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	Phrygian Cap Definition or Liberty Hat
		The Phrygian cap or Liberty cap is a soft conical
		The Phrygian cap was worn during the Roman Empire by former slaves who had been emancipated by their master and whose descendants were therefore considered citizens of the Empire.
		The Phrygian cap is familiar to some as the headgear of the Smurfs.
	www.apparelsearch.com /Definitions/Headwear_Hats/phrygian_cap_hat.htm (469 words)

	Phrygian cap - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The same soft cap is seen worn by an attendant in the murals of a late 4th century Thracian tomb at Kazanlak, Bulgaria (illustrated).
		The Phrygian cap was worn during the Roman Empire by former slaves who had been emancipated by their master and whose descendants were therefore considered citizens of the Empire.
		The Phrygian cap is also a term used for an anatomical variant of the gallbladder seen in 1-6% of patients who have ultrasound exams or contrast studies of their gallbladders.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phrygian_cap (653 words)

	The Cap of Liberty
		Actually, the Liberty cap as an emblem of liberty was used by the Sons of Liberty as early as 1765.
		The so-called "Phrygian cap" [in French, bonnet phrygien] is also often called red cap [bonnet rouge] or liberty cap [bonnet de la liberte] The use of the liberty cap started in 1789 during the French Revolution, but the cap became a popular symbol in spring 1790 only.
		After the fall of monarchy, the Liberty cap became ubiquitous, and was used on the representations of sitting or standing Liberty, pikes and flags as finial, Liberty trees, fasces of Unity, triangle of Equity and beams of the scales of Justice.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/xf-cap.html (1477 words)

	Phrygian cap - Definition, explanation
		The Phrygian cap or Liberty cap is a soft conical cap with the top pulled forward, worn by the inhabitants of Phrygia, a region of central Anatolia in antiquity.
		The same soft cap is seen worn by an attendant in the murals of a late 4th century Thracian tomb at Kazanlak, Bulgaria (illustrated).
		The cap has appeared on the coat of arms of Argentina and the United States of Central America, and an effigy of "Liberty" was shown holding the Liberty Pole and Phrygian cap on some early United States of America coinage (pictured right).
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/p/ph/phrygian_cap.php (446 words)

	Phrygian cap (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The same soft cap is seen worn by an attendant in the murals of a late 4th century Thracian tomb at Kazanlak, Bulgaria (illustated).
		During the 18th century, the red Phrygian cap evolved into a symbol of liberty, held aloft on a Liberty Pole during the American Revolutionary War and was adopted during the French Revolution.
		The Phrygian cap is now more familiar as the trademark headgear of the Smurfs.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/p/ph/phrygian_cap.html (223 words)

	Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Cap.
		A cylindrical cap with feather and bells, such as licensed Fools used to wear.
		A woollen cap ordered by statute to be worn on holidays by all citizens for the benefit of the woollen trade.
		The lady puts on the most becoming of her caps, to attract the attention and admiration of the favoured gentleman.
	www.bartleby.com /81/2989.html (352 words)

	Chapter 12 Page 9
		This cap competed with the red one in images, took on the latter’s special symbolic meaning and ended by supplanting it.
		The Phrygian cap became synonymous with republican liberty.
		It is a cap similar to what the common people of the eighteenth century wore and, in particular, the conquerors of the Bastille.
	chnm.gmu.edu /revolution/chap12i.html (219 words)

	Hat Center - Hats and caps trade fairs worldwide. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Cap of felt, felted jersey or fabric with soft, wide, circular crown.
		Cap of fur with flaps that can be turned down to cover ears and neck or fastened to the side of the flat-topped crown.
		A short visor cap with a protective flap at the back, derived from a hat worn by English coal deliverers to protect their backs from dust.
	www.hatcenter.com /asp/category.asp?categ=Hats (1658 words)

	YOUR DICTIONARY - Tricolour and Phrygian Cap
		The religion of the Phrygians was an ecstatic nature worship, in which the Great Mother of the Gods, Rhea, or Cybele, and a male deity, Sabazius, played a prominent part.
		The Phrygian cap was adopted by freed slaves in Roman times, and thus this cap became a symbol of liberty.
		A conical cap with top turned forward, it is often red to signify circumcision and is the origin of the bishop's mitre and the Rosicrucians' hat.
	website.lineone.net /~ssleightholm/dict/glossary/pcap.htm (204 words)

	Marianne and Mithra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The statues of Mithra, which have survived to present day, represent Mithra wearing a Phrygian cap and a floating cape; he is kneeling on the primordial bull, holding a dagger in the right hand and drawing the bull's head towards the back with the left.
		She wore a Phrygian cap to value the revolutionary character, which was sometimes criticized as a call for disobedience.
		It was not until 1897-98 that the Third Republic restored the symbol of the Phrygian cap on its currencies.
	wwwusr2.obspm.fr /~heydari/divers/marianne-eng.html (3437 words)

	The Phrygian Cap (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Phrygian cap is a sort of cross between a close-fitting cap and a hood, sometimes more one than the other.
		When the felt is damp, pull the point of the cap forward and pin in place from the inside of the cap.
		The Gaulish, Frankish and Anglo-Saxon caps lacked the pendants or capes of the earlier caps.
	www.housebarra.com /EP/ep06/16cap.html (367 words)

	The Rosicrucians: Part II: Chapter IV: Rosicrucianism in Strange Symbols
		The sacrificer in the sculptured group of the 'Mithraic Sacrifice', among the marbles in the British Museum, has a Phrygian cap on his head, whilst in the act of striking the Bull with the poniard--meaning the office of the immolating priest.
		The cap of the grenadier, the shape of which is alike all over Europe, is related to the Tartar lambskin caps, which are dyed fl; and it is fl also from its association with Vulcan and the 'Fire-Worshippers' (Smiths).
		This is the crown, cap, capital, chapiter, tabernacle, mythic domus templi, or domus Dei.
	www.sacred-texts.com /sro/rrm/rrm34.htm (2781 words)

	OrthodoxyToday.org Blog » Europa’s Cap, Made in Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Phrygian cap is not the cap of Europe, but the cap worn by Marianne, the woman symbolising France.
		Phrygian caps were worn by Revolutionaries during the French Revolution, for the reasons Mr.
		Europe is a woman kidnapped by Zeus disguised as a bull and she never wore the Phrygian cap on traditional representations.
	www.orthodoxytoday.org /blog?p=1233 (889 words)

	phrygian cap gallbladder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Phrygian cap gallbladder television, radio, print, and billboard ads in the phrygian cap gallbladder Center phrygian cap gallbladder Browse the phrygian cap gallbladder Online Database for more information about these materials.
		The National Network of Quitlines, phrygian cap gallbladder collaborative phrygian cap gallbladder of CDC, the National Cancer Institute, state quitlines, phrygian cap gallbladder the North American Quitline phrygian cap gallbladder maintains a national telephone number (800-QUIT-NOW) that links callers to phrygian cap gallbladder quitlines serving their areas.
		For phrygian cap gallbladder chapter on tobacco use, the chapter development phrygian cap gallbladder focused on interventions to decrease exposure to ETS, reduce phrygian cap gallbladder phrygian cap gallbladder and increase tobacco-use cessation.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /DoctorJosi6249/phrygian-cap-gallbladder.html (371 words)

	phrygian - musings
		The Phrygian scale (which is the succession of seven notes in the Phrygian mode) was originally initiated on E as such: E F G A B C D E. Written out in steps it equates to: Semitone, Tone, Tone, Tone, Semitone, Tone, Tone.
		I found lots of drawings of the types of headgear worn by Phrygians, but for the life of my I couldn't understand what the woman in the song would be wearing something that resembled a Smurf hat with earflaps.
		Well, back when Rome was the world superpower, slaves who had gone through manumission were given a Phrygian cap as a symbol of their freedom.
	www.totoro.org /jen/phrygian/muse1.shtml (676 words)

	Marianne - Présidence de la République
		The earliest representations of a woman wearing a Phrygian cap, an allegorical figure of Liberty and the Republic, made their appearance at the time of the French Revolution.
		The Phrygian cap, the symbol of liberty, used to be worn by freed slaves in Greece and Rome.
		She was represented in several different manners, depending on whether the aim was to emphasize her revolutionary nature or her "wisdom." Occasionally, the Phrygian cap was felt to be too seditious, and was replaced by a diadem or a crown.
	www.elysee.fr /elysee/anglais/the_symbols_of_the_republic/marianne/marianne.20372.html (237 words)

	King Midas
		Cybele is also the Phrygian who cures Dionysus of his madness induced by Hera through purification after he emerges from the garden surrounding Mount Nysa where he was raised.
		Marsyas, the satyr who first formed the instrument using the hollowed antler of a stag, was a Phrygian follower of Cybele.
		Phrygian Cap: Phrygia retained a separate cultural identity.
	www.carnaval.com /kingmidas (1568 words)

	Discovering Dickens - A Community Reading Project
		The red cap worn by Defarge is the so-called “Phrygian cap” worn by French patriots during the Revolution.
		The Phrygians were an ancient Asian people, living in what is now Turkey; their conical caps became “caps of liberty”; when the style was adopted by freed Roman slaves (as headgear symbolic of their liberation) (Tricolor and Phrygian Cap).
		The red Phrygian cap, or bonnet rouge, was a soft one, made of wool, with the peak bent over at the top.
	dickens.stanford.edu /tale/issue10_gloss.html (961 words)

	The French Republic and Its Symbols (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The representation of the French Republic by an allegorical figure, a woman, usually wearing a Phrygian cap, is not written into the constitution, but its official status cannot be denied since she is featured on the Seal of State, as well as on coins and stamps, those other symbols of public life and responsibility.
		France’s appropriation of the Phrygian cap was sufficiently evident by the end of the nineteenth century to oblige the universal figure representing liberty to find other forms of headgear (the most famous being that of the Statue of Liberty in New York, by the sculptor Bartholdi).
		Nowadays, use of the symbol of the Republic in the form of a woman with a Phrygian cap and called Marianne is found particularly in municipal institutions (as opposed to national politics) and sometimes lends itself to popular and headline-grabbing stunts that are a pretty far cry from official republican gravitas.
	www.arabnews.com /?page=9§ion=0&article=48353&d=14&m=7&y=2004&pix=community.jpg&category=Features (1530 words)

	Search Results for phrygian - Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Phrygian inscriptions and graffiti may be separated into two groups, the Old Phrygian texts in a typical Phrygian alphabet dating from c.
		Little would be known of the religion of the Phrygians but for the fact that in 204 BC the Roman Senate, on the instructions of the priests, who had consulted the Sibylline books, had the sacred...
		The early Phrygians probably were not organized in one strong and centrally governed kingdom.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=phrygian&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (313 words)

	HBF Core Collection - Detail for object 6006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The liberty cap itself was emblematic of ancient Greece when freed slaves were given a pileus, as it was called, to designate their liberty or freedom.
		At the Mint, in 1836 the liberty cap and rays motif was used for a medal produced in connection with the March 23 ceremony (postponed from February 22, as the equipment was not ready) inaugurating the first steam coinage.
		In the 1860s a liberty cap and rays design quite similar to that used on the 1836 dollar was employed by Springfield, Massachusetts diesinker James A. Bolen on certain tokens.
	www.harrybassfoundation.org /objectdetail.asp?id=6006 (386 words)

	Phrygian cap -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		In Rome the Phrygian cap was worn by emancipated slaves as a symbol of their freedom.
		This type of headwear is seen today in the hats and caps worn by soldiers and sailors, in the bishop's mitre, the cardinal's scarlet hat, the priest's biretta, and the scholar's mortarboard.
		Also called detonators, blasting caps are devices that initiate the detonation of a charge of a high explosive by subjecting it to a shock wave.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9059837 (800 words)

	Our Medieval Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		They remind me of little smurf caps because of the pointed tip and the way it turns forward towards the face.
		The Phrygian cap was seen over a wide area from ancient times through the Middle Ages.
		Caps of this type can be seen in ancient Persian, Etruscan, Scythian and Byzantine dress as well as being commonplace in Europe in the Middle Ages.
	www.freewebtown.com /JamesandGwen/phrygcap.htm (606 words)

	Beware The Phrygian Cap (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Jewish historian Josephus reportedly traces the Phrygians to Japheth, son of Gomer.
		Prominently worn by thousands in the mob which, on June 20, 1792, stormed the Tuileries and confronted the king, were red Phrygian caps.
		This type of cap is also worn by "Liberty" (Isis) in a famous painting of the time (image, left).
	www.paripoorana.com /~bigred/Phrygian.html (690 words)

	WV GREAT SEAL
		Then there was a green sward on which rests the guns covered at point of contact by the Phrygian Cap.
		The Phrygian Cap is red with a Persian band brown and tan combined.
		The handle is the same as that of the Phrygian Cap.
	www.geocities.com /Yosemite/Meadows/6923/coat-arm.html (702 words)

	Past & Present: Liberty caps and liberty trees
		The seal's motto, "Archives de la Republique francaise", framed a woman dressed in an antique robe, with fasces in her left hand and "holding, in her right hand, a pike topped with a Phrygian cap, the bonnet of liberty".(3) Medals and coins, made from the molten remains of royal medallions, were struck within days.
		Certainly the cap was seen on other heads; the widely circulated images of Louis XVI wearing the bonnet rouge of the sansculotte is a well-known example.
		Commenting on the pole and cap at the centre of the first anniversary celebration of the fall of the Bastille, Ernst Gombrich observed: "clearly, we here have the fusion between the cap on the pole and the tradition of erecting Trees of Liberty.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2279/is_n146/ai_17249824 (1239 words)

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