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Topic: Physical dependence

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	Addiction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Not all doctors do agree on what addiction or dependency is*, particularly because traditionally, addiction has been defined as being possible only to a psychoactive substance (for example alcohol, tobacco, or drugs), which is ingested, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and alters the natural chemical behavior of the brain temporarily.
		Physical dependence on a substance is defined by the appearance of characteristic withdrawal symptoms when the drug is suddenly discontinued.
		In cases of physical dependency on depressants of the central nervous system such as opioids, barbiturates, or alcohol, the absence of the substance can lead to symptoms of severe physical discomfort.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Addiction (3587 words)

	NPEC Monograph 2
		The relevance and importance of the distinction between physical dependence and addiction, as well as tolerance and abuse, resides in the fact that their defining properties are not coextensive and they do not invariably occur together.
		Physical dependence should not be confused with "substance dependence" or "drug dependence." Most of the criteria for substance dependence, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders 4th Edition.
		In this respect, physical dependence (i.e., opioid withdrawal syndrome) was reported in only 3% of patients with chronic nonmalignant pain in a long-term study of transdermal fetanyl.
	www.npecweb.org /npec/Monograph02/mon0301.htm (981 words)

	Tolerance, physical dependence and addiction: definitions, clinical relevance and misconceptions
		Physical dependence is the physiological adaptation of the body to the presence of an opioid.
		Physical dependence is frequently equated mistakenly with addiction.
		It is incorrect to use the term 'physical dependence' (a physiological state) to describe addiction (a dysfunctional psychological and behavioral syndrome).
	www.whocancerpain.wisc.edu /eng/11_3/tpda.html (1203 words)

	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1973 Issue 2 - 003
		Physical dependence capacity and single-dose suppression potency are not synonymous and may not even parallel each other in relation to morphine.
		When it is deemed advisable (most often in cases of questionable significance of physical dependence capacity in single-dose tests), the ability of a drug to produce physical dependence is determined directly by chronic administration to monkeys which have not previously received morphine or a related agent.
		As in the determination of morphine-like physical dependence capacity, it is assumed that any substance that will substitute for sodium barbital in a barbital-dependent dog, suppressing completely a barbiturate withdrawal syndrome, may be expected to produce dependence of barbiturate type during prolonged administration.
	www.unodc.org /unodc/es/bulletin/bulletin_1973-01-01_2_page004.html (6891 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 15, Ch. 195, Drug Use And Dependence (Substance Use Disorders; Drug Addiction; Drug Abuse; ...
		A strong psychologic dependence manifested as an overpowering compulsion to continue taking opioids, the development of tolerance so that the dosage must be increased to obtain the initial effect, and physical dependence that increases in intensity with increased dosage and duration of use.
		Tolerance of and physical dependence on opioids (natural or synthetic) develop rapidly; therapeutic doses taken regularly over 2 to 3 days can lead to some tolerance and dependence, and when the drug is discontinued, the user may have mild withdrawal symptoms, which are scarcely noticed or are described as a case of influenza.
		Physical dependence is suggested by a history of three or more narcotic injections a day, the presence of fresh needle marks, observation of withdrawal symptoms and signs, or the presence of morphine glucuronide in a urine specimen.
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual/section15/chapter195/195c.htm (2179 words)

	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1977 Issue 1 - 003
		Because the type of physical dependence and the severity of withdrawal symptoms depend in large measure on the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties (biologic half-life, metabolism, etc.) of a drug, it is desirable to use standards whose pharmacokinetics are well established or can be readily determined, such as hexobarbital, phenobarbital, chlorodiazepoxide, oxazepam, and bromide ion.
		Depending on the nature of initial surveys, a variety of sensitive behavioural assessments are available, including sensory capability, motor co-ordination, and activity levels.
		Evaluation for dependence liability includes an assessment of the toxicity of a psychoactive drug, the dose at which toxic effects occur (compared with thera-peutic and reinforcing doses), and the degree to which behavioural toxicity may be affected by other psychoactive substances.
	www.unodc.org /unodc/pt/bulletin/bulletin_1977-01-01_1_page004.html (4940 words)

	Tolerance and Physical Dependence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Opioid tolerance and physical dependence are expected with long-term opioid treatment and should not be confused with psychological dependence ("addiction"), manifested as drug abuse behavior.
		Physical dependence on opioids is revealed when the opioid is abruptly discontinued or when naloxone is administered and is typically manifested as anxiety, irritability, chills and hot flashes, joint pain, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, diaphoresis, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps and diarrhea.
		The appearance of the abstinence syndrome defines physical dependence on opioids, which may occur after just 2 weeks of opioid therapy, but does not imply psychological dependence or addiction.
	www.painresearch.utah.edu /cancerpain/LS3.3.1.html (441 words)

	Original PapersPrescription Drug Abuse
		The confusion of physical dependence(= causes a withdrawal syndrome in everyone who takes enough of the substance for a long enough time) with addiction(= a behavioral syndrome characterized by prolonged excessive and harmful use of the substance) is one of the commonest and most harmful errors of understanding in this area.
		Physical dependence simply means that if the substance being used is suddenly stopped or markedly reduced, the user develops certain specific withdrawal or discontinuation symptoms in a pattern and course characteristic of that substance.
		When substance dependence(= the behavioral syndrome of addiction) appears within the context of a chronic psychiatric or medical condition for which the offending drugs were originally indicated and useful before addiction set in, medical management of such symptoms as remain is obviously important and can sometimes be challenging.
	www.bma-wellness.com /papers/Prescription_Abuse.html (3999 words)

	HYLE 5-2 (1999): Molecular Models and the Question of Physicalism
		Appeal to chemical theories is widespread in biochemistry, and part of the scientific case for the physical dependence of the biological (and the mental, and the social) must be an argument for the dependence of the chemical on the physical.
		Dependence claims targeted on these other disciplines can enjoy extra support from such principled claims as are embodied in functionalism, about concepts that characterize discourse within these disciplines, concepts that also help to mark their domains off from the (broadly) physical in principled ways.
		In arguments concerning the dependence of the mental on the physical, a broad sense of ‘physical’ is typically at work: roughly, one according to which physical objects are those that are spatially located, and physical properties are those that can be borne only by physical objects.
	www.hyle.org /journal/issues/5/hendry.htm (7178 words)

	ARU/Buffalo: Anatomically Distinct Opiate Receptor Fields Mediate Reward and ...
		Dependence was not seen after long-term morphine infusions into the ventral tegmentum but was seen after similar infusions into the periventricular gray region.
		To determine whether physical dependence is produced by this regimen, we challenged six subjects with the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone (5 mg/kg, injected intraperitoneally) and assessed the traditional dependence signs—escape from the test box, chattering teeth, and "wet-dog" shakes.
		The presumed importance of physical dependence in opioid addiction is further exemplified by the emphasis on tests of physical dependence during the preclinical assessment of abuse potential of narcotic analgesics (e.g., Martin and Jasinski, 1977).
	www.wings.buffalo.edu /aru/SCI84.html (1658 words)

	Addiction Science Network: Physical Dependence Tests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The ability of addictive drugs to produce physical dependence is also studied at the ARU.
		Physical dependence studies investigate the motivational properties of somatic withdrawal reactions.
		Although physical dependence is not a necessary condition for drug addiction, it may contribute to the total reinforcing impact of some drugs.
	www.addictionscience.net /ASNphysical.htm (81 words)

	From The National Institute on Drug Abuse Addiction vs. Dependence
		Physical dependence, tolerance and addiction are discrete and different phenomena that are often confused.
		Physical dependence is a state of adaptation that often includes tolerance and is manifested by a drug class specific withdrawal syndrome that can be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, decreasing blood level of the drug, and/or administration of an antagonist.
		Universal agreement on definitions of addiction, physical dependence and tolerance is critical to the optimization of pain treatment and the management of addictive disorders.
	www.cpmission.com /main/addiction.html (1907 words)

	Drug abuse and dependence
		Drug dependence (addiction) is compulsive use of a substance despite negative consequences which can be severe; drug abuse is simply excessive use of a drug or use of a drug for purposes for which it was not medically intended.
		Physical dependence on a substance (needing a drug to function) is not necessary or sufficient to define addiction.
		There are some substances that don't cause addiction but do cause physical dependence (for example, some blood pressure medications) and substances that cause addiction but not classic physical dependence (cocaine withdrawal, for example, doesn't have symptoms like vomiting and chills; it is mainly characterized by depression).
	www.pennhealth.com /ency/article/001522.htm (1199 words)

	AllRefer Health - Alcoholism (Alcohol Abuse, Alcohol Dependence)
		People with alcohol dependence, the most severe alcohol disorder, usually experience tolerance (a need for markedly increased amounts of alcohol to achieve intoxication or the desired effect), and withdrawal symptoms when alcohol is discontinued or intake is decreased.
		People who are dependent on or abuse alcohol return to its use despite evidence of physical or psychological problems, though those with dependence have more severe problems and a greater compulsion to drink.
		Physical dependence reveals itself by withdrawal symptoms when alcohol intake is interrupted, tolerance to the effects of alcohol, and evidence of alcohol-associated illnesses.
	health.allrefer.com /health/alcoholism-info.html (951 words)

	[No title]
		To study beer drinking patterns and the development of physical dependence on alcohol contained in beer, Long Evans female rats were allowed to drink beer for 12 hours during the light cycle and 12 hours during the dark cycle.
		In order to study the development of physical dependence on alcohol, rats were administered beer for 21 days, receiving 24.43% of their total caloric intake from beer.
		Since the intensity of physical dependence is difficult to measure at cellular levels, the measurement of dependence is based on the degree of intensity of the withdrawal behavior.
	www.msstate.edu /org/MAS/apriljournal/beer.html (2885 words)

	Suboxone.com - Dependence vs Tolerance
		Tolerance, physical dependence, and psychological dependence are related—but still distinct—conditions that are often confused with one another.
		An individual is generally considered psychologically dependent when his or her opioid use continues in spite of its negative effect on the individual's life.
		SUBOXONE is appropriate for the treatment of people who have become physically dependent or psychologically dependent on opioids AND who are not in need of opioids for pain management.
	www.suboxone.com /patients/opioiddependence/dependence_tolerance.aspx (834 words)

	PrescriptionDrugAddiction.com Message Boards - Addiction vs Physical Dependence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Physiological dependence, which is often confused with addiction, is a result of the body’s adaptation to a drug used over a period of time to treat a medical disorder.
		For example, a patient taking pain medication for several weeks would likely develop some degree of tolerance to the drug; he or she would become physically dependent, and would have withdrawal symptoms if the drug were stopped abruptly.
		What would happen to the physically dependent person is that if he/she were to quit the drug cold turkey, he/she would have withdrawal symptoms.
	www.prescriptiondrugaddiction.com /msgboards/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=343 (1283 words)

	Genetic Dissociation of Opiate Tolerance and Physical Dependence in delta -Opioid Receptor-1 and Preproenkephalin ...
		Aley KO, Levine JD (1997a) Dissociation of tolerance and dependence for opioid peripheral antinociception in rats.
		Harrison LM, Kastin AJ, Zadina JE (1998) Opiate tolerance and dependence: receptors, G-proteins, and antiopiates.
		Trujillo KA, Akil H (1991) Inhibition of morphine tolerance and dependence by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/24/10906 (5580 words)

	Bozarth (ed., 1987): Assessing Drug Reinforcement, Chapter 10
		When the psychological dependence potential of a drug is evaluated from animal studies, it is necessary to be cautious about the analysis of data on animal responses that are characteristic of self-administration experiments.
		For evaluation of the psychological dependence potential of a drug and prediction of the ill effects resulting from its abuse (to be discussed later), observations of the daily dose self-administered by the animals and of the behavioral manifestation resulting from self-administration of the drug are very important (Deneau, Yanagita, and Seevers, 1969; Yanagita, 1977).
		Both drugs produced definite physical dependence in rhesus monkeys, but in the progressive-ratio experiment under physically dependent and nondependent states the enhancement of the drug-seeking behavior under the former was observed only with codeine (Yanagita, Miyasato, and Sato, 1980).
	www.addictionscience.net /MARPADc10.htm (2642 words)

	Explanation is a Genus: On the Varieties of Scientific Explanation
		The widespread suspicion that physical theories like quantum mechanics do not - on their merits as physical theories - explain, rests on the prejudice that physical theories do not, as physical theories, aspire to an explanatory goal specific to the discipline and context of physics.
		The most neglected of these dependence relations will be the physical dependence relations of physics, which as I will demonstrate, are quite different from relations of causal dependence.
		My proposal that to explain in physics is to illuminate physical dependence relations will, in addition, shed light on the status of the so-called ``uncertainty'' relations in quantum mechanics, as well as suggest a potential explanation of the failure of magnitude-definiteness in that most successful of physical theories.
	logica.rug.ac.be /CENSS2002/abstracts/Thalos.htm (523 words)

	Reviews Caffeine Physical Dependence: Review of Human and Laboratory Animal Studies
		Although animal and human udies sugges~that physical dependence may potentiate the reinforcing effects of caffeine, human studies also demon- irate that a history of substantial caffeine intake is not necessary condition for caffeine to function as a rein- rcer.
		Although clinically significant caffeine physical depen- dence has been periodically described in medical reports dating back at least over the last century and a half, caffeine physical dependence is not widely recognized by the lay population or by health-care professionals.
		Physical dependence as a determinant of caffeine reinforcing effects in humans,, A large number of experimental studies have evaluated var- ious caffeine-induced subjective effects that might plausibly be related to the reinforcing properties of caffeine.
	tobaccodocuments.org /pm/2046399478-9492.html (6381 words)

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