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Topic: The Physiologus

	PHYSIOLOGUS - LoveToKnow Article on PHYSIOLOGUS
		Still, in spite of such measures, the Physiologus, like the Church History of Eusebius or the Pastor of Hernias, continued to be read with general interest, and even Gregory the Great did not disdain to allude to it on occasion.
		Physiologus had been abandoned by scholars, and left to take its chance among the tales and traditions of the uneducated mass.
		For instance, in the seventh homily the fable of the nuptials of the viper and the conger-eel, known already to Aelian and Oppian, and proceeding from a curious misreading of Aristotle (Hist.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PH/PHYSIOLOGUS.htm (3056 words)

	Epiphanius Physiologus: Physiologus
		The Physiologus is not "natural history" in the same way that, for example, Pliny the Elder's first century work Natural History or Aristotle's De animalium is. The intent of those authors was to describe what was known about "nature" at the time; to disseminate objective knowledge.
		The author of the Physiologus used some of the descriptions of animals found in the earlier works, but his intent was different: the stories were there to illustrate the deeper meaning, the explicitly Christian religious, dogmatic, allegorical meaning, that was thought to be imbedded in nature.
		The Latin "Bern Physiologus" (Burgerbibliothek Bern, Codex Bongarsianus 318) of the ninth century is one of the earliest extant illustrated Physiologus manuscripts (the illustration at right is of the fourth property of the serpent from folio 12v).
	gateway.uvic.ca /spcoll/physiologum/commentary/txt_physiologus.htm (618 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Physiologus
		"Physiologus" is not the original title; it was given to the book because the author introduces his stories from natural history with the phrase: "the physiologus says", that is, the naturalist says, the natural philosophers, the authorities for natural history say.
		Numerous quotations and references to the "Physiologus" in the Greek and the Latin fathers show that it was one of the most generally known works of Christian antiquity.
		The "Physiologus" survived in the literatures of Eastern Europe in books on animals written in Middle Greek, among the Slavs to whom it came from the Byzantines, and in a Roumanian translation from a Slavic original (edited by Gaster with an Italian translation in "Archivio glottologico italiano", X, 273-304).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12068a.htm (881 words)

	From Physiologus
		Not all the animals in Physiologus are imaginary.
		Physiologus says of the Vulture that she will be found in lofty and high places and sleeps on lofty rocks and on the pinnacles of temples.
		Physiologus said of the lizard which is called the Salamander that, if he is put into a fiery furnace or an oven for the baths, the fire will be quenched.
	www.uiowa.edu /~nathist/Site/whatsinaphysiologus.html (1418 words)

	Szabo: Bad to the Bone: The Unnatural History of Monstrous Medieval Whales
		The Physiologus was written by an anonymous Christian author in Alexandria or Smyrna, between the second and fourth centuries AD (Curley 1980).
		While initially categorized within the Physiologus as balena, the same category as walrus, the whale was combined with the creatures categorized under the entry of aspidochelone, which included the sea turtle.
		Therefore the whale, as depicted in the Physiologus and throughout Judeo-Christian literary traditions, is seen as a conflation of generic creatures of the deep and the great whales, a conglomerate creature made all the more foreign by its aquatic habitat.
	www.heroicage.org /issues/8/szabo.html (7468 words)

	The Physiologus -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Physiologus was a predecessor of (Click link for more info and facts about bestiaries) bestiaries (books of beasts).
		The Physiologus was compiled in Greek at Alexandria, perhaps for purposes of instruction, appeared probably in the second century, though some place its date at the end of the third or in the fourth century.
		Origen, however, had cited it under the title "Physiologus", while Clement of Alexandria and perhaps even Justin Martyr seem to have known it.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/th/the_physiologus.htm (185 words)

	Florilegium
		In addition to its exegetical format, Physiologus has many formal characteristics which, if they were not in fact influenced by the homily, were all the more meaningful because of their likeness to familiar homiletic modes of expression.
		Within the structure of the Physiologus trilogy, Panther establishes the proper Christian relationship between the temporal and the eternal; Whale demonstrates how the unwary an be led astray in their pursuit of worldly goods.
		Physiologus is, of course, a didactic poem, not a homily.
	www.uwo.ca /english/florilegium/volumes/vol1/letson.html (7040 words)

	Antlion Pit: "Medieval Bestiaries and the Birth of Zoology"
		Since most of the material found in the Physiologus was derived in blind faith from older sources (most of which could not be verified from within the boundaries of early medieval Europe), it comes as no surprise to us that we find in it numerous accounts of fabulous beasts which were accepted as fact.
		The Physiologus was ultimately responsible for the propagation of such symbolic icons as the Unicorn and the Phoenix, and although it fell from grace with the onset of the Renaissance, it nevertheless left a legacy which lived on through the bestiary.
		The transition between the Physiologus and the bestiary is not a clear one.
	www.antlionpit.com /aura.html (7002 words)

	Bestiaries
		The core text of the bestiary was a work called Physiologus, which was originally assembled in Greek somewhere between the 2nd and 5th centuries AD.
		The battle between Christ and the Devil as depicted in this carving was at the heart of the bestiary texts.
		Over the centuries an assortment of other works relating to animals could be drawn on to enhance and expand the body of the work.
	www.medievalwriting.50megs.com /word/bestiary.htm (1256 words)

	PHYSIOLOGUS - Online Information article about PHYSIOLOGUS
		doctrine pointed out in the Physiologus by Cahier, all of which are to be met with in Origen.
		the " morals " of the Physiologus are ascribed to Basil.
		prose Physiologus was its sight b looking at the sun); (the charadrius (Dent', xiv.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PER_PIG/PHYSIOLOGUS.html (3611 words)

	The Virgin & the Unicorn
		Each article began with two items, a quotation from scripture and the line: “But the physiologus (the naturalist) says….” This was followed by the description of the animal, its traits, and the lesson to be learned from it.
		The morals were separated from the animal descriptions, a key line was also changed: “The Physiologus says..” As time progressed, Physiologus became the name of a person, the author, not a professional title.
		Physiologus, as it came to be called, was translated into many languages and varied considerably.
	www.whiterosesgarden.com /Unicorns/UNI_other_myths/UNI_virgin_unicorn.htm (1913 words)

	§10. "Guthlac, The Phoenix, Physiologus, Riddles". IV. Old English Christian Poetry. Vol. 1. From the Beginnings ...
		Allegorical bestiaries were a favourite form of literature from the fifth century down to the Middle Ages.
		The panther is complete, there is a gap in the description of the whale, of the partridge there is hardly sufficient to prove that the bird described was really a partridge.
		The resemblance between the Latin text and the Old English is fairly striking in B where, after twenty-two other animals have been described, we have the panther, the whale and the partridge; probably both Old English and Latin versions are derived from a common source.
	www.bartleby.com /211/0410.html (1276 words)

	Medieval Bestiary : Bibliography Detail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English Literature, April 12, 2001, Blacksburg, Virginia.
		While most of the Latin bestiaries and versions of the Physiologus have been edited, translated, studied, and glossed, the Middle English (ME) Physiologusthe only surviving version of the Physiologus in Middle Englishhas neither been translated nor strictly studied as a literary text.
		In light of the Physiologus traditions importance, it would seem that the only version of the Physiologus that was translated into Middle English would be quite significant to the study of medieval literature and to the study of English literature as a whole.
	www.bonus.com /contour/medieval_bestiary/http@@/bestiary.ca/biblios/biblio858.htm (227 words)

	Medieval Latin Online (University of Oklahoma)
		No one knows who the Physiologus was, if there ever was a person who took that title for his name: the word means someone who studies the world of nature, Greek physis.
		There are ancient Greek and Latin versions of a text called Physiologus, which consists of a series of brief chapters in which the "natures" of particular animals (along with a few plants and stones) are described, followed by a Christian allegorical interpretation of the meaning of the animal's nature.
		The Physiologus was translated into all the language of the Christian world, both east and west (from Ethiopian to Old Church Slavic), and it also began to grow in size, assimilating material from other natural history writers, until it eventually gave rise to what became known as the "bestiary" tradition.
	www.mythfolklore.net /medieval_latin/08_physiologus/background.htm (426 words)

	What is a Bestiary? - The Aberdeen Bestiary Project - University of Aberdeen
		The Physiologus was written in Greek, probably in Alexandria, in about the fourth century.
		It is from the B version that the text of subsequent English and French Physiologus manuscripts derive, though none of this group is illustrated (McCulloch 1962, 21-25).
		The only known Greek Physiologus with moralising illuminations was the Smyrna Codex (Demus, 1976, 235-257) whose animals correspond to those in the Latin manuscripts but whose allegories differ from the Brussels text.
	www.abdn.ac.uk /bestiary/what.hti (2473 words)

	Wheaton College (Wheaton, IL) - English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		These early Christian thinkers found the animal lore they inherited from antiquity particularly suited for their purposes since their real focus was not on the truth or falsity of these legends but rather on their adaptability to the teaching of Christian morals.
		In its early form The Physiologus was comprised of about fifty allegories in which each entry began with a biblical quotation, followed by a description of the animal which might in fact be entirely fanciful, followed in turn by an analogy or moral which would instruct the reader in some Christian truth.
		Although The Physiologus was condemned as heretical in 469 A.D. by Pope Gelasius, it is clear from history that his ban had no real effect.
	www.wheaton.edu /english/testplatform/resources/medieval/animals.htm (2139 words)

	The Ant-Lion Enigma
		The fact that a creature so inexplicable as an ant-lion combination should apparently be blatantly referenced in the bible drew considerable attention, and gave rise to speculations on the nature and habits of the beast.
		The Physiologus, a 4th century anonymous Greek text which became an important reference in Medieval documentation of natural history, describes the ant-lion as a rather pathetic creature.
		Since lions are strict carnivores, while ants are (according to the Physiologus) strict herbivores, the ant-lion's head is instinctively drawn to meat, while its ant-like internal organs are ill-equipped to digest it.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/monsters/28326/2 (283 words)

	[No title]
		The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Old English Physiologus, by Albert S. Cook This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever.
		These three creatures are selected from a much larger number treated in a work of the same name which was compiled at Alexandria before 140 B.C., originally in Greek, and afterwards translated into a variety of languages--into Latin before 431.
		PHYSIOLOGUS [**Transcriber's note: The following texts have been split into small sections based on the pagination of the original.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/14529/14529-8.txt (5378 words)

	Medieval Latin Online (University of Oklahoma)
		The word "bestiary" is used to describe the popular collections of animal legends, often lavishly illustrated, that circulated throughout medieval Europe.
		The author of the first such collection of animal lore was the "Physiologus", an anonymous writer (perhaps contemporary of Augustine?) who is shrouded in almost total mystery.
		The late antique text of the "Physiologus" provided the core text for the later bestiary collections.
	www.mythfolklore.net /medieval_latin/08_physiologus (183 words)

	Physiologus
		The study of more than forty manuscripts of the Armenian «Physiologus» reveals its main recension (ms M2101 and others), translated during the first half of the fifth century, and two subsequent recensions.
		The «Physiologus» had widespread influence in both eastern and western writings, and the Armenian version is one of the oldest and most faithful witnesses.
		In addition, the "revised diplomatic edition" of the parallel Greek and Armenian texts based on the mentioned manuscripts, regards variant readings which bring the two texts close to each other, helping to reconstruct their archetype.
	www.peeters-leuven.be /boekoverz.asp?nr=7978 (153 words)

	Antlion Pit: "Ant-lion" in the Physiologus
		Eliphaz the king of the Temanites said, 'The ant-lion perished because it had no food.' The Physiologus said: 'It had the face (or fore-part) of a lion and the hinder parts of an ant.
		Its father eats flesh, but its mother grains.' If they engender the ant-lion, they engender a thing of two natures, such that it cannot eat flesh because of the nature of its mother, nor grains because of the nature of its father.
		Nevertheless, the moral of the story of the mythical ant-lion remained entrenched in tradition, appearing in early naturalist literature and medieval bestiaries (Kevan 1992).
	www.antlionpit.com /physiologus.html (451 words)

	Mostly Medieval - Exploring the Middle Ages: Fabulous Beasts in Heraldry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The medieval bestiary, one of the few widely read books in the Middle Ages, was based on the work of Physiologus.
		At some unknown date between the second and fifth centuries AD, Physiologus wrote his book of beasts, into which was bred the factual and fanciful writings of many later authors.
		Although the occasional monster found its way into early heraldry, more commonly found were a wide range of mammals and birds that surrounded people in daily life.
	www.skell.org /explore/beastherintroF.htm (245 words)

	Medieval Iberian Studies at UCI
		The core of the text originated in the writings of authors such as Herodotus, Aristotle, and Pliny the Elder, and in a Greek text known as the Physiologus (the Natural Philosopher), which is thought to have been compiled at Alexandria around the second century by a Christian ascetic.
		In the Physiologus, discussions of the characteristics of almost fifty creatures, plants, and stones, along with the etymologies of their names, were distilled from classical mythology and the Christian tradition.
		The Physiologus was influential for a thousand years, being translated into Arabic, Armenian, Ethiopic, Syriac, and other vernacular languages; the later medieval bestiaries descended primarily from a variable Latin translation that was available from at least the fifth century.
	www.humanities.uci.edu /spanishandportuguese/spanish/medievaliberia/manuscript_glossary_A-B.html (1328 words)

	Medieval Bestiaries \| SCAtoday.net
		Regardless of the meanings of some of these beasties, we reap the rewards of the recording of their attributes in beautiful books called Physiologus, Bestiaries, or Beastiaries.
		Illuminators will no double love to look at some of these notable works to decipher the message they wish to send with their work.
		The text of the 1492 edition is taken from an earlier (unidentified) manuscript.
	scatoday.net /node/view/2842 (1609 words)

	MedievalBookGlossary.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The bestiary was immensely popular during the twelfth and thirteenth century, functioning as a didactic reading, picture book, schoolbook, and a homiletic source material.
		The Physiologus, a predecessor of the bestiary was arranged in a similar way and served the same purposes.
		The Physiologus was compiled in Alexandria in the second century A.D., was translated into almost all Christian languages, and retained its influence over Europe for more than a thousand years.
	cas.memphis.edu /~jmblythe/medievalbookglossary.htm (5517 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: The Middle English Physiologus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This first separate edition is taken from the sole surviving manuscript, with apparatus, commentary, glossary, and introduction.
		The introduction contains a full description of the manuscript; a discussion of the versification; a short history of the Physiologus and medieval bestiaries.
		A major section of the introduction deals with the languages and transmission of the text: although the manuscript was written in c.1300, the spelling of the text is characteristic of a slightly earlier period.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/019722301X (318 words)

	“The Unsleeping Eye” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Thus the need to search elsewhere for its sources, one of which is the collection of animal studies known throughout the Middle Ages as the Physiologus (the Naturalist).
		The Physiologus is an anonymous compilation most probably originating in Alexandria and dating perhaps from as early as the first half of the second century.
		Duquesne, PA This description is normative in the sense that individual panels of The Unsleeping Eye may combine the roles of the Archangel Michael and the Angel of the Passion in the figure of the former, while transforming the latter into the Angel of the Adoration.
	www.roca.org /OA/95/95k.htm (1069 words)

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