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Topic: Physical modelling synthesis

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Digital waveguide synthesis

Granular synthesis

Sound synthesis

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Frequency modulation synthesis

FM synthesis

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	Physical modelling synthesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Physical modelling synthesis is the synthesis of sound by using a set of equations and algorithms to simulate a physical source of sound.
		Sound is then generated using parameters that describe the physical materials used in the instrument and the user's interaction with it, for example, by plucking a string, or covering toneholes, and so on.
		For example, to model the sound of a drum, there would be a formula for how striking the drumhead injects energy into a two dimensional membrane.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Physical_modelling_synthesis (267 words)

	Synthesizer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		FM synthesis is fundamentally a type of additive synthesis and the filters used in subtractive synthesizers were typically not used in FM synthesizers until the mid-1990s.
		Physical modeling synthesis is the synthesis of sound by using a set of equations and algorithms to simulate a physical source of sound.
		Although physical modeling was not a new concept in acoustics and synthesis, it wasn't until the development of the Karplus-Strong algorithm, the subsequent refinement and generalization of the algorithm into digital waveguide synthesis by Julius O. Smith III and others, and the increase in DSP power in the late 1980s that commercial implementations became feasible.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sound_synthesis (5439 words)

	Harmony Central: Synthesis Techniques: Physical Modeling
		Physical modeling is quite flexible and a single algorithm can achieve a variety of sounds, without requiring more memory.
		One approach to physical modeling would be to start with these equations, choose the necessary parameters, and then solve the equations using some numerical methods to carry out the integrations and other mathematical operations.
		Although physical modeling has now entered the industry, there is still quite a bit of research being done and there are a number of good references for learning more about the process and building your own models if you like.
	www.harmony-central.com /Synth/Articles/Physical_Modeling (2723 words)

	Sound synthesis by physical modelling ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		But the major advantage of modal synthesis (besides efficiency of calculation) is that the frequencies and the damping coefficients of the modes of vibration are represented explicitly in the model [5].
		When using signal models, the problem of controlling the synthesis process consists mainly in creating a system of constraints (a control model) that forces the synthesis parameters to evolve in a way that gives rise to a certain identity of the sound phenomenon such that the latter can be used in a musical discourse (i.e.
		Again, from a physical modelling point of view such an extension seems contradictory since the essential difference between modal synthesis and other synthesis techniques "is that the spatial properties of the causal devices are included in the modelling" [5].
	viswiz.gmd.de /~eckel/publications/eckel95b.html (2448 words)

	Physical modelling synthesis: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		When an initial set of parameters is run through the...is run through the physical simulation, the simulated sound is generated.
		...string synthesis refers to a method of physical modelling synthesis that loops an impulse through a filtered delay...
		When an initial set of parameters is run through the physical simulation, the simulated sound is generated.
	www.encyclopedian.com /ph/Physical-modeling-synthesis.html (243 words)

	Physical modelling synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Physical modelling synthesis is the synthesis of sound byusing a set of equations and algorithms to simulate a physical source of sound.
		For example, to model the sound of a drum, there would be a formula for how striking the a drumhead injects energy into theformula that describes the resonance and damping of the drumhead.
		Although physical modelling was not a new concept in acoustics and synthesis, it wasn't until the development of the Karplus-Strong algorithm, the subsequentrefinement and generalization of the algorithm into digital waveguide synthesis by Julius O. Smith III andothers, and the increase in DSP power in the late 1980s that commercial implementations became feasible.
	www.therfcc.org /physical-modelling-synthesis-245145.html (225 words)

	MODEL WORLD
		Modelling is the current Big Thing in digital synthesis, and it's being used to recreate the sounds not only of traditional acoustic instruments, but also the analogue synth timbres electronic musicians know and love.
		Models of musical instruments allow us to make sounds which have many of the characteristics of real instruments, but only when we understand enough about the instrument to be able to describe how it works in sufficient detail.
		It's the complexity of the mathematical models required for the driver that pose the major technical hurdle for physical modelling, since here the task is to describe complex moving systems of air, strings, bows, lips and mouthpieces.
	www.soundonsound.com /sos/1997_articles/jun97/physicalmodel.html (4638 words)

	Synthesizer
		FM synthesis is fundamentally a type of additive synthesis and the filters used in subtractive synthesizers were typically not used in FM synthesizers until the mid-
		synthesis is the synthesis of sound by using a set of equations and algorithms to simulate a physical source of sound.
		Although physical modelling was not a new concept in acoustics and synthesis, it wasn't until the development of the
	www.mp3.fm /Synthesizer.htm (2737 words)

	Synthesizer
		The synthesizer is a type of electronic musical instrument designed to produce artificially generated sound, using techniques such as additive, subtractive, FM and physical modelling synthesis to create sounds.
		Most analog synthesizers produce their sound using subtractive synthesis, which means filters[?] and amplifiers[?] are used to manipulate a square or saw-tooth wave produced by an oscillator.
		The earliest digital synthesis was performed by software synthesizers on mainframe computers using methods exactly like those described in digital synthesis.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/sy/Synthesiser.html (1323 words)

	The Linux Softsynth Roundup
		Subtractive synthesis is relatively easy to implement in hardware and software, and its sounds are characteristically associated with the analog synthesizers of the 1970s.
		The method's parameters are based less on familiar sono-musical models, such as waveforms, frequencies and amplitudes, and more on the characteristics of physically excited systems, such as airflow through a tube, the vibrations of a plucked string or the radiating patterns of a struck membrane.
		Physical modelling has become a popular synthesis method and is deployed in synthesizers from Korg, Yamaha and others.
	www.linuxjournal.com /node/6320/print (4567 words)

	Alma
		The goal of this project is to develop an elegant, general and unifying strategy for a block-wise design of nonlinear physical and pseudo-physical models in sound synthesis.
		The strategy is based on a "divide-and-conquer" approach, in which the elements of the structure are individually modelled and discretised, while their interaction topology is separately implemented in a dynamical and "physically sound" fashion.
		Physicality : the behaviour of the model meets the expectations and behave in an inherently consistent and stable fashion.
	www-dsp.elet.polimi.it /alma/index.php (493 words)

	CS4117: Synthesis Overview
		Physical modelling is a bundle of methods which all aim at a common goal - the modelling of some of the relevant parts of sound production in real, physical instruments.
		So the tube is modelled as a bidirectional delay line with occasional points of reflection (implemented as taps from one direction of the delay line to the other with a filter in between to model reflection losses) and a driving reed on the other end.
		All in all, physical modelling is an extremely good choice for synthesis of many classical instruments, especially those of the wind and brass families.
	www.csis.ul.ie /ccmcm/cs4117/synth0.htm (10093 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Synthesizer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Each of these stages is modelled by a change in volume (typically exponential).
		Although physical modelling synthesis, synthesis wherein the sound is generated according to the physics of the instrument, has superseded subtractive synthesis for accurately reproducing natural instrument timbres, the subtractive synthesis paradigm is still ubiquitous in synthesizers with most modern designs still offering low-order lowpass or bandpass filters following the oscillator stage.
		This is the technique used in "sampling." Most samplers designate a part of the sample for each component of the ADSR envelope, and then repeat that section while changing the volume for that segment of the envelope.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Synthesizer (3422 words)

	Physical modelling synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		For example, to model the sound of a drum, there would be a formula for how striking the a drumhead injects energy into the formula that describes the resonance and damping of the drumhead.
		Another formula could then be applied to mimic the separate resonance of the cylindical body of the drum.
		Although physical modelling was not a new concept in acoustics and synthesis, it wasn't until the development of the Karplus-Strong algorithm, the subsequent refinement and generalization of the algorithm into digital waveguide synthesis by Julius O. Smith III and others, and the increase in DSP power in the late 1980s that commercial implementations became feasible.
	www.casimiro.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/p/ph/physical_modelling_synthesis.html (241 words)

	Physical Modelling
		With physical modeling it is the actual physics of the instrument and its playing technique which are modelled by the computer.
		Typically, a physical model instrument takes the form of a recursive algorithm in which the contents of a delay line (the length of which corresponds to the number of samples required to produce one period of waveform at some desired pitch) are subject to some kind of modification process on each cycle of the recursion.
		The results of physical modeling can be surprisingly natural and life-like, as it is possible to give an instrument some notion of its own current state.
	ccrma.stanford.edu /software/clm/compmus/clm-tutorials/pm.html (2346 words)

	History of the Music Synthesizer -- Analog to Digital
		oscillator sync), along with the physically unrealistic lowpass filters, is responsible for the "classic synthesizer" sound commonly associated with "analog synthesis" and often mistakenly used when referring to software synthesizers using subtractive synthesis.
		physical modelling synthesis, synthesis wherein the sound is generated according to the physics of the instrument, has superseded subtractive synthesis for accurately reproducing natural instrument timbres, the subtractive synthesis paradigm is still ubiquitous in synthesizers with most modern designs still offering low-order lowpass or bandpass filters following the oscillator stage.
		Fourier synthesis: Several sine tones are mixed to form a more complex waveform.
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/music_synthesizer.htm (2991 words)

	Modelling
		Modelling the surface of the Human Cortex from cyrosection slices
		Modelling the human cortex from MRI volumetric data.
		Terrain model of the north pole of Mars
	local.wasp.uwa.edu.au /~pbourke/modelling (471 words)

	Physical Modeling Synthesis Update
		Recent research in physical modeling of musical instruments for purposes of sound synthesis is reviewed.
		Recent references, results, and outstanding problems are highlighted for models of strings, winds, brasses, percussion, and acoustic spaces.
		digital waveguide models and the musical acoustics research on which they are based.
	www-ccrma.stanford.edu /~jos/pmupd/pmupd.html (87 words)

	Synthesis Methods - A Brief Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		But to say that the true variety of synthesis methods is enormous would be an understatement: to say that some of the techniques are mathematically esoteric is pointing in the right direction.
		Granular synthesis then has a great deal of power to offer the composer, keeping in mind that human sonic perception responds not only to the shape, amplitude and major period of a wave, but also to patterns of pitch change over short periods.
		Asynchronous Granular Synthesis might be said to epitomise granular synthesis, since its approach clearly discards the methodology of linear resynthesis and/or analysis that is in common with the Fourier and wavelet transforms.
	www.themusicpage.org /articles/SynthMethods.html (2048 words)

	KTH Speech, Music and Hearing :: Seminars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Multi-dimensional Digital Waveguide Mesh (DWM) was first introduced as a modeling technique for music acoustics applications in 1993 and is an extension to the 1D digital waveguide used extensively for physical modelling sound synthesis.
		The DWM has been shown to be appropriate for modelling 2D structures such as plates and membranes and in 1994 was first applied to problems in the field of room acoustics simulation.
		The third research area focuses on Digitract, a physical modelling speech synthesis research tool based that extends the established 1D digital waveguide vocal tract simulation through the use of the 2D DWM.
	www.speech.kth.se /seminars/information.html?ID=243 (414 words)

	Tactile control of physical modelling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The virtual world is a playground in which physical concepts can be investigated and extended, enabling us to understand and achieve things which may or may not be possible in nature.
		The computer musician is physically detached from the sound source and so has to interact with it indirectly via peripherals such as the mouse or MIDI keyboard.
		The instrument "Cymatic" is a real-time physical modelling synthesiser which is controlled via haptic (or tactile) interfaces.
	www-users.york.ac.uk /~dmh8/cymatic/main.htm (269 words)

	Synthesizer - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Designs were published in hobby electronics magazines and complete kits were supplied by companies such as Maplin Electronics in the UK (although often these designs were actually rebranded versions of synths originally built by hobbyists, for example, the Maplin 5600 was a creation of the Australian scientist Trevor Marshall).
		The entire experience for Yamaha and the FM synthesis technology was in reality quite serendipitous.
		Some commercial programs offer quite lavish and complex models of classic analog synthesizers--everything from the Yamaha DX7 to the original Moog modular.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Synthesizers (5238 words)

	Digital Sound Synthesis using Physical Modeling of Musical Instruments
		Because of these disadvantages there are various methods for sound synthesis based on physical models that do not model the sound but the sound production mechanism.
		As already mentioned, the sound synthesis group in the laboratory focusses on the functional transformation method (FTM) for the realistic and intuitive sound synthesis of musical instruments.
		Recently we are working on the EU shared cost project ALMA (ALgorithms for the Modelling of Acoustic interactions), which tries to combine and unify all sound synthesis methods, especially physical modelling methods, as they are described above.
	www.lnt.de /lms/research/projects/soundsynthesis/index.php?lang=eng (1237 words)

	Physical Modelling Synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		CMPT 889: Lecture 1 Introduction to Physical Modelling
		A single model achieves a vairety of sound without requiring more memory
		``CMPT 889: Lecture 1, Introduction to Physical Modelling'' by Tamara Smyth, Computing Science, Simon Fraser University.
	www.cs.sfu.ca /~tamaras/introPM/Physical_Modelling_Synthesi.html (71 words)

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