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Topic: Physical force Irish republicanism

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	Irish Republicanism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Irish Republicanism is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a united independent republic.
		Irish republicanism was born in the late eighteenth century.
		Irish Republican Socialist Party The IRSP was founded by Seamus Costello in 1974, who possibly had an eye towards James Connolly's Irish Socialist Republican Party of the late 19th/early 20th century when coining the party's name.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irish_republicanism (3322 words)

	Physical force Irish republicanism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Physical force Irish republicanism is a term used by historians in Ireland to describe the recurring appearance of non-parliamentary violent insurrection in Ireland between 1798 and the present.
		The tensions between the democratic features of the new Irish Republic proclaimed by the First Dáil, the Army of the Republic (The Irish Republican Army), and the secretive Irish Republican Brotherhood, reached a head in 1921 with the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty which created an independent Irish dominion known as the Irish Free State.
		The Irish Republican Army (1922-1969) and its political wing, Sinn Féin went through periodic splits, most dramatically in 1969 when two IRAs emerged, the Official IRA and the Provisional IRA, along with two Sinn Féins; Sinn Féin - Gardiner Place or Official Sinn Féin and Sinn Féin - Kevin St or Provisional Sinn Féin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Physical_force_Irish_republicanism (861 words)

	issue5alt1
		One of the lessons of Irish history in general and of the past 30 years in particular is that force will be an issue in Irish politics because the British and their allies will put it there, as they did when faced 30 years ago by an unarmed civil rights movement.
		The struggle decayed from within, with the British gradually closing off the republican’s ability to direct their campaign at the state’s military forces and the IRA military campaign feeding itself by drawing on a wider and wider definition of what was a target, becoming more degenerate and less popular as the target base widened.
		Physical force and the ideology of militarism have remained the glue that held the movement together.
	www.fourthwrite.ie /issue8alt17.html (1468 words)

	Irish_Republican_Army (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Physical force Irish republicanism had a long history, from the Ribbonmen of the late 18th century to the 1798 and 1803 rebellions, the Young Irelander rebellion of 1848 and the Irish Republican Brotherhood of 1865.
		However the term ''Irish Republican Army'' in its modern sense was first used in the second decade of the 20th century from the merger of the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizens Army after the Easter Rising.
		The Irish delegation was led by Arthur Griffith and Michael Collins, as de Valera — now 'President of the Republic' — insisted that as head of state he could not attend, as King George was not leading the British delegation.
	q-basic.xodox.de /Irish_Republican_Army (4253 words)

	Newshound: Daily Northern Ireland news catalog - Irish News article
		The context he outlined is the republican rationale for the existence of the IRA and the circumstances outlined by the IRA themselves last December in which they would leave the political scene.
		Their existence is an inevitable response to this violent situation because the Irish government and Irish politicians in Dublin, whose duty it was to defend Irish citizens in the north, abjectly failed to do so and abandoned northern nationalists to the violence of a unionist state.
		It is a potent force in Irish politics, historically and in contemporary terms.
	www.nuzhound.com /articles/irish_news/arts2005/mar10_wrong_to_play_down_IRA_peace_offer__JGibney.php (755 words)

	News - October '01
		Though there is palpable disquiet and unease, most republicans have their eye on the bigger picture and understand that the peace and political processes, once underpinned, will lead to a material transformation in the lives of the people, to stability, progress and prosperity, and, through real engagements with former foes, a degree of reconciliation.
		Nationalists and republicans see the potential of the peace process being frittered away by a British government not honouring its commitments, and a unionist leadership obstructing the fundamental change that is required.
		The Irish government too is a party to the Good Friday Agreement, and it has a particular mandate and a responsibility to promote and defend Irish national and democratic interests, and to uphold the rights of all citizens and the sovereignty of the nation.
	www.redaction.org /news/oct_01.html (7787 words)

	The Scattering Ireland and the Empire, 1801-1921
		Irish movement to Canada and sometimes southern Africa was accelerated by the promise of land grants, though seldom by direct payment of transportation costs.
		Irish Catholicism, though thoroughly ‘Romanized’ by the 1850s, was often at loggerheads with the established networks of French or English priests who had typically initiated diocesan organisation in the colonies.
		Though Irish emigrants were at first their ceniral concern, the army of Irish priests and nuns rapidly extended their ministrations to the conversion of aboriginal peoples, the reclamation of godless colonials, and the care of Catholic emigrants from Britain and Europe as well as Ireland.
	www.reform.org /TheReformMovement_files/article_files/articles/empire.htm (5965 words)

	Irish Quarterly Review - Studies - Mansergh
		James II in his political testament warned his son of the Republicans in the North by which he meant the Ulster Scots Presbyterians, and, in Jacobite histories, those described as the Loyalists were the Catholic gentry of Ireland.
		When force was used, it did not unite, nor to be fair did it seek to unite, the whole people of Ireland, and the absence of such unity could not legitimately veto independence, least of all for the greater part of Ireland, where minorities were very small.
		Irish Governments have spent huge efforts in trying to seek redress for abuses of human rights by organs of the state, that rightly created a great deal of indignation, and gave rise to demands for independent enquiries.
	www.jesuit.ie /studies/articles/2000/000909.htm (7012 words)

	issue1alt1
		The frequently repeated downside for these physical force men is that their unaccountable armed wing invariably decides to settle for much less than the maximum programme.
		The support for physical force, that has existed in Ireland for so long, cannot easily be dismissed as the lunacy of a few fanatics.
		It is well past time for Irish republicans to set aside all fetishes about the use of force and stop making it t he litmus test of people’s loyalty.
	www.fourthwrite.ie /issue9alt14.html (1796 words)

	:: Novopress.info North America » Blog Archive » NINA a Myth? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Irish Catholics in America have a vibrant memory of humiliating job discrimination, which featured omnipresent signs proclaiming “Help Wanted—No Irish Need Apply!” No one has ever seen one of these NINA signs because they were extremely rare or nonexistent.
		The evidence suggests that all the criticism of the Irish was connected to one of three factors, their “premodern” behavior, their Catholicism, and their political relationship to the ideals of republicanism.
		In 1871 the Irish Catholics demanded the Protestant Irish not be allowed an Orange parade in New York City, but the Democratic governor sent five armed regiments of state militia to support the 700 city police protecting the one hundred marchers.
	am.novopress.info /index.php?p=336 (1866 words)

	Ireland's OWN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		But, if adherents of physical force republicanism think that support will be forthcoming for strategies, which can finish off people but not finish off British state policy, then you inhabit a self-referential and precarious intellectual world.
		We accept that we can never persuade you to cede such a fundamental tenet of the physical force tradition but we urge most strongly that, if you choose to persist in your belief, you must draw a distinction between the right to use such force and the intention to do so.
		'physical force': for this implies that I am so blinkered that the only means I can offer in pursuit of national self- determination is the gun and the bomb.
	irelandsown.net /physforce.html (1027 words)

	search.com -
		The new leadership of the Irish Republic worried that the IRA would not accept its authority, given that the Volunteers, under their own constitution, was bound to obey their own executive and no under body.
		The fear was increased when, on the very day the new national parliament was meeting, 21 January 1919 the IRA, acting on their own initiative, killed two Royal Irish Constabulary constables (James McDonnell and Patrick O'Connell) by Seán Tracy and Dan Breen while the South Tipperary IRA volunteer unit were seizing a quantity of gelignite.
		These belonged to prominent Loyalists who were aiding the Crown forces, and were burnt to discourage the British policy of destroying the homes of Republicans, suspected and actual.
	www.search.com /reference/Irish_Republican_Army (4417 words)

	James Connolly: Physical Force in Irish Politics (1899) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		To the reader unfamiliar with Irish political history such a remark seems to savour almost of foolishness, its truth is so apparent; but to the reader acquainted with the inner workings of the political movements of this country the remark is pregnant with the deepest meaning.
		Our position towards it is that the use or non-use of force for the realisation of the ideas of progress always has been and always will be determined by the attitude, not of the party of progress, but of the governing class opposed to that party.
		In other words, Socialists believe that the question of force is of very minor importance; the really important question is of the principles upon which is based the movement that may or may not need the use of force to realise its object.
	www.marxists.org /archive/connolly/1899/07/physforc.htm (589 words)

	ireland.com - The Irish Times - FRONT PAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Two dumps were inspected on three occasions by the former Finnish President, Mr Martti Ahtisaari, and the leading ANC figure, Mr Cyril Ramaphosa, between the autumn of last year and the spring of this year.
		The decision to allow independent inspectors to oversee the destruction of its weapons is unprecedented in the history of "physical force" Irish republicanism.
		Republican sources reported recently that there have been arguments among remaining IRA members about the act of decommissioning.
	www.ireland.com /newspaper/front/2001/1023/fro1.htm (400 words)

	Richard J. Jensen - "No Irish Need Apply": A Myth of Victimization - Journal of Social History 36:2
		The Irish community used the allegation of job discrimination on the part of the Other to reinforce political solidarity among (male) voters, which in any case was very high indeed—probably he highest for any political group in American history before the 1960s.
		Since it was the mainstay of the Republican party in many small towns, the GAR provided an opportunity for Democratic Irishmen to mingle on friendly and equal terms with Protestants of the same age, and softened the tensions created by the temperance movement.
		However sources, such as melodramas with numerous Irish characters, had numerous references, and each was counted as a separate "unit-perception." In all he found 392 different descriptive adjectives, and coded them according to a scheme developed by a psychologist for the language in use a century later.
	tigger.uic.edu /~rjensen/no-irish.htm (12407 words)

	THE BLANKET * Index: Current Articles
		The real reason the republican movement has suggested an all-Ireland dimension to Northern unionists is because Sinn Fein actually fears the thought of Northern Protestants having a major say in the running of a 32-county state.
		The Southern Irish economy is experiencing an economic boom, but it will only be a matter of time before the Celtic tiger is hunted by the eurocrats of a united Germany.
		Given the tactical superiority of the Northern Protestant forces at that time, it would be logical to assume that any partition of the island as a result of civil war would have created a much larger geographical Northern Ireland.
	lark.phoblacht.net /jc05123g.html (2167 words)

	Wolfe Tone: Prophet of Irish Independence by John Kendle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Theobold Wolfe Tone is heralded in Irish lore as the prophet of physical force republicanism.
		Building on her earlier work on the United Irishmen and her familiarity with a staggering range of sources, Elliott argues that Tone's initial goal was not the ending of the connection with England by force of arms if necessary; rather, it was to bridge the divide between Catholics and Protestants and to obtain Catholic emancipation.
		In fact, she convincingly demonstrates the impact on his republicanism of Ulster Presbyterianism and of Tone's romantic misconception that a tolerant Belfast reflected a tolerant Ulster.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/chr/722/wolf34.html (689 words)

	Irish Quarterly Review - Studies
		During the 19th century, the focus of this movement shifted to the south (with Young Ireland and the Gaelic League) and to the Catholic population (mobilised at the time of Emancipation).
		The Constitution was a fine amalgam of liberal democracy, Republicanism and Catholic social philosophy.
		Irish Republicanism today, North and South, means a pluralist democracy, not army rule - we are now in a constitutional, not a revolutionary, political period.
	www.jesuit.ie /studies/articles/2000/000903.htm (2413 words)

	Newshound: Links to daily newspaper articles about Northern Ireland
		The physical force tradition in Irish republicanism may have been dealt a "fatal blow" by the Omagh bombing disaster in which 29 people were killed, the so-called 'Real' IRA has conceded.
		The future for physical force is that it will always be there as long as there is a British presence but it needs to have public support and Omagh has done nothing to advance that.
		The RIRA spokesperson claimed that the Provisional leadership foisted the peace strategy on the republican movement by a process of stealth and deception, taking advantage in particular of the fact that the IRA rank and file was consumed with fighting the armed struggle.
	www.nuzhound.com /articles/mal92-13.htm (1354 words)

	IRBB :: View topic - What is Irish Republicanism-RuairÃ O'BrÃ¡daigh
		In the strict sense, an Irish Republican was one who gave allegiance to the 32-County Republic of Easter 1916 and who denied the right of the British Government to rule here.
		For the Republican Movement then, a Republican today is one who rejects the Partition Statelets in Ireland and gives his allegiance to and seeks to restore the 32-County Republic of Easter Week.
		All necessary means must be used to restore Ireland and her resources to the Irish people, not precluding as a last resort the use of physical force against the British Army of Occupation.
	admin2.7.forumer.com /viewtopic.php?t=356 (957 words)

	Irish News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The father figure of the modern republican movement, Cahill had been jailed on a number of occasions and was sentenced to death in the 1940s for the the shooting of a policeman.
		"He was an unapologetic physical force republican who fought when he felt that was the only option but he also significantly stood for peace and was a champion of the Sinn Féin peace strategy, traveling to the US on many occasions on behalf of the party."
		His contribution to Irish republicanism will ensure that he will be remembered for many generations to come.
	www.iais.org /shtmp.cfm?News_ID=3767 (332 words)

	Issues: Twentieth-Century Crisis (The Irish Troubles), Independent Study Online Courses, The University of Iowa
		The third places the "Irish question" in historical context by focusing on a critical period in the development of Irish nationalism, 1800—69.
		Smith surveys the critical personalities, events, and issues from roughly the Act of Union in 1801, to the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1921.
		He provides a thorough appraisal of all the parties involved, including nationalists and republicans, unionists and loyalists, British government officials and Americans.
	www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu /ccp/gis/courses/016017_p.htm (1971 words)

	Scotch-Irish / Ulster-Scots Forums > Forged in the crucible of his hatred
		It was his passionate opposition to Irish republicanism that launched him on the political scene, and he has not altered his views.
		In 1964, he demanded an Irish tricolour be removed from Divis Street in west Belfast.
		The leader of Irish Free Presbyterianism tells his flock ‘though the harvest is plenty, the labourers are few’.
	www.scotchirish.net /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t1353.html (4850 words)

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