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	Cambrian Explosion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		More recent research shows that this adaptive radiation of animal phyla started about 30 million years earlier, around 570 mya, before the beginning of the Cambrian geologic period.
		In 1994, triploblastic animals (organisms with more than two layers, and who therefore rely on internal organs and systems for their cells' supplies of food and waste disposal), were discovered preserved as phosphatized embryos in rocks from southern China [Xiao et al.
		The extinctions connected with the Varangian glaciation that preceded this radiation of newer phyla (popularized as 'Snowball Earth'), along with subsequent greenhouse warming of the Earth, is theorized to have provided the evolutionary impetus.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cambrian_Explosion (766 words)

	Phyla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Diversity and Systematics of Organisms Characteristics of the phyla of the Animalia.
		Minor Invertebrate Phyla - Phylum Rotifera This is a brief introduction to the rotifers, with two beautiful pictures, from the Biological Sciences at the University of Paisley.
		Minor Invertebrate Phyla - Phylum Tardigrada This is a brief introduction to Tardigrada, or water bears, from the Biological Sciences of the University of Paisley.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Phyla.html (234 words)

	Lophotrochozoa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Entoprocta The first four phyla are called the Trochozoa, named for the common presence of trochophore larvae.
		The other four phyla are traditionally grouped together as the lophophorate s, named for the common presence of a lophophore, a fan of cilia surrounding the mouth.
		This comprises the phyla Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, and the gnathifera n phyla (such as rotifer s).
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Lophotrochozoa.html (180 words)

	Encyclopedia: Cambrian Explosion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Phylum (plural: phyla) is a taxon used in the classification of animals, adopted from the Greek phylai the clan-based voting groups in Greek city-states.
		There is a suggestion that the words Bunny and Burrow have a common origin and meaning, French in origin appearing in Britain afetr the Norman conquest.
		The Burgess shale (named after Mount Burgess, near where the shale was found) is a fl shale found high up in the Canadian Rockies in Yoho National Park near the town of Field, British Columbia.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Cambrian-Explosion (1778 words)

	Phyla-Vell (Captain Marvel's sister)
		Phyla began to bicker with her older brother, flaunting the fact that their mother had given her the title of Captain Marvel, and filling her brother's head with doubt.
		Phyla claimed to her older brother; that he was the first draft and he was a fluke, the one that made all the mistakes.
		Phyla explained to Rick Jones and Captain Marvel that nobody was going to come to them for help because now the universe was terrified of Captain Marvel for the atrocities that he committed while he was insane.
	www.marvunapp.com /Appendix2/phylacaptainmarvel.htm (1346 words)

	LECTBP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Phyla are in many cases not very familiar units to use, although some are.
		The classification of most of the larger Phyla has been stable for a long time, and there is considerable agreement between fossil data and genetic data, but there are many discussions regarding the smaller Phyla.
		Almost all of the more common Phyla of sea animals belong in the Protostomata, but all Chordata (i.e., the group in which we belong) together with starfish and their family (sea urchins) and some rather disgusting looking, slimy, less well known groups belong to the Deuterostomata.
	ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu /ees104/lect2.htm (1687 words)

	http://www.gayleague.com/gay/characters/display.php?id=176 - DrunkMen ASCII Browser
		This was, technically, the first meeting between Phyla and Genis, although upon seeing her Genis immediately began to experience memories of growing up with Phyla in the other timeline.
		Phyla managed to fight off the attack, but then evacuated Marlo to Titan where she had more resources to defend her, while Moondragon remained at the apartment to confront the Magus.
		Phyla also seems to possess some degree of Cosmic Awareness, which means that her mind is plugged into the very fabric of the universe itself.
	www.drunkmenworkhere.org /150.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gayleague.com%2Fgay%2Fcharacters%2Fdisplay.php%3Fid%3D176 (579 words)

	ch4.2
		The order of appearance of phyla in the fossil record seems to be based more on their fossilizability than on their order of origin.
		Many phyla that are not known to be living may have originated between about 600 and 570 million years ago and perhaps have become extinct during one or another of the mass extinction events.
		Although some differences in structural functions between members of different phyla are obvious, their distinctive body plans must arise from different patterns of activities of their structural gene; rather than from differences in the structural genes themselves.
	history.nasa.gov /CP-2156/ch4.2.htm (8722 words)

	Molecular Evidence for Deep Precambrian Divergences Among Metazoan Phyla -- Wray et al. 274 (5287): 568 -- Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The evidence for a Cambrian explosion of animal phyla is based on the absence of fossils of triploblastic metazoans from rocks predating the Cambrian.
		These three phyla are expected to yield similar estimates, given that they belong to a distinct clade, the Protostomia (28) and should therefore share a common divergence time from chordates (Fig.
		Coeloms are shared by the two deuterostome phyla we examined and may predate the Cambrian by several hundred million years (the coeloms of protostomes may have an independent origin, and dating their appearance will require more information about the divergence times of the various protostome phyla).
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/274/5287/568?ijkey=4Gb.zrAEYeyQM (5549 words)

	Darwinism Refuted.com
		According to this tree concept, phyla-the fundamental units of classification between living things-came about by stages, as in the diagram to the left.
		The Darwinist hypothesis is that the number of animal phyla must have gradually increased in number.
		All animal phyla emerged completely formed and all at once, in the very short period of time represented by the Cambrian explosion.
	www.darwinismrefuted.com /natural_history_1_02.html (1216 words)

	An Introduction to the Invertebrates
		Of the 34 phyla of animals in the Kingdom Animalia 32.5 of them are invertebrates in that they are lacking a spine or vertebra, that collection of bones that runs along the back of animals like Fish, Frogs, Snakes, Birds and Mammals.
		Of the 34 phyla of animals 25 are exclusively aquatic and 19 exclusively marine.
		It is practically impossible to discuss the invertebrate phyla without some specialised terminology, there are some terms which occur regularly and I have tried to explain them in a separate page here called coelom.html.
	www.earthlife.net /inverts/intro.html (784 words)

	Understanding Marine Biodiversity. National Academia of Sciences, Washington, DC. -
		Diversity at higher taxonomic levels (phyla and classes) is much greater in the sea than on land or in freshwater.
		Of the 82 or so eukaryote phyla currently recognised around 60 have marine representatives compared with around 40 found in freshwater and 40 on land.
		the different basic kinds of organism that are distinguished as phyla, originated in the sea and remain there, but only a subset of them has spread to the land and into freshwaters.
	www.oceansatlas.org /cds_static/en/understanding_marine_biodiversity_national__en_17885_17906.html (261 words)

	Introduction to the "Aschelminth" Phyla
		Opinion is divided as to whether or not the aschelminth phyla form one monophyletic group.
		Most of the microscopic phyla have no known fossil record at all, and seem unlikely ever to be found as recognizable fossils.
		Evidence from the anatomy and genetic information of living "aschelminths" suggest that the aschelminth phyla are much older than their sparse fossils would indicate.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /aschelminthes/aschelminthes.html (941 words)

	Records of the diversification of multicellular life, especially animal life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		There has been some debate about whether the key factor at this boundary was the origin of most animal phyla, or the emergence of skeletons among many of the phyla.
		Furthermore, (1), few or no new phyla show up after the Cambrian and (2), in the Cambrian even within each phylum, we see a large number of shapes, some of which became extinct shortly afterward.
		Phyla are the largest categories in the Linnean hierarchy for animals.
	www.priweb.org /ed/ICTHOL/THOLlecnotes/THOLpctoc.htm (1136 words)

	Chap. 2.3 - No. 62 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Thirty five phyla are marine and of these 14 are endemic whereas only fourteen occur in freshwater, where none are endemic eleven are terrestrial with one phylum being endemic and 15 phyla are symbiotic with 4 being endemic, (Briggs, 1994; Ray and Grassle, 1991).
		Of the 35 marine phyla only 11 are represented in the pelagic realm (Angel 1993), most phyla occur in the benthos which is the archetypal habitat.
		Despite the fact that there are some rare phyla containing only a few species, it is extremely unlikely that present environmental threats will lead to reduction of phyletic diversity.
	gesamp.imo.org /no62/phyl_div.htm (139 words)

	Phyla (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The taxonomic system recognizes the generally accepted grouping of animals with certain evolutionary traits into taxa below the kingdom level,called phyla (the plural of phylum).
		The most well known phyla of kingdom Animalia are the Mollusca, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata, ourown phylum.
		There are more than 35 phyla in all, but these nine generally comprise the bulk of the kingdom.
	www.therfcc.org /phyla-67634.html (82 words)

	Developmental Biology Online: Why So Few Phyla?
		These animals are not "primitive" members of existing phyla or classes, but are specialized examples of their own groups (Whittington 1985; Gould 1989).
		In fact, the placement of the newly discovered phylum Vestimentifera (the bright red, gutless invertebrates found in the deep ocean trenches) near the annelids was made in part on the basis of vestimentiferans having trochophore larvae (Jones and Gardiner 1989; Young et al.
		Thus, one of the principal mechanisms for establishing new phyla and classes may be the rearrangement of development during the larval stage so that metamorphosis brings about new types of organization.
	www.devbio.com /article.php?ch=23&id=226 (1603 words)

	Micscape Book Review
		It may seem surprising that some of the major phyla such as those above can undergo extensive revision, but this in part is a reflection of the modern advances in our understanding of the relationships between organisms and their ancestry.
		Some phyla have undergone extensive revision but not surprisingly many of the phyla essays are very similar to the previous edition.
		Each phyla can be read as a discrete section, and thus it's a pleasant book to delve into when there's a few minutes to spare, and to learn about one of the lesser known but fascinating phyla and their members.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artmay98/fiveking.html (2114 words)

	The Invertebrate Phyla
		The Kingdom Animalia is divided into 34 phyla, (singular phylum), below is a list of the phyla with their common name and approximate number of named species.
		In order to make certain that something is available concerning each phyla quickly I have written a brief introduction to each for the time being and am now involved in expanding these.
		Table of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom
	www.earthlife.net /inverts/an-phyla.html (385 words)

	Kingdom Animalia
		The most well known phyla of kingdom Animalia are the Mollusca, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata, our own phylum.
		Among the Eumatazoa phyla with bilateral symmetry, only the Platyhelminthes (the flatworms, including the subgroups planarians, flukes, and tapeworms) do not have any body cavity—they are the acoelomates.
		These five phyla are distinct from each other on the basis of segmentation, quite a controversial evolutionary event.
	www.sidwell.edu /us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Animalia (1196 words)

	Phyla (General Biology) - Wikibooks
		Animals in this phyla have no true tissues (although their external epithelium looks like a tissue to me), which means, for example, that they have no nervous system or sense organs.
		This phylum consists of spiders, ticks, mites, insects, lobsters, crabs, and shrimp, and is the largest of all the phyla.
		Formally, the phyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata are considered invertebrates.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Phyla_(General_Biology) (1897 words)

	Animal Phyla
		Animal phyla are classified according to certain criteria, including the type of coelom, symmetry, body plan, and presence of segmentation.
		Phyla with a true coelom and digestive system are divided into two groups, the protostomes and the deuterostomes.
		There are more than one million species of animals in at least 30 phyla, more species than all the other kingdoms combined.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /trnov01.htm (4405 words)

	Marine biological diversity. BioScience 41: 453-457. -
		Amongst animals the preponderance is even higher, with 36 out of 38 phyla having marine representatives.
		Some 23 eukaryote phyla, of which 18 are animal phyla, are confined to marine environments.
		A number of other important phyla including the Cnidaria (including corals and anemones), sponges (Porifera) and brown and red algae (Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta, respectively) are very largely marine, each with only a small number of non-marine species.
	www.oceansatlas.com /cds_static/en/marine_biological_diversity_bioscience__en_17885_17896.html (261 words)

	Phylogenomics Outline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Even within the genome-project phyla, there is a lack of representation of most of the known diversity.
		These datasets will be of utility in ongoing debates on the evolution of animal body plans, on the evolution of genetic and morphological diversity, on the diversity of biochemistry represented by previously unsampled organisms and will underpin future attempts to assess the genetic and transcriptional diversity and dynamics of ecosystems.
		These phyla are however of ecological and biological importance, both in terms of biomass and in terms of key roles in ecosystem function.
	nema.cap.ed.ac.uk /phylogenomics/phylogenomics_outline.html (509 words)

	Poriferans and Cnidarians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		To describe the characteristics of organisms belonging to the phyla Porifera and Cnidaria.
		A summary table of the major phyla of the animal kingdom can be found on p.
		There is a lot of terminology involved with the study of the various phyla that are a part of the Animal Kingdom. It is essential to have a basic understanding of these terms so that you may apply them as we study the characteristics of the different animal phyla.
	saskschools.ca /curr_content/biology20/unit3/UNIT3MODULE5LESSON1.htm (669 words)

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