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Topic: Phrenology

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	Phrenology
		Phrenology became the basis for many things, from the selection of marriage partners to employees for the workplace; as a diagnostic tool for mental illness to a way of determining personality profiles— but mainly to generate money.
		Phrenology parlors were everywhere between 1820 and 1842, giving rise to many inventions.
		Phrenology machines made it possible for a person to get a detailed interpretation of their personality by allowing a helmet to descend upon his or her head and measure and read the bumps on the skull.
	www.unexplainedstuff.com /Prophecy-and-Divination/Phrenology.html (369 words)

	phrenology
		Phrenology is the study of the structure of the skull to determine a person's character and mental capacity.
		Phrenology advanced the correct notions that the human brain is the seat of character, emotions, perception, intellect, etc., and that different parts of the brain are responsible for different mental functions.
		Phrenology was highly praised by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Horace Mann, Thomas Edison, and Alfred Russell Wallace.
	skepdic.com /phren.html (849 words)

	phrenology
		Phrenology is the study of the structure of the skull to determine a person's character and mental capacity.
		Phrenology advanced the correct notions that the human brain is the seat of character, emotions, perception, intellect, etc., and that different parts of the brain are responsible for different mental functions.
		Phrenology was highly praised by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Horace Mann, Thomas Edison, and Alfred Russell Wallace.
	www.skepdic.com /phren.html (849 words)

	Ellen White and Phrenology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Phrenology was the "science" of the human mind developed by two German physicians, Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) and his student Johann Spurzheim (1776-1832), and brought to the United States in the 1830s by Spurzheim and a Scottish convert, George Combe.
		Phrenology was equated to other forms of quackery, mainly due to the abuses in the hands of shady commercial entrepreneurs.
		According to the "science" of phrenology, the animal organs of the brain were located in the back and lower part of the head, while organs of intellect and sentiment occupied the frontal region.
	www.ellenwhite.org /phrenology.htm (1109 words)

	PHI 340 Phrenology
		Crudely put, phrenology is the attempt to determine a person's character by examining the bumps and pits on his or her skull.
		Phrenology seems to have begun with Gall's hypothesis that an enlarged memory center in the brain, which center he took to be behind the eyes, could cause the eyes to protrude.
		Phrenology encouraged people to believe that the human mind could be studied scientifically, that the mentally insane could be treated rationally, and that science could help run the prisons and the schools.
	www4.ncsu.edu /~n51ls801/PHI340mirror/phrenology.html (3462 words)

	The History of Phrenology
		Phrenology was a faculty psychology, theory of brain and science of character reading, what the 19th-century phrenologists called "the only true science of mind." Phrenology was derived from the theories of the idiosyncratic Viennese physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828).
		Phrenology died away in Britain by the early 1850s but a new movement was re-introduced to Britain by the American "phrenological Fowlers" in the 1860s and 1870s.
		Rather than portraying phrenology as having succumbed to an inexorable progress of 'science' or representing the Victorians as having become less 'gullible', phrenology can be understood to have been diffused and absorbed into a host of other practices and traditions- as such many of its components live on.
	www.victorianweb.org /victorian/science/phrenology/intro.html (859 words)

	Cool Things, Phrenology Head, Kansas Historical Society
		Phrenology was a theory popular throughout the nineteenth century which maintained that a person's character could be read by measuring the shape of his skull.
		Phrenology was discredited by scientists and others by the 1840s and was equated with other forms of quackery.
		The phrenology bust in the collections of the Kansas Museum of History may be seen in the "Business and Industry" section of the museum's main gallery.
	www.kshs.org /cool/coolhead.htm (691 words)

	OSV - Mind Games (Site not responding. Last check: )
		What made practical phrenology possible was the practitioners' conviction that the skull conformed to the brain it contained; thus the skull's shape could be examined to give evidence of the size and development of the brain beneath.
		He asked rhetorically what phrenology was and then held up the plaster cast to explain, "The brain is the organ of the mind." He then launched into his lecture and concluded by performing two public demonstrations on members of the audience.
		Phrenology is alive and well, however, at Old Sturbridge Village, where careful research has allowed us to resurrect this "science of the mind" in authentic fashion.
	www.osv.org /education/OSVisitor/MindGames.html (1665 words)

	YouTube - Quackery Gallery - "Phrenology and the Psycograph"
		Join YouTube for a free account, or log in if you are already a member.
		A clip about Phrenology, the pseudo-science of reading the shape of the skull to determine one's character, and the 1927 Psycograph machine, from "Quackery Gallery" hosted by Bob McCoy, Curator of the Museum of Questionable Medical Devices.
		Phrenology - studying the shape of the head
	www.youtube.com /watch?v=80dZ71Km6_g (229 words)

	Phrenology definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Phrenology: The study of variations in size, shape, and proportion of the cranium.
		Phrenology was a pseudoscience of the 18th and 19th centuries based on the belief that a person's character could be learned by looking with care at the shape of their head and noting each and every bump and depression in their skull.
		The term "phrenology" was cobbled together from the Greek "phren" (the mind or the seat of reason and passion) and "logos" (a treatise, discourse or study).
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10805 (198 words)

	History of Phrenology on the Web
		Phrenology was a science of character divination, faculty psychology, theory of brain and what the 19th-century phrenologists called "the only true science of mind." Phrenology came from the theories of the idiosyncratic Viennese physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828).
		Phrenology was spread, from the days of Gall, through the end of the 19th century, largely by itinerant lecturers, as was mesmerism.
		A legacy of phrenology lived on in other projects of measuring and comparing human heads- most notoriously the attention to cranial size, forehead shape etc. used by late 19th and early 20th century racial anthropologists to confirm their belief that Europeans were superior to other humans.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /phrenology/overview.htm (2908 words)

	Phrenology - Skull - Crystalinks
		Phrenology is the study of the structure of the skull to determine a person's character and mental capacity.
		Phrenology advanced the correct notions that the human brain is the seat of character, emotions, perception, intellect, etc., and that different parts of the brain are responsible for different mental functions.
		It is difficult to explain the early popularity of phrenology among scientists, since the empirical evidence for a direct relationship between the brain and character was scant.
	www.crystalinks.com /phrenology.html (689 words)

	Phrenology
		Phrenology was based on head reading and character analyses as well as looking at the interactions between the faculties of the brain.
		The idea of phrenology lived on in other sciences of measuring and comparing human heads- most notoriously the attention to cranial size, forehead shape etc. used by late 19th and early 20th century racial anthropologists to confirm their belief that Europeans were superior to other humans.
		Phrenology was also used to determine whether or not someone was a criminal.
	www3.niu.edu /acad/psych/Millis/History/2004/phrenology.htm (657 words)

	Phrenology - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
		Phrenology (from Greek: Íōmρ, lump and fφηδl!πg, fondling) is the science of determining character and personality traits from the shape of the head (fondling "lumps").
		Phrenology was developed in secret by the Culinary Institute of America who used it for personality testing new recruits.
		Phrenology was the most popular parlour game amongst dainty Victorian ladies in the 19th century.
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Phrenology (343 words)

	Phrenology and Physignomy
		Phrenology was popular from the middle of the 18th to the latter part of the 19th century, although even "much criticism" about phrenology existed in the 1800's--so much that it was "lampooned in verse and on the stage" (Gregory,1987; 618).
		The extent of the use of phrenology by the Watchtower is illustrated in the autobiography of Pastor Russell written by William Wisdom (1923).
		Examples include statements such as "the modern science of phrenology throws much light on the constitution of man and supplies spiritual clues" and phrenology could be even more effective if the founders who were "cradled" in the secular prevailing philosophy discarded this philosophy and "delved deeply...into the Bible" (1921:668).
	www.premier1.net /~raines/phrenology.html (1853 words)

	phrenology [Hannalee]
		He claimed that phrenology was a science of deciding one’s character traits by feeling the bumps on their skull.
		Nineteenth century phrenologists called phrenology “the only true science of the mind.” There were thirty-seven regions of the skull, each region was given a different character trait.
		By the early 20th century phrenology was no longer popular so, everyone stopped trying to judge someone by the shape of their skull.
	wiki.woodward.edu /hannalee/doku.php?id=phrenology (105 words)

	Anthropometry and Phrenology
		Gall undertook experiments with patients in mental asylums and with various distinguished persons, relying on the assumption that his subjects extreme behavior (for good or ill) arose from an excess of specific faculties, whose enlargement could be determined by "protrusions" of the skull, and thus the phrenological brain map was born (Colbert 2-4).
		Charles Colbert traces the popularity of phrenology in America to its use by the rising professional classes of the time, who employed it as a means of challenging the cultural authority of the social staid and stable "landed gentry" (7).
		In its "practical" application, phrenology could be employed both to determine the threatening other at a glance, but could also be used to allay anxieties about one’s own place in the social structure.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~MA05/dulis/id/ap.htm (504 words)

	Scientific American Frontiers . Make Up Your Mind . Of Bumps and Brains \| PBS
		Phrenology, they claimed, could help people find a compatible spouse, predict a child's academic ability, rehabilitate criminals, diagnose and cure the insane.
		"Phrenology was a gigantic enterprise in 1860's,70's and 80's.
		Even as phrenology was losing steam, the visceral evidence provided by the strange case of Phineas Gage helped solidify the brain's role in personality.
	www.pbs.org /saf/1302/features/phrenology3.htm (518 words)

	Phrenology - Examples 1
		Phrenology is a spurious method for assessing aspects of character and personality from the physical appearances of certain areas of the cranium.
		Like physiognomy in general, there was a time when the issues of phrenology were presented as empirical or scientific questions, but as the preposterous claims of practitioners became more obviously bogus, this field was classified with the pseudo-sciences by the end of the 19th century.
		Not the least of these problems is what mechanism or process could possibly mediate the association between the specific spots on the skull and their associated character.
	face-and-emotion.com /dataface/physiognomy/phrenology.jsp (329 words)

	phrenology & lavater, physiognomy, art and racial science (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Phrenology was only discredited as a pseudo-science in the late 1830s although it was to remain an influential doctrine until the end of the century in England, Australia and the United States.
		phrenology head (at least a large imagemap which allows you to check the meaning of each of the organs) and many illustrations.
		Reading Bumps and Faces; Phrenology and Physiognomy A History of the Watchtower's Excursion into the Occult by Jerry Bergman is a well referenced essay on the influence of Phrenology.
	www.newcastle.edu.au /school/fine-art/Race/race/phrenol.htm (1603 words)

	Mark Twain Debunks Phrenology (Skeptical Inquirer January 2002)
		It is my impression that the people admired phrenology and believed in it and that the voice of the doubter was not heard in the land.
		Unlike their European counterparts, they did not believe that a person's character was unchangeable, but instead, they taught that a phrenological analysis could turn up defects in character that could then be rectified through proper exercise of the appropriate facility, which would then show up, like an athlete's improved musculature, on subsequent examination.
		Even the most basic premise of phrenology-that different areas of the brain correspond to different functions-has been held to be true, and is a foundation of modern neuroscience.
	www.csicop.org /si/2002-01/twain.html (2665 words)

	Phrenology and the Fine Arts
		A Measure of Perfection, Phrenology and the Fine Arts in America by Dr. Charles Colbert, who teaches in the Fine Arts Department of Boston College, has just been published by the University of North Carolina Press.
		Charles Colbert will be speaking on Phrenology and Matthew Brady at a Victorian society Symposium in Washington, DC on November 8, 1998.
		He goes on to reveal the links between the tenets of phrenology and the cultural ideals of Jacksonian democracy.
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/phrenology (343 words)

	PHRENOLOGY - the bald facts about phrenology.
		PHRENOLOGY is a theory which claims to be able to determine character, personality traits, and criminality on the basis of the shape of the head (reading "bumps").
		This page is based on real phrenology but with a slight twist by your truly.
		Sexual Phrenology is the technique of assessing the nature of a person from the shape of their head.
	www.psychics.co.uk /phrenology (496 words)

	The Phrenology Archive
		Phrenology was a popular nineteenth-century science of determining a person’s mental strengths, abilities, and personality traits from the shape of the skull.
		Phrenology’s popularity - along with physiognomy, pathognomy, and other "sciences" based on reading innate character from bodily signs - spoke to the need and desire for practical ways to judge others in a society that was becoming more anonymous.
		Phrenology's main proponents in the U.S. were Orson and Lorenzo Fowler, who promoted phrenology as a self-improvement practice along with other popular forms of moral and health reform such as vegetarianism, temperance, mesmerism (contact with the spirit world), and hydropathy (water cures).
	chnm.gmu.edu /lostmuseum/searchlm.php?function=find&exhibit=phrenology&browse=phrenology (1109 words)

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