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Topic: Phytolith

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	PHYTOLITH CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION
		Phytoliths are classified by morphological type based on the classification schemes of Piperno (1988) and Kondo et al.
		Phytoliths from the two families can generally be distinguished on the basis of size (Piperno, 1988), although this distinction requires further investigation.
		The cubic phytoliths observed are superficially similar in appearance to starch grains comprising the powder supplied with disposable laboratory gloves.
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/188_SR/002/002_3.htm (1685 words)

	Phytolith and Starch Analysis
		Phytoliths are silica bodies produced by plants when soluble silica in the ground water is absorbed by the roots and carried up to the plant via the vascular system.
		Transportation of phytoliths occurs primarily by animal consumption, man's gathering of plants, or by erosion or transportation of the soil by wind, water, or ice.
		Phytoliths are proving to be extremely useful in identifying the use of bladed threshing sledges in both prehistoric and historic settings.
	www.paleoresearch.com /services/phytoliths.html (1137 words)

	EFFECTS OF CULTIVATED ENVIRONMENT ON PHYTOLITH MORPHOLOGY IN RICE MOTOR CELLS (Oryza sativa L) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Summary: Environmental effects on phytolith morphology in rice motor cells are investigated by cultivating 30 improved cultivars (15 indica; 15 japonica) in Hainan and Nanjing of China and Miyazaki of Japan.
		Phytolith shape and size are physiologically and chemically stable, remaining in the soil >10,000 years under good conditions.
		Four phytolith morphological traits are significant at 1% level, and environments significant at 1% or 5% levels in the cultivar groups.
	admissions.carleton.ca /~bgordon/Rice/papers/WangCa97.htm (1776 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Phytoliths are ubiquitous in lower Pecos coprolites as demonstrated independently by several researchers (Bryant, 1974a, 1974b, 1986; Bryant and Williams-Dean 1975; Edwards 1990; Reinhard 1992; Sobolik 1988).
		The phytolith volume was estimated by concentrating the extracted phytoliths in the graduated centrifuge tubes and measuring the volume of residue.
		Second, the phytoliths are derived from the main dietary staples in the region: prickly pear and agave.
	www.unl.edu /Reinhard/dental.html (3380 words)

	Abstract #185 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Phytolith spectra of the horizon A1B1 of this soil are similar to those of the upper horizon of cambisols under oak forests, which possibly means that some of the "dark colored soils" had a forest stage.
		The phytoliths of buried horizons under spruce forests are found to be similar to those of upper soil horizons under oak forests.
		The geographic distribution, position within the landscape, and phytolith composition of "dark coloured soils" may support the notion that the formation of these soils was influenced by the deluvial and aeolic transport of fine mineral particles.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~jkradke/abstrdir/bobrov185.html (468 words)

	PHYTOLITH ASSEMBLAGE ANALYSIS: NEW INTERPRETATIONS OF GRASSLAND EVOLUTION IN THE GREAT PLAINS DURING THE LATE EOCENE TO ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Phytolith assemblage analysis is commonly used for reconstructing vegetation types in Quaternary paleoecology but is less commonly applied to pre-Pleistocene floras.
		Phytolith assemblages from late Eocene to early Miocene sediments of the White River, Arikaree and Ogallala Groups in northwestern Nebraska were reanalyzed using this analytic approach, and the results compared to a previous study that used a more specific technique.
		These differences are principally due to inclusion of phytoliths in the >50 micron size fraction in the more general approach, as well as refinement of the identification of phytolith morphotypes from the expanded reference collection.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_40740.htm (432 words)

	Ecological significance of grass leaf phytoliths (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Phytolith movement is linked to vegetation (canopy opening, clearances, fires), autecology (plant tissues desiccation, water stress), and geomorphology (surface run-off, soil erosion, wind threshold velocity).
		Phytoliths also offer powerful additions to the palynology of (sub)tropical lands, giving a much higher amount of floristical data on the understorey.
		Phytoliths were extracted with a dry-ashing at 500°C procedure from Okavango grass specimens collected in the field, and from vouchers of the C.E. Moss Herbarium (Witwatersrand, R.S.A.) and of the National Herbarium (Pretoria, R.S.A).
	www.bio.uu.nl /~palaeo/Research2/Namibia/namibia.htm (533 words)

	Help Build A New Museum of Natural History for Louisiana
		Some species of plants produce diagnostic phytoliths, whereas other phytoliths may be characteristic of a larger group of plants, such as a genus or a family.
		The recovery of distinctive phytoliths from a sediment sample indicates that the plant that produced the phytoliths formerly grew at the site where the sample was collected.
		If the climatic and environmental preferences of the phytolith parent plants are known, that data can be used to reconstruct the environmental and climatic conditions that prevailed at the time that the phytoliths were formed and deposited.
	www.build-a-museum.org /newsletter/archives/2004-0915/index.shtml (1138 words)

	Effects of Nitrogen Levels on the Morphology of Silica Bodies from Motor Cells in Rice (Oryza sativa L (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Phytolith analysis performed widely for the study of ancient rice cultivation and the spread of rice in Japan and China has led to many successful results.
		As phytoliths resemble glass, their shape and size are physiologically and chemically stable, remaining in the soil >10,000 years under good conditions and called plant opals (Smithson 1956).
		Motor cell phytolith stability is an important issue in the practical study of discriminant analysis using phytolith morphology.
	admissions.carleton.ca /~bgordon/Rice/papers/Wng-Udatsu99.htm (1716 words)

	conferenceannouncement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Phytolith and starch grain studies, together with information derived from palynological investigations of the same or associated contexts, form powerful and complementary approaches to the reconstruction of past vegetation, climate, land use, and subsistence practices.
		Phytoliths were preserved in all of the modern sediment samples within a range of vegetation types and microclimates.
		Phytolith and pollen analysis have been used extensively in archaeological and palaeoenvironmental studies as a means of reconstructing former vegetation, and tracing the effects of man on his environment.
	car.anu.edu.au /phytoabstracts.html (5838 words)

	Reports Submitted to FAMSI - Carl J. Wendt
		Numerous soil samples were taken for pollen and phytolith analysis from areas in and around the domestic structure and from the northern midden.
		Some of the phytoliths identified in the column sample are undoubtedly from plants growing upstream, which washed in during seasonal flooding.
		Another contributing factor to the high number of grass phytoliths may be that the area’s inhabitants were clearing their riverbank fields of grasses that grew the previous year (Bozarth 2001).
	www.famsi.org /reports/99068/section03.htm (1832 words)

	www.phytolith.net
		Phytoliths from Tagliente shelter: a discussion on deposition and taphonomy, in Arias, C., Bietti, A., Castelletti, L.
		Phytoliths from a Central Asia Loess-Palaeosol Sequence and Modern Soils: Their Taphonomical and Palaeoecological Implications, in A. Pinilla, J. Juan-Tresserras and M.J. Machado (eds) Primer Encuentro Europeo Sobre El Estudio De Fitolitos, Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales Monografias 4, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, pp.49-58.
		Phytolith samples have been collected from the entire sequence to investigate the origin of the anthropic ashy layers and the possible climatic information locked in the phytolith assemblages from both ashy and water-lain layers.
	www.phytolith.net /CV.html (1773 words)

	Phytolith Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Phytoliths are microscopic particles of minerals that form in plants.
		Subsequent decay of the plants releases phytoliths to soils; analysis of the phytoliths from cultural and natural contexts yields information on both plant use by people and the natural vegetation of an area.
		Archaeologists and paleoecologists are exploring the applications of phytolith analysis around the world.
	www.d.umn.edu /archlab/phy.htm (111 words)

	Botanical Electronic News - BEN #282
		Because phytoliths are siliceous, when a plant dies, even if it is burned, buried, or ingested, its phytoliths persist and maintain their morphological integrity, becoming a microfossil of that plant.
		The phytoliths' main strength is their durability under a wide range of depositional conditions and possibility of identifying plant communities, and sometimes individual taxa, based on matching paleoassemblages with modern analogues.
		The extraction of phytoliths from plant tissue is done by dry oxidation for a few hours in a muffle furnace at 550 ?C, by wet oxidation with a heated strong acid, or combined wet and dry oxidation (Pearsall, 2001).
	www.ou.edu /cas/botany-micro/ben/ben282.html (2925 words)

	Identifying inflorescence phytoliths from selected species of wheat (Triticum monococcum, T. dicoccon, T. dicoccoides, ...
		Jones, J. 1993 Analysis of pollen and phytoliths in residue from a colonial period ceramic vessel.
		1993 Phytoliths in the reproductive structures of maize and teosinte: implications for the study of maize evolution.
		Tyree, E. 1994 Phytolith analysis of olive oil and wine sediments for possible identification in archaeology.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/86/11/1615 (2931 words)

	What's New
		Starch granules are recovered during normal pollen and phytolith processing and their recovery, identification, and interpretation is included in the pollen and phytolith prices.
		Phytolith analysis of hearth samples might substantiate use of cobs as fuel in hearths.
		Few phytolith samples are examined from the American Southwest, so there is little evidence of the presence of hook-shaped bean hairs in features or on floors.
	www.paleoresearch.com /new.html (512 words)

	Northeastern Naturalist: Paleoethnobotanical inquiry of early euro-American and Ojibwa Gardens on Grand Island, Michigan
		Phytolith data were summed by phytolith category and compared among samples.
		Phytolith remains were recorded into seven categories of phytolith forms (Table 4).
		Phytolith types from WLI suggested Chloridoids and Pooids, whereas only Pooids were indicated in MB 1 and MB2 (Mulholland 1993).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3845/is_199801/ai_n8801699/pg_3 (1382 words)

	POLLEN AND PHYTOLITH RECORDS FROM A HOLOCENE PALEOSOL PROFILE AT THE SOUTHERN MARGIN OF HUNSHANDEKE SANDY LAND, INNER ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Phytolith analysis provides a more detailed vegetation and climate history in grassland ecosystem.
		Pollen and phytolith records from the Taipusi profile demonstrate the grassland component variations during the Holocene.
		Between 2500- 0 cal BP, pollen and phytolith records support Stipa grandis,Stipa krylovii, Koeleria cristata-dominated grassland with Artemisia, Caragana shrub, salty plants (such as Chenopodiaceae, Tamarix, Niatraria) developed gradually in the grassland, indicating the degradation process of grassland ecosystem.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/inqu/finalprogram/abstract_54817.htm (474 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Phytolith investigations of surface soil samples and of soil profiles from rain forest soils of northeastern and eastern D.R. Congo (former Zaire, tropical humid Africa) and from a grass-covered Bas-Fond of the Central African Republic, produced a preliminary phytolith classification scheme.
		The classification scheme was used in soil phytolith counting procedures to produce typical opal phytolith spectra for comparisons.
		Phytolith content in tropical soils is presented in addition.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/00346667/articles/107/1-2/S003466679900018.abstract.en (162 words)

	Antiquity: The Middle Yangtze region in China is one place where rice was domesticated: phytolith evidence from the ...
		Phytolith analysis was employed to determine the origin of rice agriculture in the middle Yangtze region in China.
		The phytolith assemblage obtained from Zone G of the Diaotonghuan site strongly suggests that wild rice grew in the middle Yangtze region and was utilized by local people after 12,000 BP.
		The phytolith assemblage also provided a clue as to the chronology of the cave's habitation by humans.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc3.asp?fr=1&full=yes&docid=1G1:53590171&refid=ls_pub&skeyword=&teaser=&origurl=http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc3.asp?docid=1G1:53590171&refid=ls_pub&skeyword=&teaser= (250 words)

	Evidence for the control of phytolith formation in Cucurbita fruits by the hard rind (Hr) genetic locus: Archaeological ...
		The phytolith at the bottom is rotated to show the two distinct hemispheres with scalloped impressions of different sizes created from the hypodermal (hh) and mesocarpal (mh) cells.
		The darkened depression near the bottom of the phytolith caused by the hypodermis is possibly another defining characteristic of phytoliths from this species.
		the inheritance of lignin and phytoliths in Cucurbita, and
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/16/10923 (3801 words)

	WHAT IS A PHTYOLTIH
		A phytolith is formed inside of a plant cell and most of the phytoliths found are primarily grasses (Rosen 1999).
		It is possible to extract the phytoliths from the soil to be identified by the archeobotanist.
		Because many phytoliths have similar structures, it is then difficult to identify a phytolith at the species level.
	www.cvgs.k12.va.us /RESEARCH/Final/sresch01/miller/intro2.htm (396 words)

	Mimi Fearn: Research: Phytoliths (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Phytoliths are microscopic silica bodies produced by plants via the deposition of dissolved silica within or between plant cells.
		Many plants incorporate silica into their structure; however, grasses are common and prolific producers of identifiable phytoliths.
		Fearn, M.L. Phytoliths in sediment as indicators of grass pollen source.
	www.southalabama.edu /geography/fearn/phyto.htm (86 words)

	S.A.S. Bull. 19-1/2A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Phytoliths (microscopic silica plant fossils) are common on archaeological sites, but infrequently studied in Europe and incompletely understood.
		She discussed the potential for SEM and X-ray microanalysis of phytolith wall microstructure, as a means of identifying ancient irrigation practices.
		Informal and lively discussions followed about the sources of phytoliths found in a number of samples, including a "mystery object" sent by Freya Runge (Paderborn University), who was unable to attend in person, but who sent microscope slides and photographs in her stead.
	www.socarchsci.org /bulletin/191/191A.htm (615 words)

	Encyclopedia: Plant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Plant fossils include roots, wood, leaves, seeds, fruit, pollen, spores, phytoliths, and amber (the fossilized resin produced by some plants).
		Fossil land plants are recorded in terrestrial, lacustrine, fluvial and nearshore marine sediments.
		A Phytolith is a rigid microscopic body that occurs in many plants.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Plant (5433 words)

	Aluminum in the opal silica reticule of phytoliths: a new tool in palaeoecological studies -- Carnelli et al. 89 (2): ...
		Alexandre A. Meunier A.-M. Lezine A. Vincens D. Schwartz 1997b Phytoliths: indicators of grassland dynamics during the late Holocene in intertropical Africa.
		Fredlund G. Tieszen 1997 Calibrating grass phytolith assemblages in climatic terms: application to late Pleistocene assemblages from Kansas and Nebraska.
		Madella M. 1997 Phytoliths from a Central Asia loess-palaeosol sequence and modern soils: their taphonomical and palaeoecological implications.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/89/2/346 (3790 words)

	Archaeological phytolith analysis from Israel, Jordan & Cyprus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The phytoliths are extracted from archaeological soil samples from sites in Israel, Jordan and Cyprus, obtained from Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age contexts (5th-3rd Mill.BC.).
		The recognition of plant taxa/plant part by this method is used to identify organic artefacts, on-site plant processing or activity areas, or certain other on-site plant usage, that would otherwise not be detected due to their poor organic preservation in the archaeological record.
		This study shows how phytoliths provide information that is independent from, supplementary to, or supportive of, other archaeobotanical analysis.
	www.arcl.ed.ac.uk /arch/open/postgradhome/pgres_jn.htm (302 words)

	John Carter - SES, VUW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Phytolith Analysis, Quaternary paleoenvironments and paleoclimates, in particular the past environments and climates of the Southern Hemisphere including Antarctica.
		Phytolith and starch research in the Australian-Pacific-Asian regions: the state of the art, terra australis 19 pp.
		Horrocks, M., Jones, M.D., Carter, J.A. and Sutton, D.G. 2000: "Pollen and phytoliths in stone mounds at Pouerua, Northland, New Zealand: implications for the settlement of Polynesia".
	www.vuw.ac.nz /geo/staff/carter.html (1048 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Denny Danielson worked with phytolith content of Archaic and Anasazi coprolites from the southwestern U.S.A. His studies showed that there is significant dietary data that is missed in coprolite studies that do not include phytolith analysis in analysis protocols.
		Importantly, he showed that calcium oxalate phytoliths were the main type of phytolith consumed in prehistory and that these phytoliths are harder than enamel.
		Surprising finds of cotton fibers, maize pollen, maize and manioc starch grains, cucurbit and bean phytoliths, and invertebrate fragments were made in the analysis of dental calculus.
	www.unl.edu /Reinhard/paleonut.html (1180 words)

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