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	Aristotle on Causality (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Aristotle does not seem to be able to specify what material processes are involved in the growth of the teeth, but he is willing to recognize that certain material processes have to take place for the teeth to grow in the particular way they do.
		Physics II 9 is entirely devoted to the introduction of the concept of hypothetical necessity and its relevance for the explanatory ambition of Aristotle's science of nature.
		In this context Aristotle' slogan is “generation is for the sake of substance, not substance for the sake of generation” (PA 640 a 18-19).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/aristotle-causality (5554 words)

	Aristotle's Physics and Astronomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and student of Plato.
		Aristotle was not the first to suggest this idea but he did give a fairly detailed account of how it all works.
		Aristotle had the basics down, but he was not mathematically very sophisticated.
	www.bilkent.edu.tr /~cowley/Science-Inquiry/9-3-Aristotle.html (801 words)

	Was Aristotle the first physicist? (January 2002) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		Of course, Aristotle's incorrect picture of the Earth as the centre of the solar system had to be overthrown, as did several aspects of his dynamics, in order for the new physics of Galileo and Newton to emerge.
		Aristotle responded by saying a vacuum was impossible, but this still did not obviate the need to consider accelerations properly for motion of a projectile in air.
		Aristotle's views on drama still influence the theatre of today - we still speak of the cathartic effect of tragedy - and his precepts were still taken extremely literally by 17th-century playwrights like Ben Johnson and Jean Racine.
	physicsweb.org /article/world/15/1/2/1 (2469 words)

	Aristotle's Physics
		ARISTOTLE: Aristotle held that the universe was divided into two parts, the terrestrial region and the celestial region.
		Although there was some degree of experience and observation in the physics of Aristotle, at its heart was a philosophical approach to science where the laws of nature are constructed to conform to a particular philosophical outlook.
		Although in the intellectual vanguard of physicists the feeling was that the physics of Aristotle was dead, in the curriculum of many universities in the midseventeenth century Aristotelian physics was not yet buried.
	aether.lbl.gov /www/classes/p10/aristotle-physics.html (952 words)

	Science and Human Values - Aristotle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		For in the same context Aristotle by his own procedure unwittingly illustrated the disastrous consequence of the application of the organismic method to physical investigation: the role to be played by observational evidence becomes secondary in establishing scientific conclusions.
		Aristotle did not even flinch when he flatly told his readers that no one could live beyond the tropics, that the shape of the polar regions resembled a tambourine, and that imaginary lines connecting those regions to the center of Earth cut out a drum-shaped figure.
		In spite of such bright details Aristotle's organismic physics was to prove "worthless and misleading from beginning to end." Yet, E. Whittaker, the author of this devastating phrase, [Note 62] was neither an anti-Aristotelian nor was he surpassed by many in his understanding of present and past physics.
	www.rit.edu /~flwstv/aristotle2.html (4410 words)

	Aristotle's Natural Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Aristotle, however, subscribes to an even stronger principle, that causes in effecting change transmit the form they possess to the entity they effect change in, so that they have to be synonymous with the effects they bring into existence.
		Aristotle claims that in a chain of efficient causes, where the first element of the series acts through the intermediary of the other items, it is the first member in the causal chain, rather than the intermediaries, which is the moving cause (Physics 8.5, 257a10-12).
		Aristotle will be entitled to assert that the cause of the human being is in the first instance his or her father, but is at the same time the Sun as it moves along its annual ecliptic path.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/aristotle-natphil (5810 words)

	The Physics of Aristotle vs. the Physics of Galileo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He also taught that dynamics (the branch of physics that deals with motion) was primarily determined by the nature of the substance that was moving.
		For example, stripped to its essentials, Aristotle believed that a stone fell to the ground because the stone and the ground were similar in substance (in terms of the 4 basic elements, they were mostly "earth").
		Thus, Aristotle believed that the laws governing the motion of the heavens were a different set of laws than those that governed motion on the earth.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/history/aristotle_dynamics.html (420 words)

	Aristotle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aristotle was born in Stagira, on the peninsula of Chalcidice in 384 BC.
		Aristotle defines his philosophy in terms of essence, saying that philosophy is "the science of the universal essence of that which is actual".
		Aristotle's conception of logic was the dominant form of logic up until the advances in mathematical logic in the 19th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aristotle (6342 words)

	Aristotle bio of Ancient Philosopher 384-322 B.C.
		Aristotle's lectures were collected into nearly 150 volumes and represent almost a one-man encyclopedia of the knowledge of the times, much of it representing the original thought and observation of Aristotle himself.
		Aristotle studied the developing embryo of the chick and the complex stomach of cattle.
		Thus Aristotle declared that the outermost shell of the cosmos is by necessity spherical, for it is made of divine substance and whatever is divine must be circular.
	www.briantaylor.com /aristotle.htm (6152 words)

	Aristotle Physics
		Aristotle might say that phusis is the internal activity that makes anything what it is. Our word for nature comes from Latin roots having to do with birth and growth, and these associations are present in the Greek word as well.
		Aristotle, according to Dante The master of those who know, was for almost 2000 years up to 1700 AD the most important scientist.
		Aristotle thought that the stars were at a range of distances from the Earth, and believed that the stars were spheres.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/AristotlePhysics.htm (2597 words)

	SparkNotes: Aristotle: Physics: Books I to IV
		Physics: Books I to IV The Physics takes its title from the Greek word phusis, which translates more accurately as “the order of nature.” The first two books of the Physics are Aristotle’s general introduction to the study of nature.
		Aristotle argues against the views both of Democritus, who thinks that necessity in nature has no useful purpose, and of Empedocles, who holds an evolutionary view according to which only those combinations of living parts that are useful have managed to survive and reproduce themselves.
		Aristotle’s conception of change as being a process of something coming to be out of its opposite is troubling and does not sit well with his conception of the four causes.
	www.sparknotes.com /philosophy/aristotle/section3.rhtml (1941 words)

	Physics
		Aristotle says in fact that "we must advance from universals to particulars", which is opposed to what he usually claims: the ontological and cognitive primacy of the individual over the universal that is farthes away from the senses (Posterior Analytic, 72a4).
		Aristotle is therefore very careful in distinguishing coincidental movement both in natural and artificial object from the movement that is constitutive for the nature of natural objects alone.
		Physics is second philosophy and as such should be distinguished from mathematics, which (as geometry) studies physical forms separated from matter ("not as the limits of a natural body").
	www.uri.edu /personal/szunjic/philos/physics.htm (7792 words)

	Ziniewicz on Aristotle's Physics and Metaphysics
		Aristotle makes this distinction: the natural has within itself (inside of itself) a cause of motion or change; the artificial has its cause of motion or change outside of itself.
		For Aristotle, motion upward and downward is not due to an external force (such as gravitation); it is due to the innate tendency of the elements themselves.
		Aristotle wants to bring all things -- both natural and artificial -- to court and to make them account for themselves, to explain themselves, to tell what causes are responsible for their being what they are.
	www.fred.net /tzaka/aristot1.html (5098 words)

	Aristotle
		Aristotle came back to Athens in 335 B.C., and spent the next twelve years running his own version of an academy, which was called the Lyceum, named after the place in Athens where it was located, an old temple of Apollo.
		After Aristotle, there was no comparable professional science enterprise for over 2,000 years, and his work was of such quality that it was accepted by all, and had long been a part of the official orthodoxy of the Christian Church 2,000 years later.
		Aristotle assumed all substances to be compounds of four elements: earth, water, air and fire, and each of these to be a combination of two of four opposites, hot and cold, and wet and dry.
	galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu /lectures/aristot2.html (3238 words)

	Aristotle's Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Aristotle was a philosopher, and was trying to figure out a simple set of rules that the universe abided by.
		Basically, Aristotle's physics relied on the idea that different materials had different resting places, and that all materials naturally wanted to be at rest.
		Even though Aristotle's system is quite simple, understandable, and even works in many cases, it does not stand up to experiments and testing.
	physics.weber.edu /johnston/introphsx/notes_introphys_aristotle.htm (303 words)

	Physics (Aristotle) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Here is also where Aristotle presents his theory of the four causes; the particular importance of the final cause, the purpose (telos), in nature, is stressed and contrasted with the way in which nature doesn't usually work, chance (and luck).
		This discussion, together with that of speed and the different behaviour of the four different species of motion, eventually helps Aristotle contrast Zeno on his claim that the existence of motion is absurd, by replying to his paradoxes.
		Aristotle's response, as a Greek, could hardly be affirmative, never having been told of a creatio ex nihilo (for the first appearance of this concept in philosophy, see St.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Physics_(Aristotle) (928 words)

	[No title]
		350 BC PHYSICS by Aristotle translated by R. Hardie and R. Gaye Book I 1 WHEN the objects of an inquiry, in any department, have principles, conditions, or elements, it is through acquaintance with these that knowledge, that is to say scientific knowledge, is attained.
		At the same time the holders of the theory of which we are speaking do incidentally raise physical questions, though Nature is not their subject: so it will perhaps be as well to spend a few words on them, especially as the inquiry is not without scientific interest.
		Hence it is incumbent on the person who specializes in physics to discuss the infinite and to inquire whether there is such a thing or not, and, if there is, what it is. The appropriateness to the science of this problem is clearly indicated.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/aristotle-physicsi.txt (22854 words)

	3.3 Aristotle's Physics
		We now know that some of the details of Aristotle's physics are wrong: bodies do not all tend to move to the centre of the earth, for example.
		Although Aristotle's specific claims turned out to be incorrect, on a number of points his general principles are more satisfactory.
		Nature, according to Aristotle, consists of individual entities, each of a specific kind, possessing various properties, moving and changing in various ways.
	www.generativescience.org /books/pnb/aristotles-physics.html (519 words)

	Philosophers : Aristotle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Aristotle held philosophy to be the discerning, through the use of systematic logic as expressed in syllogisms, of the self-evident, changeless first principles that form the basis of all knowledge.
		In contrast to the Platonic belief that a concrete reality partakes of a form but does not embody it, the Aristotelian system holds that, with the exception of the Prime Mover (God), form has no separate existence but is immanent in matter.
		Aristotle's work was lost following the decline of Rome but was reintroduced to the West through the work of Arab and Jewish scholars, becoming the basis of medieval scholasticism.
	www.trincoll.edu /depts/phil/philo/phils/aristotle.html (231 words)

	Physics - ARISTOTLE eBooks - Aristotle - Visit eBookMall Today!
		Aristotle's works have influenced science, religion, and philosophy for nearly two thousand years.
		Aristotle wrote: "There is nothing in the intellect that was not first in the senses." He wrote that everything that is learned in life is learned through sensory perception.
		Aristotle was the first to establish the founding principle of logic.
	www.ebookmall.com /ebooks/physics---aristotle-aristotle-ebooks.htm (418 words)

	Amazon.com: Aristotle: The Physics, Books I-IV (Loeb Classical Library, No. 228): Books: Aristotle,P. H. Wicksteed,F. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Aristotle, great Greek philosopher, researcher, reasoner, and writer, born at Stagirus in 384 BC, was the son of Nicomachus, a physician, and Phaestis.
		Nearly all the works Aristotle prepared for publication are lost; the priceless ones extant are lecture-materials, notes, and memoranda (some are spurious).
		III Physical: Twenty-six works (some suspect) including astronomy, generation and destruction, the senses, memory, sleep, dreams, life, facts about animals, etc. IV Metaphysics: on being as being.
	www.amazon.com /Aristotle-Physics-Books-Classical-Library/dp/0674992512 (1179 words)

	The Internet Classics Archive \| Physics by Aristotle
		Physics has been divided into the following sections:
		Commentary: Several comments have been posted about Physics.
		Recommend a Web site you feel is appropriate to this work,
	classics.mit.edu /Aristotle/physics.html (27 words)

	[No title]
		Google is not affiliated with the authors of this page nor responsible for its content.
		Available online at http://classics.mit.edu//Aristotle/physics.html Physics By Aristotle Translated by R. Hardie and R. Gaye ---------------------------------------------------------------------- BOOK I Part 1 When the objects of an inquiry, in any department, have principles, conditions, or elements, it is through acquaintance with these that knowledge, that is to say scientific knowledge, is attained.
		Hence it is incumbent on the person who specializes in physics to discuss the infinite and to inquir
	classics.mit.edu /Aristotle/physics.mb.txt (15431 words)

	Physics by Aristotle
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		WHEN the objects of an inquiry, in any department, have principles, conditions, or elements, it is through acquaintance with these that knowledge, that is to say scientific knowledge, is attained.
	www.4literature.net /Aristotle/Physics (940 words)

	Physics - ARISTOTLE - Aristotle - Microsoft Reader eBook
		Physics - ARISTOTLE - Aristotle - Microsoft Reader eBook
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	www.ebookmall.com /ebook/82240-ebook.htm (842 words)

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