 1985 and its associated tremors were large enough to trigger a small debris flow, which advanced down the upper Azufrado River valley.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309044774/html/12.html (6318 words)

	MIYAKEJIMA VOLCANO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This eruption is characterized by low eruption-column and by extensive lateral-flowage of low ash clouds from the summit.
		Judging from the data of ground deformation, seismic activity, eruption products and volcanic gas, the mechanism of these summit eruptions may be instability of geothermal system created by the summit collapse, and, alternatively, may be interaction of groundwater with an ascending magma.
		Eruption products (reddish ash and cinders) of the 8 April eruption was estimated as small as less than one million cubic meters.
	hakone.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp /vrc/erup/miyake.html (3632 words)

	Guagua Pichincha, Ecuador
		Eruptions on the 10-12 August have left a thin covering of ash on vegetation west of the dome.
		On 2 August, a strong phreatic eruption occurred at the Guagua Pichincha Volcano.
		As of 17 June 1999, the Guagua Pichincha Volcano is experiencing a period of intense fumarolic activity with occasional phreatic eruptions.
	volcano.und.edu /vwdocs/current_volcs/ecuador/guagua_pichincha.html (1888 words)

	Panic on Africa's Comoros islands amid reports of volcanic eruption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		News of the reported eruption caused panic on the streets of the capital Moroni, the French embassy said.
		In previous eruptions during the 19th century, the volcano is thought to have sent lava flows beyond the capital.
		A phreatic eruption -- driven by steam from a lake on Karthala's summit crater -- occurred in 1991.
	www.terradaily.com /2003/030830104139.wqcukc8y.html (356 words)

	[No title]
		On May 15, 1754, at about 9 or 10 o'clock in the night, the volcano quite unexpectedly commenced to roar and emit, sky-high, formidable flames intermixed with glowing rocks which, falling back upon the island and rolling down the slopes of the mountain, created the impression of a large river of fire.
		The volcano continued thus until June 2, during the night of which the eruption reached such proportions that the falling ejecta made the entire island appear to be on fire, and it was even feared that the catastrophe might involve the shores of the lake.
		Eruption of ash and incandescent fragments on 29 October
	people.colgate.edu /ssweeney/eruptionhistory.htm (555 words)

	Soufriere Hills, Montserrat, West Indies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Eruption columns rose to heights of 20,000 to 40,000 ft (6000-12,000 m) after each explosion.
		The August 6 eruption was explosive enough to shower even the safe zone at the north end of the island with debris.
		Plumes of ash from this eruption have reached heights of 40,000 ft (12,000 m) and dropped ash on the islands of Nevis and Antigua, which are over 25 miles (40 km) away.
	www.nides.bc.ca /Assignments/Scavenge/Montserrat.htm (4149 words)

	Volcanic crater - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Volcanoes that terminate in a principal crater are usually of a conical form.
		On Earth, volcanic explosion craters are often formed when magma rises through water-saturated rocks and causes a phreatic, or steam explosion.
		Volcanic explosion craters from phreatic eruption often occur on plains away from other obvious volcanoes.
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Volcanic_crater (202 words)

	Sorik Marapi Volcano, Indonesia - John Seach
		Phreatic eruptions have occurred at the summit and flank craters over the past two centuries.
		Phreatic eruption on the east slope of Siunik.
		Phreatic eruption in main crater producing ashfall 52 km away.
	www.volcano.com.au /sorikmarapi.htm (117 words)

	The Phreatic Eruption of 1924
		The atypical "Hawaiian" eruption occurred in Halema'uma'u Crater when groundwater came into contact with hot rocks surrounding the magma.
		The eruption cloud produced electrical storms and little pea-sized mud balls, which formed when ash from the plume was moistened by steam.
		The eruption from flank vents on the western side of Pu'u 'O'o continues unabated.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /volcanowatch/1996/96_05_17.html (594 words)

	CVO Website - May 18, 1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens
		The first of a series of small phreatic explosions occurred on March 27, accompanying the opening of a crater within a horseshoe-shaped graben concave northward at the summit of the cone.
		The first phreatic eruption occurred on March 27, coincident with a high level of seismic activity.
		The eruption column lightened in color and became more energetic at about noon, possibly as a fresh supply of gas-rich magma reached the surface; pumiceous pyroclastic flows spilled northward from the crater and covered part of the debris avalanche, forming the Pumice Plain.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Volcanoes/MSH/May18/description_may18_1980.html (1590 words)

	Definition of Dacite
		[[Phreatic]] (steam explosion) eruptions, dacite and basalt lava flows and [[volcanic cone#cinder...
		35:...his period of growth began with the eruption of a dacite [[plug dome]] from a ridge surrounded by the sev...
		37:...s of [[phreatic eruption]]s (steam explosions), [[dacite]] lava flows, and [[lahar]]s (volcanic mud flows)...
	www.wordiq.com /search/Dacite.html (537 words)

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