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Topic: Physostigmine

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	Physostigmine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Physostigmine is a parasympathomimetic, specifically, an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor obtained from the Calabar bean.
		By interfering with the metabolism of acetylcholine, physostigmine indirectly stimulates both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.
		Physostigmine is used to treat glaucoma and delayed gastric emptying.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Physostigmine (125 words)

	Data Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Physostigmine and its salts are reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
		Physostigmine is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, mucous membranes and subcutaneous tissue.
		Physostigmine should be administered with caution in patients with organophosphate poisoning, since it may potentiate the anticholinesterase activity of the organophosphate.
	medsafe.govt.nz /Profs/Datasheet/discontinued/Physostigminesalinj.htm (1523 words)

	physostigmine ophthalmic - Connecticut
		Physostigmine ophthalmic reduces pressure in the eye by increasing the amount of fluid that drains from the eye.
		Physostigmine ophthalmic is used to treat glaucoma by lowering pressure inside the eye.
		Physostigmine ophthalmic is in the FDA pregnancy category C. This means that it is not known whether physostigmine ophthalmic will be harmful to an unborn baby.
	www.saintfranciscare.com /111021.cfm (1300 words)

	NIH Press Release - Substance Helps Memory Work Better - 06/09/1997
		Physostigmine is a short-acting drug that enhances levels of a substance (acetylcholine) between neurons in the brain.
		Dr. Furey believes that since physostigmine improved the brain's response to memory tasks (which are related to observed improvements in performance), similar drugs that enhance the cholinergic system might help relieve symptoms in Alzheimer's disease patients.
		The results of the trials showed that enhancing acetylcholine transmission with physostigmine resulted in improved working memory performance and altered neural activity in a cortical region known to be important to this memory task.
	www.nih.gov /news/pr/jun97/nia-09.htm (772 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Physostigmine (Ophthalmic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Physostigmine (fi-zoe-STIG-meen) is used to treat certain types of glaucoma.
		Breast-feeding—Ophthalmic physostigmine may be absorbed into the mother's body.
		Although there is no specific information comparing use of physostigmine in the elderly with use in other age groups, it is not expected to cause different side effects or problems in older people than it does in younger adults.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202464.html (1198 words)

	Untitled Document
		Physostigmine, a toxic alkaloid is sourced from the Calabar bean plant.
		Physostigmine has also been recommended in cases of chronic constipation, and of for those attempted to enhance the tone in the muscular wall of the urinary bladder.
		Physostigmine is also used to reverse the central nervous system (CNS) toxicity of anti-cholinergic drugs and to stimulate the intestinal tract.
	www.phytomedical.com /Plant/Physostigmine.asp (1038 words)

	Alzforum: Drugs In Clinical Trials - Physostigmine Salicylate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Plasma catecholamine and cardiovascular responses to physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease and aging.
		Physostigmine results in an increased decrement in brain glucose consumption in Alzheimer's disease.
		A multicenter double-blind study of controlled-release physostigmine for the treatment of symptoms secondary to Alzheimer's disease.
	www.alzforum.org /dis/tre/drc/detail.asp?id=76 (319 words)

	Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism - Physostigmine Reversal of Scopolamine-Induced Hypofrontality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Since physostigmine has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of AD and has been claimed to reverse the AD-like cognitive deficits induced by scopolamine (Wesnes et al., 1991), we tested whether such a reversal would occur in our model and whether it would be accompanied by reversal of the rCBF abnormality.
		Our physostigmine effects are consistent with these findings in their regional distribution, although the changes observed by Blin et al.
		Physostigmine distribution in the rodent brain has been studied (Scremin et al., 1990), and the flow elevations do not correspond to areas of high initial concentration, that is, they are not a function of accessibility and availability.
	www.nature.com /jcbfm/journal/v17/n2/full/9590195a.html (6036 words)

	Isopto Eserine - Drugs & Vitamins - Drug Library - DrugDigest
		PHYSOSTIGMINE (Isopto® Eserine) constricts the pupil of the eye (decreases the size of the dark center of the eye).
		Physostigmine reduces the pressure within the eye and is useful in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma.
		Physostigmine eye ointment or solution is only for use in the eye; do not take by mouth.
	www.drugdigest.org /DD/DVH/Uses/0,3915,550549\|Isopto+Eserine,00.html (506 words)

	Physostigmine for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (Cochrane Review)
		Physostigmine is an AChE inhibitor originally extracted from calabar beans.
		There were statistically significantly higher numbers of patients from the physostigmine group withdrawing from the trial (22/183 vs 2/183)(OR 5.92, 95% confidence limits 2.59 to 13.54, p<0.0001) and suffering at least one event of nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia, dizziness, stomach pain, flatulence or sweating compared with placebo at 6 weeks.
		There were statistically significantly higher numbers of patients from the physostigmine group withdrawing from the trial due to adverse events (13/83 vs 5/93)(OR 3.05, 95% CI 1.15 to 8.07, p=0.02) and suffering at least one event of nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia, dizziness, stomach pain, tremor, asthenia or sweating compared with placebo at 12 weeks.
	www.update-software.com /abstracts/AB001499.htm (759 words)

	Drug Improves 'working' Memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The team reports that the physostigmine infusion "improved efficiency" of areas of the brain known to be associated with working memory.
		Physostigmine is believed to work by increasing levels of acetylcholine, a chemical used by nerve cells to communicate.
		But because physostigmine is active for only a very short time, tacrine is more practical to use clinically.
	www.personalmd.com /news/a1997061604.shtml (314 words)

	All about lorazepam overdose (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		PHYSOSTIGMINE (Isopto® Eserine) constricts the lorazepam overdose the eye (decreases lorazepam overdose of the dark lorazepam overdose the eye).
		Physostigmine reduces the pressure within the eye and lorazepam overdose in the treatment of open-angle lorazepam overdose physostigmine eye ointment, but not lorazepam overdose is available.
		Physostigmine eye ointment or solution is only for use in lorazepam overdose do not lorazepam overdose mouth.
	lorazepam.pharmacy-buy.com /lorazepamoverdose.html (362 words)

	British Journal of Pharmacology - Spontaneously hypertensive rats cholinergic hyper-responsiveness: central and ...
		The mechanisms and the subtypes of muscarinic receptors implicated in the cardiovascular effects of physostigmine were investigated in conscious normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.
		physostigmine were assessed on BP, HR and respiratory rate at three different times: 5, 10 and 15 min after administration according to the kinetic of the physostigmine induced cardiovascular changes (Brezenoff, 1973).
		It is noteworthy that the bradycardia induced by physostigmine was not modified after central pretreatment by atropine or the different selective muscarinic receptor antagonists, confirming the peripheral origin of this phenomenon (Lazartigues et al., 1998).
	www.nature.com /bjp/journal/v127/n7/full/0702678a.html (5331 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Anticholinergic : Article by John J Bruns, Jr, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Physostigmine is the only reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor capable of directly antagonizing the CNS manifestations of anticholinergic toxicity; it is an uncharged tertiary amine that efficiently crosses the blood brain barrier.
		Rarely, physostigmine may produce bradyasystole; this complication has been reported 3 times in literature, and each occurred when physostigmine was administered to patients with severe tricyclic antidepressant poisoning.
		Physostigmine is contraindicated in patients with cardiac conduction disturbances (prolonged PR and QRS intervals) on ECG analysis.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic36.htm (3065 words)

	University of Iowa Anesthesia Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Single-channel recording techniques have been used to study the effects of physostigmine on the kinetics of ion channels activated by acetylcholine in BC3H1 mouse tumor cells grown in culture.
		Physostigmine reduced mean channel open time, with 50% reduction occurring at about 7 microM physostigmine.
		The voltage dependence of physostigmine block was unexpected, because physostigmine is uncharged at physiological pH.
	www.anesth.uiowa.edu /readabstract.asp?PMID=7504167 (149 words)

	Unusual Remedy Helps Sleep Apnea
		Physostigmine is used as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning and also to treat certain types of glaucoma.
		Knowing that physostigmine counteracts this kind of chemical imbalance and that it can also help muscles contract, they reasoned that it might help people with sleep apnea.
		Physostigmine is quickly eliminated from the body, so the patients received continuous infusions of the drug.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/77/90438.htm?z=1728_00000_1000_nb_03 (367 words)

	[No title]
		Caution in administering physostigmine intravenously is advised, however, because its use has been associated with the induction of seizures, bradycardia, cardiac conduction disturbances.
		Physostigmine Doses for Adult Patients: A total dose of 1-2 mg physostigmine may be tried intravenously over 5-10 minutes.
		Physostigmine may not be effective in reversing large overdoses and patients may need to be maintained with respiratory support.
	www.best-meds.com /druginfo/lioresal_overdosage.htm (380 words)

	Scientist: motion sickness drug scopolamine should be tested as new nerve agent treatment
		When exposed to varying concentrations of physostigmine, a potent chemical affecting nerve function, significantly more mice survived if they were given scopolamone alone or that compound plus methscopolamine than if they received atropine, he said.
		For example, 90 percent of mice exposed to 2.25 milligrams of physostigmine per kilogram of body weight survived if they were treated with 0.2 milligrams of scopolamine per kilogram of body weight, compared with only 18 percent of exposed mice given the same amount of atropine, the physician said.
		In the early 1980s, the UNC scientist performed his research on physostigmine not because of concern about nerve gases but because of an interest in depression, which tiny amounts of the compound produce, he said.
	www.unc.edu /news/archives/feb02/jan020502.htm (745 words)

	Research of Percy Julian , First Synthesis of Glaucoma Drug, Named National Historic Chemical Landmark
		Physostigmine promotes drainage of fluid build-up in the eye, which would otherwise lead to the optic nerve damage and loss of vision that characterizes glaucoma.
		Derivatives of physostigmine also show therapeutic promise for treating Alzheimer's disease and combating the effects of chemical weapons.
		The discovery of how to synthesize physostigmine established Julian's reputation as a world-renowned chemist at the age of 36 yet he was denied a faculty position at DePauw because of his race.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-04/ACS-RoPJ-220499.php (639 words)

	Role of cholinergic receptors and cholinesterase activity in hemodynamic responses to cocaine in conscious rats -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Responses to physostigmine were compared with those with neostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) due to the inability of the latter drug to cross the blood-brain barrier.
		with 0.5 mg/kg physostigmine elicited a profound bradycardia and
		Physostigmine is not specific because it inhibits both circulating and neuronal cholinesterases.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/276/1/R103 (4623 words)

	The Role of Acetylcholine Mechanisms in Affective Disorders
		(29) demonstrated that the increase in cholinergic activity caused by the administration of physostigmine led to an eventual increase in locomotion in rats, as presumed adrenergic mechanisms began to exert effects.
		Physostigmine and arecoline have both been shown to increase pulse rate and blood pressure levels in subjects treated with peripherally acting anticholinergic drugs.
		Possibly related to the ability of physostigmine to antagonize methylphenidate-induced psychostimulation is the observation that physostigmine caused a rapid, dramatic drop in the norepinephrine metabolite serum 3-methyoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in a manic patient, presumably reflecting a drop in CNS noradrenergic activity.
	www.acnp.org /g4/GN401000095/CH.html (7829 words)

	Isopto Eserine Drug Information
		Ophthalmic physostigmine may be absorbed into the body.
		Ophthalmic physostigmine may be absorbed into the mother's body.
		Although there is no specific information comparing use of this medicine in children with use in other age groups, it is not expected to cause different side effects or problems in children than it does in adults.
	www.drugs.com /cons/Isopto_Eserine.html (1233 words)

	[No title]
		Among the subjects who completed this phase, 35.9% responded to physostigmine treatment, whereas 62.4% were considered nonresponders, and 1.6% could not be evaluated because of missing data.
		After a 4-week placebo-washout phase, 176 responder subjects were randomized to receive their best dose of physostigmine or placebo in a 12-week double-blind phase.
		Given the frequency of gastrointestinal side effects, the role of this agent in clinical use remains to be determined.
	www.alzheimersupport.com /library/print.cfm?ID=1256 (333 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Kostowski and Gomulka (Note on the ganglionic and central actions of galanthamine, Int J Neuropharmacol, 7: 7-14,1968) investigated the effects of galanthamine and physostigmine on ganglionic transmission in the cat.
		Physostigmine and galantamine were administered in comparable doses, 250 micrograms, which represent fairly equal molarity, as the molecular weight of physostigmine salicylate is 413 and that of galanthamine hydrobromide is 368.
		Physostigmine and galanthamine do, however, cause some channel activation in inside-out patches from PC 12 cells.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/43697.010621&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (2181 words)

	Physostigmine for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Physostigmine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; it works by obstructing the enzyme responsible for ACh destruction in the synaptic cleft.
		The results from two of the four studies of the controlled-release physostigmine apply only to a group of patients identified as responders in a pre-randomization titration period.
		The double dose (delivering mean dose 12mg/day) was associated with statistically significantly higher numbers suffering at least one adverse event of vomiting, nausea, or abdominal cramps, and the lower dose (delivering mean dose 5.7mg/day) was associated with statistically significantly higher numbers suffering gastrointestinal complaints compared with placebo at 24 weeks.
	www.cochrane.org /reviews/english/ab001499.html (841 words)

	ALS TDF
		We evaluated a double-blind, placebo-controlled, and double-crossover trial of oral physostigmine salicylate for a 9-month period in 13 of 25 patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
		A large dropout rate of 48% was secondary to eight deaths and four exclusions attributed to the incapability to swallow the tablets (physostigmine) and capsules (lecithin) or to attend the clinic.
		We therefore concluded that overall no significant alteration in the clinical course was gained by oral physostigmine therapy in the 13 patients with ALS who were included in this study.
	www.als.net /articles/articleDetail.asp?articleID=1685 (183 words)

	Physostigmine + Neostigmine - allnurses.com Nursing for Nurses
		I understand that physostigmine has a tertiary amino group that passes the blood brain barrier but this patient population doesn't necessarily receive any anticholinergic that passes the barrier (e.g.
		Physostigmine is not indicated for reversal of NMB.
		Hate to disagree with you, jwk, but physostigmine is, of course, a cholinesterase inhibitor, and has LONG been used as a reversal agent - don't know where you came up with idea that it has no indications as one.
	allnurses.com /forums/f16/physostigmine-neostigmine-130808.html (1102 words)

	PHYSOSTIGMINE REVERSAL OF CARBON MONOXIDE COMA
		Physostigmine, which is chemically a tertiary ammonium compound, readily crosses the blood-brain barrier and reverses the central manifestations of CAS.
		In order to clarify whether or not physostigmine can accelerate the restoration of normal vigilance, in-patients received no anticholinergic drugs during the recovery period in a randomized double blind study on 60 patients after general anesthesia.
		It was found that patients who received physostigmine showed significant superior and more rapid restoration of consciousness compared to the control group.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /annals/173/96-294.html (1501 words)

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