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Topic: Physical capital

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	Capital (economics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		physical capital, can be acquired with money or financial capital, so there is little need here for any further analysis of the latter.
		Since capital is defined by him as being goods of higher-order, or goods used to produce consumer goods, and derived their value from them, being future goods.
		However, this increasingly distinguishes means of capital investment, and collection of potential rewards for patent, copyright (creative or individual capital), and trademark (social trust or social capital) instruments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Capital_(economics) (1024 words)

	Saxe Lectures (1980/81): Sterling, R.R. Physical Capital...
		Physical capital proponents insist that the write up to current cost should be taken to equity, not income for the straightforward reason that the write up does not reflect a change in physical capacity.
		Erosion of physical capital (or erosion of operating capability) may be regarded as the failure to retain sufficient financial resources to acquire assets needed to maintain the capacity of the enterprise to provide a constant supply of goods and services.
		The concept of physical capital erosion may be linked to a concept of distributable income where distributable income is defined as the amount of cash that may be distributed without reducing the operating capability of the enterprise.
	newman.baruch.cuny.edu /DIGITAL/saxe/saxe_1980/sterling_81.htm (12688 words)

	6. FEDERAL INVESTMENT SPENDING AND CAPITAL BUDGETING
		It can be for physical capital, which yields a stream of services over a period of years, or for research and development or education and training, which are intangible but also increase income in the future or provide other long-term benefits.
		Physical investment.--Outlays for major public physical capital investment (hereafter referred to as physical investment outlays) are estimated to be $102.8 billion in 1998.
		Acquisition of Capital Assets.--Improved planning, budgeting, and acquisition strategies are necessary to increase the ability of agencies to acquire capital assets within, or close to, the original estimates of cost, schedule, and performance used to justify project budgets and to maintain budget discipline.
	www.fas.org /man/docs/fy98/analytical/099-141.htm (11829 words)

	Budget Impact of a Capital Budget Framework
		This paper discusses the impact on the budget of shifting to a capital budget framework, in which investment spending appears in a separate capital budget and the operating budget is defined to exclude spending on investment and to include a charge for depreciation of existing capital.
		If shifting to a capital budget were limited to redefining the calculation of the deficit, then the budget impact of the shift appears directly in Table 1.
		Many advocates of a capital budget framework argue that a capital budget would allow taxes to be set so that investment would be financed over time by those who enjoy the benefits of the investment, rather than by those who paid taxes in the year the investment was made.
	clinton5.nara.gov /pcscb/staf_deptax.html (1083 words)

	That characterizations of human capital development are important for understanding economic growth is well ...
		This completes the symmetry: the physical capital input is given by the product of the stock of capital and a variable utilization rate; the labor input is given by the product of the stock of human capital and its variable utilization rate--hours worked.
		As with physical capital, the agent faces a one-period-lag constraint in adjusting along this margin: human capital accumulated in period t does not become effective in the consumption and investment sectors until period t+1.
		After the lag constraint expires, capital is diverted from the investment sector into the consumption sector, so the agent does indeed substitute away from the production of physical capital toward human capital: the response of investment is negative, despite the boost in labor productivity, for approximately 7 periods.
	www.pitt.edu /~dejong/cyclebfi.htm (4948 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Physical Capital, Credit Markets and Economic Activity Our original analysis of credit markets assumed that the only savings vehicle for the representative household was holding or issuing single period bonds.
		Capital Accumulation and Credit Markets We are now ready to move beyond the world of Robinson Crusoe to a world of representative households and a central government with access to a unified credit market.
		With complete depreciation of capital in each period, the optimal capital stock for period two is also identified as the desired amount of investment in period one.
	economics.sbs.ohio-state.edu /mccafferty/econ806/Ch5.doc (3601 words)

	Analytical Perspectives Fiscal Year 1999 Budget of the United States Government
		Physical investment.--Outlays for major public physical capital investment (hereafter referred to as physical investment outlays) are estimated to be $113.2 billion in 1999.
		Defense outlays for physical investment were $52.4 billion in 1997 and are estimated to be $50.3 billion in 1999.
		These efforts will ensure that future capital investments by the IRS will improve customer service by providing alternative means of filing returns and paying taxes, improve telephone service for taxpayers; and give employees immediate access to complete information and modern tools to do their jobs.
	www.fas.org /man/docs/fy99/analytical/121-162.htm (11936 words)

	social capital: civic community, organization and education
		Whereas physical capital refers to physical objects and human capital refers to the properties of individuals, social capital refers to connections among individuals – social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them.
		In that sense social capital is closely related to what some have called “civic virtue.” The difference is that “social capital” calls attention to the fact that civic virtue is most powerful when embedded in a sense network of reciprocal social relations.
		Those concerned with social capital have looked to the density of social networks that people are involved in; the extent to which they are engaged with others in informal, social activities; and their membership of groups and associations (see la via associative).
	www.infed.org /biblio/social_capital.htm (3793 words)

	Physical Capital (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Physical capital comprises the basic infrastructure and producer goods needed to support livelihoods.
		Development of physical capital must be led by demand from the intended users.
		For example, a participatory assessment may reveal that a key constraint to the livelihoods of a particular group is the difficulty of carrying produce to market, especially during the rainy season.
	www.aplivelihoods.org /physical_capital.html (1040 words)

	A systems perspective on the interrelations between natural, human-made and cultural capital
		As an alternative term, we considered using 'adaptive capital' to emphasize that we are referring to all of those factors important to ecological economics from an evolutionary, mainly cultural evolutionary, sense (Costanza et al., 1991).
		The physical environment puts constraints on the growth and development of the biological subsystem which, in turn actively modifies its Physical environment to enhance its chance of survival.
		The human subsystem, in turn, actively modifies its physical and biological environment; carrying capacity of an area may be decreased through the degradation of life-support systems, or increased by organizing differently or using new technology that works with the environment (e.g.
	dieoff.org /page117.htm (2255 words)

	MBSpring Syllabi
		There are a variety of well defined measures by which the value of the physical capital might be defined.
		We could speculate that the primary reason why computers are used in organizations is the preserve and enhance the physical capital of the organization.
		While one might find arguments in the literature about the best way to describe this corporate asset, it is clear that just as organizations have long invested in physical capital of one sort or another, now there is a recognition that organizations must invest in workers as well.
	www.sis.pitt.edu /~spring/courses/ds_soc_cap.html (1595 words)

	Physical Regions and Their Economic Bases (from Venezuela) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		An individual's physical and mental well-being is the concern of two similar areas of education: health education and physical education.
		Since physical well-being is only one aspect of a person's overall health, physical education is often thought of as a part of health education.
		Exceptionally keen senses are among the physical attributes of sharks and rays.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-209776?ct= (855 words)

	Livelihoods Guidance/Section 2:Framework/Sub-Section 5:Livelihood Assets/Page 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Physical capital comprises the basic infrastructure and physical goods that support livelihoods.
		consists of changes to the physical environment that help people to meet their basic needs and to be more productive.
		And lack of adequate water supply means that people (often women) spend large portions of their day collecting water, which is often of poor quality and therefore has negative effects on health.
	tumi.lamolina.edu.pe /ipps/Sustainable%20Livelihoods/sect2/5/5_09.htm (410 words)

	SSRN-From Physical to Human Capital Accumulation: Inequality in the Process of Development by Oded Galor, Omer Moav (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The proposed theory argues that the replacement of physical capital accumulation by human capital accumulation as a prime engine of economic growth has changed the qualitative impact of inequality on the process of development.
		In early stages of industrialization as physical capital accumulation is a prime source of economic growth, inequality enhances the process of development by channeling resources towards individuals whose marginal propensity to save is higher.
		In later stages of development, however, as the return to human capital increases due to capital-skill complementarity, human capital becomes the prime engine of growth and equality, in the presence of credit constraints, stimulates investment in human capital and promotes economic growth.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?cfid=194011&cftoken=9365829&abstract_id=249868 (344 words)

	Sustainable Development - IC - Physical Capital: Innovation, Productivity and Sustainable Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A natural capital augmenting technological progress is one which is integrated while reducing waste over the life cycle of a product rather being add-on or an end of the pipe technology.
		There are two perspectives on innovation to the extent the latter affects physical or, more generally, tangible capital (physical and natural).
		Though firm capital budgeting decisions and cost-benefit analysis remain important decision aids, they must be supplemented by life cycle analysis, risk assessment, and ecological valuation (US Global Environment and Technology Foundation, 1995).
	strategis.ic.gc.ca /epic/internet/insd-dd.nsf/en/sd00112e.html (2075 words)

	26
		27.6 Diminishing return to capital means that the benefit of additional investment falls as the capital-labor ratio rises; with more capital equipment per worker, the economy gets a smaller benefit of investing in even more capital.
		27.7 The steady state capital stock is the long-run equilibrium quantity of capital per worker.
		As capital per worker increases, economic growth (the growth rate of real GDP per person) slows down.
	www.econ.rochester.edu /eco108/ch27/ans27.htm (1146 words)

	SSRN-The Interaction of Human and Physical Capital Accumulation: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa by Robin Grier (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In this paper, a simultaneous model of the evolution of human and physical capital in Sub-Saharan Africa is estimated.
		It can be shown that the two types of capital are jointly endogenous, in that increases in human capital significantly raise the per-worker physical capital stock, and increases in the physical capital significantly raise primary education levels.
		Unlike the implications of other recent papers, there is no evidence that tropical climates and ethnic diversity have a negative effect on the accumulation of capital in the region.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=708680 (232 words)

	BusinessPundit: Human Vs. Physical Capital (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Quarterly Journal of Economics has a good paper out called "Human Capital Risk and Economic Growth." I found a working version of the paper here.
		The basic argument is that households must choose what to do with their money, and investing in human capital (new skills, extra degree etc.) is riskier than investing in physical capital.
		Surprisingly, it seems that government policies that make severance payments to displaced workers lower this human capital investment risk, thus increasing investment in human capital, which leads to growth.
	www.businesspundit.com /archives/000433.html (130 words)

	On the Taxation of Human and Physical Capital in Models of Endogenous Growth
		This paper studies the effects of factor income taxation and of subsidies to human capital accumulation in models of endogenous growth.
		The paper then derives the normative implications of the analysis for the optimal taxation of factor incomes, showing that all tax and subsidy ‘wedges’ should be eliminated in the long run.
		"On the taxation of human and physical capital in models of endogenous growth," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol.
	ideas.repec.org /p/cpr/ceprdp/1477.html (432 words)

	Physical capital - Definition of word from Investor Dictionary - Define meaning of Physical capital
		Physical capital - Definition of word from Investor Dictionary - Define meaning of Physical capital
		Contemporary English and American theories concerning the effect of commercial banking on the supply of physical capital, (The University of Southern California.
		The growth of physical capital in agriculture, 1870-1950 (Studies in capital formation and financing)
	www.investordictionary.com /definition/Physical+capital.aspx (238 words)

	Knowledge, Physical Capital and Creative destruction
		"creative destruction" refers to the way that economic advances make existeng economic capital ideas absolescent: thay are partially destroyed (in value term).
		This paper recognises that both knowledge and capital obsolesce and considers the effect on both.
		"Knowledge, Physical Capital and Creative Destructio," Economics Papers W17&110., Economics Group, Nuffield College, University of Oxford.
	ideas.repec.org /p/nuf/econwp/110.html (217 words)

	EconPapers: On the taxation of human and physical capital in models of endogenous growth
		EconPapers: On the taxation of human and physical capital in models of endogenous growth
		On the taxation of human and physical capital in models of endogenous growth
		Working Paper: On the Taxation of Human and Physical Capital in Models of Endogenous Growth (1996)
	econpapers.repec.org /article/eeepubeco/v_3A70_3Ay_3A1998_3Ai_3A2_3Ap_3A237-254.htm (125 words)

	Transitional Dynamics in an Endogenous Growth Model with Physical Capital, Human Capital and R&D
		Manuel A. Gómez (2005) "Transitional Dynamics in an Endogenous Growth Model with Physical Capital, Human Capital and R&D", Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics: Vol.
		We analyze the transitional dynamics of an endogenous growth model with physical capital, human capital, and RandD.
		We provide conditions for the existence of a feasible steady state equilibrium with positive long-run growth.
	www.bepress.com /snde/vol9/iss1/art5 (191 words)

	A Note on NNS Models: Introducing Physical Capital; Avoiding Rationing
		First, it disputes the way physical capital has been introduced into these models, arguing that this leads to the dubious postulate that the cost of adjusting physical capital stock is an order of magnitude lower than the cost of changing prices.
		Second, it warns against a possible logical inconsistency whereby calibrated NNS models are implicitly assuming that some (price-constrained) firms are willing and able to sell their output below cost.
		"A note on NNS models: introducing physical capital; avoiding rationing," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol.
	ideas.repec.org /p/cpr/ceprdp/3351.html (696 words)

	A general two-sector model of endogenous growth with human and physical capital: balanced growth and transitional ...
		A general two-sector model of endogenous growth with human and physical capital: balanced growth and transitional dynamics
		"A General Two-Sector Model of Endogenous Growth with Human and Physical Capital: Balanced Growth and Transitional Dynamics," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol.
		The Composition of Human Capital and Economic Development," IMF Staff Papers, International Monetary Fund, vol.
	ideas.repec.org /p/fip/feddrp/9324.html (386 words)

	Taylor, Principles of Microeconomics, 4/e - - Economcis W.I.R.E.D.
		Economics W.I.R.E.D. Chapter 16: Physical Capital and Financial Markets
		Key Concepts: Capital Market Terminology, Markets for Physical Capital, Stock and Bond Markets, Risk versus Return, The Foreign Exchange Market
		Click on the "Foreign Exchange" category in the left column navigation bar.
	college.hmco.com /economics/taylor/micro/4e/instructors/wired/ch16.html (269 words)

	CiteULike: International comparative analysis of the association between board structure and the efficiency of value ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		CiteULike: International comparative analysis of the association between board structure and the efficiency of value added by a firm from its physical capital and intellectual capital resources
		International comparative analysis of the association between board structure and the efficiency of value added by a firm from its physical capital and intellectual capital resources
		Note: You or your institution must have access rights to this article.
	www.citeulike.org /article/42580 (88 words)

	Capital
		is responsible for development of the Capital Improvement Program, physical planning for the campus, and campus-wide space management and inventory.
		Panel Discussion Presentation 4-19-05: Designing teaching environments to foster undergraduate learning and discovery
		New Employee Orientation to Capital Planning (Powerpoint Presentation)
	www.ucrapb.ucr.edu /capital_and_physical_planning/capital_and_physical_planning.htm (50 words)

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