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	Phylloxera -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, family Phylloxeridae, superfamily (Plant lice) Aphidoidea) is a serious pest of commercial grapevines worldwide, originally native to eastern (A continent (the third largest) in the western hemisphere connected to South America by the Isthmus of Panama) North America.
		A huge amount of research was devoted to finding a solution to the phylloxera problem, and two major solutions gradually emerged: ((genetics) the act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids) hybridization and resistant rootstocks.
		When phylloxera reached (A state in the western United States on the Pacific; the 3rd largest state; known for earthquakes) California, many growers used a rootstock called AXR#1 which was thought to be resistant.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/ph/phylloxera.htm (638 words)

	AllRefer.com - phylloxera (Zoology: Invertebrates) - Encyclopedia
		Phylloxeras feed on leaves and roots, and many species produce galls on deciduous trees.
		The grape phylloxera came close to destroying the wine industry of France after its accidental introduction in about 1860; grafting of susceptible European vines onto resistant North American root stock saved the European vineyards.
		Phylloxeras are classified in the phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta, order Homoptera, family Phylloxeridae.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/phylloxe.html (229 words)

	Grower's Toolbox-SCVTG - Soil Fungi Linked to Insect-Associated Decline of Resistant Rootstocks Jan. 10, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Although the destructive phylloxera insects have been reported feeding on grape rootstocks in several declining Northern California vineyards, the cause of the damage appears to be fungal activity rather than the loss of rootstock resistance, report researchers at the University of California, Davis.
		Phylloxera are aphid-like insects that feed on grapevine roots, eventually killing the vines.
		Since phylloxera appear to partially adapt at infesting immature feeder roots of most rootstocks now in commercial use, the results do not suggest that one of the strongly resistant rootstocks is better or worse than the others under these circumstances.
	www.sonomagrapevine.org /vtg/publish/vtg_10.html (835 words)

	PHYLLOXERA - LoveToKnow Article on PHYLLOXERA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The particular species of phylloxera which attacks the vine is a native of the United States, probably originating among the wild vines of the Colorado district.
		In 1868 Planchon proved that the disease was due to a new species of phylloxera, which was invariably found ~oa the roots of the affected vines, and to which he accordingly gave the prophetic name of Phylloxera vastatrix.
		One is to kill the phylloxera itself; another, to destroy it- along with the infected vines, and plant fresh and healthy plants; the third, to adapt the secular therapeutics of nature, and to introduce American vines which a long acquaintance with the phylloxera has made immune to its ravages.
	17.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PH/PHYLLOXERA.htm (2002 words)

	Grape Phylloxera, HYG-2600-94
		Feeding by the phylloxera elicits gall formation, and the female becomes enclosed within a small, spherical gall on the underside of the grape leaf.
		Phylloxera feeding on roots also results in small galls either on apical rootlets (Figure 3) or on older portions of the root.
		Phylloxera galls on the underside of grape leaves are quite conspicuous.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/2000/2600.html (1002 words)

	Exotic plant pests - Grape phylloxera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifolia, is an aphid-like insect that infests grapevines.
		Phylloxera is native of north America from where it spread to Europe and then to many of the grape growing regions of the world in the late 1800's.
		Phylloxera is generally less damaging on sandy soils, so the symptoms may not be as pronounced or severe.
	www.dpi.qld.gov.au /health/5617.html (1092 words)

	eb1566: Grape phylloxera
		Grape phylloxera is an insect native to the eastern United States, where it subsists on native grape varieties.
		Because phylloxera injury to the top of the vine is predominantly an indirect result of root damage, symptoms resemble those of other root disorders.
		Because phylloxera are extremely small, use a 10x hand lens or dissecting scope to detect the insect on roots.
	cru.cahe.wsu.edu /CEPublications/eb1566/eb1566.html (1420 words)

	Risk - Phylloxera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Although grape phylloxera is present in the heavier soils of the San Joaquin Valley, damage may not be as severe and it is not a pest on sandy soils.
		Grape phylloxera damage the root systems of grapevines by feeding on the root, either on growing rootlets, which then swell and turn yellowish, or on mature hardened roots where the swellings are often hard to see.
		Grape phylloxera are more readily identified on vines growing in poor soils because their impact shows up better on these vines than on vigorously growing vines.
	www.eresonant.com /pages/risk/risk-phylloxera.html (760 words)

	Wine Education - Phylloxera. Super Bug, or Super Greed?
		Phylloxera, the aphid that devastated so many of the world's vineyards in the last century, is once again in the news.
		Robert Mondavi, that paragon of winemaking in Napa Valley, is on the record as saying that the current outbreak of phylloxera is due to a new biotype of the insect, and that it could not be foreseen, nor prevented.
		Unlike phylloxera found on the roots of V. vinifera, which does not develop the sexual form, the phylloxera found on Hybrids does indeed mature to sexual forms.
	www.wineeducation.com /phyl.html (1059 words)

	Phylloxera Strategies for management in Oregon's vineyards, EC 1463 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		To find phylloxera in the winged, or sexual, stage of their life cycle in July and August, look for leaf galls on susceptible vines-not brown or white fuzz on the leaf bottom like that produced by erineum mites but light green galls on the underside of the leaf.
		Phylloxera infestation in a self-rooted European winegrape (Vitis vinifera) vineyard is considered to be ultimately lethal to the grapevines.
		The primary objective of replanting is to establish a new vineyard that is resistant to phylloxera.
	eesc.orst.edu /agcomwebfile/edmat/html/ec/ec1463/ec1463.html (10375 words)

	Wines & Vines: Anything new under the sun? Not phylloxera biotypes - research on viticulture pests
		Root cycle of phylloxera is produced parthenogenetically (without sex); at the genetic level this is analogous to the way clones of grapes are produced from cuttings of a mother vine.
		With phylloxera living for millions of years on numerous different Vitis species, in many different geographical locations in the U.S., and with major geographical differences in the pest's degree of sexual reproduction, there is little reason to be surprised by the occurrence of phylloxera biotypes.
		Phylloxera Types A to Z? Unquestionably, the Type B biotype problem in California warrants the highest level of research emphasis to minimize economic losses to producers and to formulate the most appropriate corrective action for the affected areas.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3488/is_n6_v72/ai_11165596 (1348 words)

	Phylloxera: What is it?, Northwest Berry and Grape Information Network, Oregon State University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phylloxera are native to the eastern and southern U.S. The pest was inadvertently introduced to France from North America in 1860.
		The grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch), is an aphid-like insect that feeds on grape roots.
		Principal damage to Vinifera grapevines is caused by phylloxera inhabiting and feeding on roots.
	berrygrape.oregonstate.edu /fruitgrowing/grapes/phybiol.htm (1193 words)

	Phylloxera: How Wine Was Saved for the World
		Scientific investigation of phylloxera, unsurprisingly, slowed down, although Professor Signoret reported to a fellow scientist in a balloon-born letter from the siege of Paris that "though he himself was reduced to eating cats, dogs, and horseflesh, the phylloxera, which he had in boxes, kept well and in good health".
		Phylloxera still haunts the whole wine-growing world (California's Napa Valley has seen recent outbreaks), and it is tempting to read some geo-political metaphor into the notion that the noble French wines are grown only by being grafted on to hardy, disease-proof American rootstock.
		But by the time Phylloxera had nearly reduced French vines to extinction, that was all you could get (it was called "the wine of the resistance, the wine of the anarchists, the wine that drives you mad", and it was in fact revived in 1993 by some enthusiasts in the Ardèche).
	www.arlindo-correia.com /060904.html (5121 words)

	Grape phylloxera
		Grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (synonym: Viteus vitifoliae) is a destructive pest of grapevine.
		Phylloxera leaf galls are most commonly found on American hybrid vines, such as Seyval Blanc, (a popular variety in the UK) and provide a useful indicator of potential root infestation.
		Phylloxera can be introduced onto vines either as eggs on the stems or on infested roots.
	www.defra.gov.uk /planth/pestnote/grape.htm (797 words)

	Phylloxera-resistant Rootstocks for Grapevines, Northwest Berry and Grape Information Network, Oregon State University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phylloxera was introduced in Europe (1862) through the importation of rooted vines from North America.
		Phylloxera spread at a rate of approximately of 12.5 miles a year (or faster with the help of man) and within 20 years, phylloxera had killed virtually every vine in France.
		The reason rootstocks susceptible to phylloxera are still being planted is usually the ease of propagation, which makes them attractive to the nursery industry, furthering their availability in the market.
	berrygrape.oregonstate.edu /fruitgrowing/grapes/phyrtsk.htm (3725 words)

	UC Davis - Grape Phylloxera Research - Phylloxera Phlyer Newsletter - Jan 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A decade and a half ago, phylloxera had fallen into relative obscurity, known mostly to entomologists and viticulturalists as a shining example of a pest that was successfully controlled by cultural practices-the use of resistant rootstock.
		In response to this crisis, the Phylloxera Task Force was formed to find the cause of the phylloxera problem, to come up with ways of coping with the insect, and to convey this information to the public.
		Phylloxera strains that differ from types A and B are found.
	entomology.ucdavis.edu /faculty/granett/phly8_96.htm (2238 words)

	New Phylloxera Strain Poses Threat Primarily To Grape Nurseries
		Although cases of the foliar phylloxera have been noted on wild grape plants in Southern California and elsewhere in the Southwest, the foliar form of this pest has only very rarely appeared in California's wine country before and never stayed more than a portion of a season.
		This form of phylloxera is common on the East Coast and in Europe, where the combination of high humidity with summertime rainfall is thought to be ideal for its survival.
		Walker is currently researching the genetics and behavioral habits of foliar phylloxera from Europe and the eastern U.S. One of his graduate students is comparing DNA fingerprints of 150 populations from across Europe to foliar types from the Southwest and New York.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-11/UoCD-NPSP-251198.php (842 words)

	Grape Phylloxera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Symptoms from the leaf form of phylloxera are rather obvious, with small galls about the size of a half a pea forming over the entire leaf surface.
		Heavy infestation by aerial phylloxera causes distortion, necrosis, and premature defoliation of French/American hybrids.
		Gall formation is a response by the plant based on the presence and feeding of the phylloxera.
	www.ento.okstate.edu /ddd/insects/grapephylloxera.htm (446 words)

	Grape Phylloxera
		Soils in California organic vineyards contain clues to the biocontrol of grape phylloxera, an aphid-like insect that is potentially the most serious grape pest in the world.
		As demonstrated by recent studies, soils which are suppressive to plant pathogens such as phylloxera are seen more often in organic vineyards than in conventional vineyards.
		Reducing phylloxera damage by organic practices eliminates the use of toxins that are known to harm the environment.
	www.agroecology.org /cases/phylloxera.htm (312 words)

	WINE BUSINESS GRAPE GROWING
		Scientists suggest that disease-causing fungi are spread by phylloxera as they taste and probe among feeder roots and older storage roots of grapevines.
		Although the destructive phylloxera insects have been reported feeding on grape rootstocks in several declining Northern California vineyards, the cause of the damage appears to be fungal activity rather than the loss of rootstock resistance, report researchers at UC Davis.
		Granett and Walker stress that phylloxera have been observed for many years feeding on root tips of resistant vines, but reports linking root-tip feeding to the decline of the grapevines are rare.
	winebusiness.com /grapegrowing/webarticle.cfm?dataId=37018 (840 words)

	Sampling Vines to Confirm the Presence of Phylloxera, Northwest Berry and Grape Information Network, Oregon State ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phylloxera reproduce most successfully on healthy root systems; dead and weakened vines will often have very low populations on the roots.
		However, phylloxera are often difficult to detect in the advanced stages of an infestation, as roots become dry or spongy and bark begins sloughing off.
		Most phylloxera are present on roots in the upper one to four feet of the soil, so this is the best place to sample.
	berrygrape.orst.edu /fruitgrowing/grapes/physamp.htm (682 words)

	CAWG.org - Leaf Eating Phylloxera Found in Three California Nurseries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A new form of phylloxera — a foliar or leaf-feeding version — has appeared in three grape nurseries in California over the last two years, according to researchers at the University of California.
		The new form of phylloxera causes tell-tale galls to form on the underside of fresh grape leaves in addition to attacking roots like the typical California strains of the pest.
		On the East Coast and in Europe the foliar phylloxera is commonly found and creates limited problems for vinifera grafted on rootstock varieties.
	www.cawg.org /news/1998/1998dec.htm (439 words)

	Phylloxera and Grape Industry Board of South Australia: Welcome
		Here you will learn about the small but deadly grapevine pest, phylloxera (fil-ox-era), which wiped out millions of acres of grapevines across Europe in the mid-1800s and changed the destiny of grapegrowing in Australia when it arrived in Victoria in 1877.
		Funded by the state's grapegrowers, it carries out important projects in the areas of phylloxera prevention, early detection, biosecurity and education.
		If you are already familiar with the Board and with phylloxera, you may have visited the website for detailed information on how to prevent phylloxera from entering your vineyard, or how to protect your vineyard by planting on phylloxera resistant rootstocks.
	www.phylloxera.com.au (187 words)

	Phylloxera \| Feature
		Grape Phylloxera is a serious pest of commercial grapevines worldwide, originally native to eastern North America.
		Native American grapes are naturally phylloxera resistant but have aromas that are offputting to palates accustomed to European grapes.
		The new varieties have never gained the popularity of the traditional ones, and in the EU are generally banned or at least strongly discouraged from use in quality wine.
	www.cellartastings.com /en/wine-feature-grape-phylloxera-wine.html (595 words)

	IHD: Media Release 13.02.98 (on Phylloxera pest) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phylloxera is an aphid which attacks the roots of European vines, used to produce table and wine grapes.
		Phylloxera does its damage slowly, moving randomly from vine to vine and resulting in the eventual death of the vine.
		While Phylloxera isn't found in these grape growing areas, it was emphasised how the movement of people, material and equipment from quarantine areas to non-infected areas could potentially spread Phylloxera to these areas.
	www.nre.vic.gov.au /agvic/ihd/resources/mr-980213.htm (837 words)

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