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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Phrenic nerve
		The pericardiacophrenic artery is a long slender branch, that accompanies the phrenic nerve, between the pleura and pericardium, to the diaphragm, to which it is distributed; it anastomoses with the musculophrenic and inferior phrenic arteries.
		The well-studied motor innervation of the diaphragm by the phrenic nerve arises from motor neurons in the ventral horn of the cervical spinal cord (Jammes et al., 1995).
		The length of phrenic nerve was measured from the stimulating electrodes to the dorsal root entry zone to calculate the conduction velocity of the phrenic nerve afferents.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Phrenic-nerve (1771 words)

	IX. Neurology. 6b. The Anterior Divisions. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		818) arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and its fibers are derived from the fifth and sixth cervical nerves.
		It communicates with the superficial branch of the radial nerve, and with the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve.
		The branches of the ulnar nerve are: articular to the elbow-joint, muscular, palmar cutaneous, dorsal, and volar.
	www.bartleby.com /107/210.html (5780 words)

	IX. Neurology. 1F. The Great Plexuses of the Sympathetic System. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		It is formed by the cardiac nerves derived from the cervical ganglia of the sympathetic, and the cardiac branches of the vagus and recurrent nerves.
		of the cardiac plexus are the superior cardiac nerve of the left sympathetic, and the lower of the two superior cervical cardiac branches from the left vagus, which pass to the superficial part of the plexus.
		The nerves composing this plexus are white in color and firm in texture; in the upper part of the plexus close to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery is a ganglion (ganglion mesentericum superius).
	www.bartleby.com /107/220.html (1794 words)

	eMedicine - Diaphragm Disorders : Article by Jason M Johnson, DO
		Phrenic nerve conduction studies are used to assess the latency of conducting nervous impulses along the course of the nerve.
		If the phrenic nerve is intact and the problem lies in actually transmitting an impulse to the nerve, phrenic nerve or diaphragmatic pacing may be useful modalities in the treatment of this subset of patients.
		Fell SC: Surgical anatomy of the diaphragm and the phrenic nerve.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic553.htm (2821 words)

	Phrenic nerve and hypertension 2 diabetes hypertension mellitus type vioxx and hypertension
		phrenic nerve and nursing assessment for hypertension hypertension publish in hypertension.
		Treating hypertension (>140 phrenic nerve and hypertension Hg.Hypertension Treatment of this proprietary blend phrenic nerve and hypertension hypertension in 30 days or greater) or phrenic nerve and hypertension elevation of people with high blood pressure, a serious condition is the phrenic nerve and hypertension dealt with daily health risk.
		One of the phrenic nerve and hypertension pressure, the specific cause sildenafil used to treat pulmonary hypertension phrenic nerve and hypertension patients with phrenic nerve and hypertension renal hypertension hypertension, a common in Adults With Diabetes.
	hypertension-management.vfhost.net /phrenic-nerve-and-hypertension.html (352 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Electrophysiological evaluation of phrenic nerve injury during cardiac surgery – a ...
		The purpose of this study was to document the effects on phrenic nerve injury of whole body hypothermia, use of ice-slush around the heart and mammary artery harvesting.
		Right phrenic nerve amplitude and latency time were within normal limits in both preoperative and postoperative evaluations of all patients, except the five patients with left phrenic nerve injury (Table 2, 3).
		Furthermore, the phrenic nerve amplitudes were not different, contrary to claims in the literature [6,7].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2482/4/2 (2579 words)

	An History of the Fight Against Tuberculosis in Canada.
		Both phrenic nerves, that is, right and left, rise from a group of nerves in the neck, some of which go on to supply the shoulder muscles and arm muscles and the phrenic nerve enters the chest behind the collar bone.
		By cutting the wire the light is extinguished and similarly by crushing the phrenic nerve the current which causes the contraction of the diaphragm is temporarily cut off.
		Following a phrenic nerve crush the diaphragm remains paralyzed for varying periods, usually anywhere from three to six months and then the diaphragmatic movement gradually returns.
	www.lung.ca /tb/tbhistory/treatment/nervecrush.html (524 words)

	Bi108 - Phrenic Nerve Pacing
		Injury to the spinal cord or brain stem may damage the nerve cells that stimulate the phrenic nerve, which facilitates contraction of the diaphragm necessary for breathing.
		Phrenic nerve pacing, which uses and electrode implanted in the chest to stimulate the phrenic nerve, may benefit certain patients who are dependent on a respirator.
		Phrenic nerve pacers improve respiratory physiology because air is drawn into the lungs naturally by diaphragmatic contractions, rather than air forced into the lungs under pressure form a mechanical ventilator.
	www.networkingdoc.com /bio (137 words)

	Breathing Pacemakers \| Surgical Details \| Avery Biomedical Devices, Inc.
		A surgical procedure is required to place the implanted electrode on the phrenic nerve and the implanted receiver just under the surface of the skin.
		This procedure involves using an intercostal nerve (from in between the patient's ribs) to reenervate the damaged phrenic nerve.
		For this procedure, the intercostal muscle and nerve are cut and brought close to the point where the phrenic nerve enters the diaphragm.
	www.averybiomedical.com /bp/surgery.html (851 words)

	Phrenic Nerve Paralysis After Subclavian Revascularization Surgery (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the ICU and on the 10th postoperative day a phrenic nerve study with recording the diaphragmatic compound muscle action potential (DCMAPs) revealed unilateral PNP, where delayed conduction was determined for the right phrenic nerve with a mean latency of 9.23msec and decreased amplitude 0.085mv.
		Phrenic nerve paralysis after anaesthesia and surgery is difficult to explain.
		In the present case, we believe that the etiology of PNP was due to neurapraxis, indirect trauma, and edema of the phrenic nerve secondary to the manipulations and not due to complete transection of the phrenic nerve as indicated by the 5 fold recovery of the DCMAPs amplitude and the 72% improvement of its latency.
	www.ispub.com /ostia/index.php?xmlFilePath=journals/ija/vol8n1/phrenic.xml (1599 words)

	Additional Resources \| Scientific Articles \| Avery Biomedical Devices, Inc.
		"Phrenic nerve pacing can improve quality of life in quadriplegic patients and in patients with primary alveolar hypoventilation by eliminating the dependence on a ventilator...By avoiding multiple neck incisions, bilateral thoracotomies, or a sternotomy, an endoscopic approach is likely to yield a hastened postoperative recovery and improved quality of life."
		Patients with damaged cell bodies at the C3-C5 level, or direct trauma to the phrenic nerve may not be able to pace by a traditional method.
		"The electrophyisological status of phrenic nerve function has been determined by an assessment of the conduction time and diaphragm muscle action potential in patients who were being evaluated as candidates for diaphragm pacing...
	www.breathingpacemakers.com /resource/articles.html (1026 words)

	Phrenic nerve
		Brief supramaximal stimulation of the phrenic nerves (twitch) is considered a.
		Phrenic Nerve (C3 & C4 & C5) - Descends through the neck and thorax to supply the.
		The phrenic nerve is the only nerve to the diaphragm, and it courses phrenic nerve...
	www.art-cinema.org /phrenic-nerve.html (161 words)

	Newswise
		For the first time, a procedure is available to regenerate the damaged phrenic nerve, which cues the diaphragm to move the lungs.
		The pacemaker, similar to the ones used in cardiac patients, consists of electrodes sutured to the phrenic nerves, radio receivers implanted into subcutaneous pockets, and an external transmitter/antenna that provides power to the system via 9-volt batteries.
		The repetitive stimulus patterns to the phrenic nerve results in smooth, rhythmic contractions of the diaphragm, which allow the patient to breathe on his or her own.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view?id=PHRENIC.NUS (764 words)

	Phrenic nerve pacing via intramuscular diaphragm electrodes in tetraplegic subjects CHEST - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ventilator-dependent tetraplegic subjects were identified in whom bilateral phrenic nerve function was present, as determined by phrenic nerve conduction studies.
		In addition, this technique carries some risk of phrenic nerve injury since manipulation of the phrenic nerves is required for electrode placement.
		In this report, we describe a new method by which the phrenic nerves can be activated to provide long-term ventilatory support (ie, through laparoscopic placement of IM diaphragm electrodes).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0984/is_2_127/ai_n11852121 (886 words)

	Synaptic Pathways to Phrenic Motoneurons Are Enhanced by Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury ...
		The ipsilateral phrenic nerve is silent at baseline and during hypoxia in acutely injured rats, regardless of CIH preconditioning (A).
		Phrenic burst amplitude ipsilateral to SCI was greater at baseline and during hypoxia in all chronic versus acutely injured
		Goshgarian HG (1981) The role of cervical afferent nerve fiber inhibition of the crossed phrenic phenomenon.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/7/2993 (5025 words)

	Electrophysiological evaluation of phrenic nerve injury during cardiac surgery â“ a prospective, controlled, ...
		The purpose of this study was to document the effects on phrenic nerve injury of whole body hypothermia, use of ice-slush around the heart and mammary artery harvesting.
		All the left phrenic nerve dysfunction cases were in the hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass groups (3 in CABG with CPB and 2 in heart valve replacement with CPB).
		Also, no phrenic nerve injury was observed in the peripheral arterial bypass group, supporting the conclusion that phrenic nerve injury is mostly associated with the conditions of hypothermic cardiac surgery.
	www.perfline.com /textbook/local/phrenic.html (2658 words)

	Latest News \| ORCS Winter 2005 Article \| Avery Biomedical Devices, Inc.
		Patients who have sustained irreparable damage to the phrenic nerve may be candidates for a graft of the intercostals nerve to the distal phrenic nerve in conjunction with placement of a nerve stimulating electrode just above the diaphragm.
		Surgery for implantation of the phrenic nerve pacing device is usually not planned until more than six months after injury to allow for recovery from spinal cord injury and/or phrenic nerve injury.
		Phrenic nerve conduction studies (hemidiaphragm responses after phrenic nerve stimulation) should be performed before implantation of the pacing device to ensure the phrenic nerves and diaphragm are intact.
	www.averylabs.com /news/orcs.html (2143 words)

	Breathing Pacemakers \| Reimbursement \| Avery Biomedical Devices, Inc.
		The equipment is sometimes indexed as a phrenic nerve pacemaker, diaphragm pacemaker, or electrophrenic respiration.
		The implantation of a phrenic nerve stimulator is covered for selected patients with partial or complete respiratory insufficiency.
		Consequently, it is possible for such a device to be indicated for a patient, but due to injury sustained during implant, fail to assist the patient, resulting in a return to the use of mechanical ventilation.
	www.averybiomedical.com /bp/reimbursement.html (469 words)

	Cardiovascular Research - Phrenic nerve damage due to radio frequency ablati...
		Phrenic nerve damage due to radio frequency ablation is more common than anticipated
		Phrenic nerve injury can be more common than anticipated with radio frequency (RF) ablation at the right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV) orifice.
		This study was undertaken to examine phrenic nerve tissue temperatures during ablation at the pulmonary vein (PV) orifice, assess the temperature dependence of injury, and to delineate...
	www.newsrx.com /newsletters/Cardiovascular-Week/2006-02-06/0206200633387CD.html (176 words)

	Phrenic nerve function and its relationship to atelectasis after coronary artery bypass surgery -- Wilcox et al. 93 ...
		Phrenic nerve function and its relationship to atelectasis after coronary artery bypass surgery -- Wilcox et al.
		nerve function preoperatively and postoperatively in 52 patients.
		unequivocal paresis of the phrenic nerve was documented in five patients.
	www.chestjournal.org /cgi/content/abstract/93/4/693 (543 words)

	Phrenic Nerve
		The Phrenic nerve carries to the diaphragm the stimuli which make it work.
		The nerve extends from the neck through the chest down to the diaphragm.
		The phrenic nerve is a part of of the pituitary gland, situated at the base of the brain,behind the nose, but above the ears.
	www.islandnet.com /~chancey/phrenic.htm (296 words)

	phrenic nerve (anatomy) - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The phrenic nerves provide the major nerve supply to the diaphragm because of their embryonic association with the septum transversum that goes on to form the central tendinous part of the diaphragm.
		Damage to the phrenic nerve may lead to paralysis of one hemidiaphragm.
		Irritation of the phrenic sensory fibres tends to refer pain to the C4 dermatome territory.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/-1402273763.htm (207 words)

	phrenic nerve (left, anatomy) - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The phrenic nerve on both sides originates from the ventral rami of the third to fifth cervical nerves.
		At the anteroinferior medial margin of scalenus anterior, the left phrenic nerve crosses the first part of the left subclavian artery and then the internal thoracic artery sited slightly inferiorly.
		Within the thorax, the phrenic nerve continues inferiorly and slightly laterally on the anterolateral aspect of the arch of the aorta, separated from the posterior right vagus nerve by the left superior intercostal vein.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/-831848389.htm (328 words)

	Breathing Pacemakers \| Introduction to Pacing \| Avery Biomedical Devices, Inc.
		Phrenic pacing provides ventilatory support for patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency whose diaphragm, lungs, and phrenic nerves have residual function.
		These pulses are then sent down the electrodes to the phrenic nerves, causing the diaphragms to contract.
		Our breathing pacemakers are the only phrenic nerve stimulators to have full premarket approval by the US FDA and qualify for the CE Mark under the European Active Implantable Medical Device Directive.
	www.breathingpacemakers.com (254 words)

	DiMARCO: Neural prostheses for ventilation
		In patients with bilateral phrenic nerve function, on-going studies suggest that intramuscular diaphragm pacing may be a useful alternative to direct phrenic nerve pacing.
		Second, many patients with normal phrenic nerve function are reluctant to assume the risks associated with phrenic nerve pacing, which include possible damage to the phrenic nerves as well as the surgical risks, hospitalization, and high cost associated with the requisite thoracotomy.
		Since the phrenic nerves were cut in these animals, the generated inspired volumes were consequent to intercostal muscle activation alone.
	www.rehab.research.va.gov /jour/01/38/6/marco386.htm (3637 words)

	Release of acetylcholinesterase from rat hemidiaphragm preparations stimulated through the phrenic nerve
		Of the total amount of neural AChE, approximately 15% is mobile, with about 10% moving towards the nerve terminals and about 5% returning towards cell bodies, the remaining 85% of the enzyme being stationary.
		Since the mean velocity of orthograde transport is about twice that of the retrograde flow, the total flux of enzyme is 3−4 times greater in the distal than in the proximal direction.
		We now offer evidence that AChE is released from nerve terminals in response to nerve stimulation and suggest that this release may be parallel to, but separate from, release of neurotransmitter.
	www.nature.com /nature/journal/v275/n5677/abs/275224a0.html (373 words)

	Repetitive phrenic nerve stimulation in myasthenia gravis -- Zifko et al. 53 (5): 1083 -- Neurology
		Repetitive phrenic nerve stimulation in myasthenia gravis -- Zifko et al.
		nerve with recording of the trapezius CMAP (TCMAP) was abnormal
		Repetitive stimulation of the long thoracic nerve in myasthenia gravis: clinical and electrophysiological correlations
	www.neurology.org /cgi/content/abstract/53/5/1083 (305 words)

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