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Topic: Phytophthora

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Phytophthora ramorum

Phytophthora infestans

Potato blight

Salmonella typhimurium

Trypanosoma

Scientific classification

Irish potato famine

Protist

Britain

Oak

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Sudden Oak Death

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	Phytophthora Blight of Pepper and Cucurbits, HYG-3116-96
		Phytophthora blight, a highly destructive disease of peppers and cucurbits, has increased in importance in recent years in Ohio and eastern states.
		Phytophthora blight is caused principally by the soil-borne fungus, Phytophthora capsici, although a similar fungus, Phytophthora parasitica, has also been reported to cause fruit rot on peppers and cucurbits.
		The fungi that cause Phytophthora blight survive as thick-walled, resistant spores (oospores) in the soil and as mycelium in infected plant tissues.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/3000/3116.html (705 words)

	Phytophthora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phytophthora is fungus-like, is commonly referred to as a fungus and is studied by mycologists, but it is in fact a protist.
		As Phytophthora is a soil-borne pathogen it causes root rot and can be spread easily from root-to-root contact, through the movement of infested soils, and in water as it moves through the landscape.
		Phytophthora is a 'water mold' and as the term suggests is ecologically favoured by moist or wet conditions.
	www.gebhardt.com.au /durian/phytophthora.html (668 words)

	APSnet Feature: Phytophthora Blight: A Serious Threat to Cucurbit Industries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phytophthora blight symptoms on cucurbits: (A) post-emergence damping-off of a pumpkin seedling; (B) crown infection of a summer squash plant; (C) lesions on an immature processing pumpkin fruit; (D) fruit rot of watermelon.
		Phytophthora capsici causes pre- and post-emergence damping-off in cucurbits in wet and warm (20 to 30°C) soil conditions (5,6,12,40) (Fig.
		Phytophthora capsici is a soilborne pathogen and survives between crops as oospores in soil or mycelium in plant debris (6,8,24,40).
	www.apsnet.org /online/feature/cucurbit (2931 words)

	Scout now for Phytophthora root rot
		Phytophthora is an old pest to Iowa soybean growers, and most producers know how to effectively handle the disease caused by Phytophthora.
		Because the Phytophthora fungus enters and colonizes on plant roots, roots of infected plants are discolored, rotten, and eventually are destroyed.
		Phytophthora root rot is prevalent in heavy, clay soils or soils with poor drainage during wet weather.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/icm/1997/6-30-1997/scoutprr.html (526 words)

	Vegetable Diseases Caused by Phytophthora capsici in Florida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phytophthora capsici causes seed rot and seedling blight in many solanaceous crops (pepper, eggplant, tomato) and cucurbits (cantaloupe, cucumber, summer squash, pumpkin, watermelon), similar to those seen with damping-off fungi and other Phytophthora spp.
		Phytophthora capsici causes rapid blighting and death of chayote plants and a fruit rot similar to that observed in watermelon.
		Phytophthora capsici may survive in and on seed and host plant debris in the soil by means of thick-walled sexually-produced spores (oospores).
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /BODY_VH045 (1675 words)

	Phytophthora Diseases of Citrus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phytophthora infection of fruit produces a decay in which the affected area is light brown, leathery, and not sunken compared to the adjacent rind.
		Fungal populations in the soil are maintained by repeated infection of the fibrous roots.
		Fibrous root losses and Phytophthora populations may be reduced by installation of tile drainage or improvement of surface drainage.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /CH087 (4910 words)

	Phytophthora on Citrus in the Low Desert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phytophthora can girdle the tree and causes death in a years time.
		As a water born fungus it enters the bark when standing water contacts the trunk of the tree.
		Sour Orange is highly resistant to Phytophthora however it is vulnerable to a disease carried by the brown citrus aphid which is projected to become a problem in the future.
	ag.arizona.edu /maricopa/garden/html/t-tips/diseases/phytop.htm (227 words)

	PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT OF CRANBERRIES
		Phytophthora root rot was described from cranberry relatively recently.
		The zoospores of Phytophthora are carried in surface irrigation water (not in well water) and therefore are introduced regularly into the cranberry beds.
		Phytophthora cinnamomi as a cause of root rot and dieback of cranberry in Massachusetts.
	deathstar.rutgers.edu /projects/gps/peter_proj/htmls/CranberryRootRot.htm (1170 words)

	Phytophthora Root and Stem Rot
		Phytophthora is a well-known, aggressive fungal disease that can occur in soybean at any growth stage from seedling to maturity.
		Phytophthora diseases are most common in fields or parts of fields with poor drainage.
		Where Phytophthora is a problem, seed treatments with mefenoxam (Apron formulation) as an active ingredient can provide some protection, especially in the case when a resistant variety is not available, such as in the case of specialty soybeans.
	extension.agron.iastate.edu /soybean/diseases_prr.html (489 words)

	Phytophthora Root and Stem Rot (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phytophthora root rot was first observed in northeastern Indiana in 1948 and in northwestern Ohio in 1951.
		Phytophthora root rot is most severe in low, poorly drained, clay soils but may appear in lighter soils and on higher ground if the soil remains wet after planting.
		Phytophthora is more likely to occur in low, wet areas, poorly drained areas or compacted areas.
	www.psu.missouri.edu /cropdiseases/soybean/phytoph.html (1104 words)

	New Disease Reports - First outbreak of Phytophthora ramorum in England, on Viburnum tinus
		Phytophthora ramorum is a recently described pathogen causing oak mortality in California, USA and is commonly known as sudden oak death (Werres et al., 2001; Rizzo, et al., 2002).
		This is the first report of Phytophthora ramorum causing dieback of Viburnum tinus and the first record of the pathogen for England.
		Phytophthora ramorum as the cause of extensive mortality of Quercus spp.
	www.bspp.org.uk /ndr/jan2003/2002-39.asp (717 words)

	Phytophthora Root Rot of Raspberry, HYG-3207-98
		Phytophthora root rot is caused by several related species of soilborne fungi belonging to the genus Phytophthora.
		Phytophthora root rot can be an extremely destructive disease on susceptible cultivars where conditions favor its development.
		Phytophthora root rot is most serious on red raspberries and some of the hybrids.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/3000/3207.html (1094 words)

	Phytophthora Root Rot of Alfalfa, AC-13-96
		Phytophthora root rot is the most serious root disease of alfalfa in Ohio.
		Phytophthora root rot is caused by a soil-borne fungus, Phytophthora medicaginis, which is present in most alfalfa field soils.
		Phytophthora populations gradually build up in an alfalfa crop, and high inoculum levels left in the soil frequently result in destruction of a newly-seeded crop in the same soil.
	ohioline.osu.edu /ac-fact/0013.html (818 words)

	UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Phytophthora Gummosis on Citrus
		An early symptom of Phytophthora gummosis is sap oozing from small cracks in the infected bark, giving the tree a bleeding appearance.
		Phytophthora fungi are present in almost all citrus orchards.
		Late stages of Phytophthora gummosis are distinct, but early symptoms are often difficult to recognize.
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/r107100411.html (809 words)

	CEEM Publications
		The population structure of Phytophthora infestans from the Toluca Valley of central Mexico suggests genetic differentiation between populations from cultivated potato and wild Solanum spp.
		Characterization of 1,3-B-glucanase and 1,3;1,4-B-glucanase genes from Phytophthora infestans.
		Characterization of isolates of Phytophthora infestans from southern and southeastern Brazil from 1998-2000.
	ceem.cals.cornell.edu /publications/index.htm (3235 words)

	Molecular Genetics of Pathogenic Oomycetes -- Kamoun 2 (2): 191 -- Eukaryotic Cell
		Characterization of 1,3-ß glucanase and 1,3;1,4-ß glucanase genes from Phytophthora infestans.
		Infections caused by the oomycetous pathogen Pythium insidiosum.
		The pipg1 gene of the oomycete Phytophthora infestans encodes a fungal-like endopolygalacturonase.
	ec.asm.org /cgi/content/full/2/2/191 (5704 words)

	BLACK POD
		There are differences of detail in the symptoms caused by the four Phytophthora species: the initial symptom is the appearance of a small translucent spot on the pod surface and is the same for all species.
		(1982)The relative virulence of Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora capsici on cacao in Bahia, Brazil.
		Okaisabor, E. Phytophthora palmivora pod rot infections (of cacao) from the soil.
	www.oardc.ohio-state.edu /cocoa/blackpod.htm (6817 words)

	Phytophthora Diseases of Vegetables
		Phytophthora capsici was isolated from infected peppers in the Arkansas Valley in the 1930s, and continues to be a serious problem in addition to other species of Phytophthora.
		Phytophthora infection on peppers may appear initially on leaves as small, circular to irregular dark green, water-soaked spots.
		Finally, it must be emphasized that phytophthora can be successfully managed if the producer integrates the recommended strategies of crop rotation, clean seed and transplants, proper seedbed preparation, cultivation practices, irrigation procedures, fungicides and other production guidelines that reduce plant stress.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/crops/02943.html (932 words)

	Current races of soybean phytophthora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phytophthora root rot in soybean is an important disease in Iowa.
		Phytophthora has different races that can defeat different resistance genes of soybean.
		If there is a history of phytophthora in a field and you want to use resistant varieties, choose varieties resistant to major races in Iowa (races 1, 3, and 4).
	www.ent.iastate.edu /Ipm/Icm/1994/4-8-1994/currphyt.html (333 words)

	Phytophthora of Cucurbits
		Phytophthora blight is a disease that should be a concern to all cucurbit growers.
		Phytophthora blight also commonly affects pepper (click here for a description of the disease in pepper), and less commonly affects eggplant and tomato.
		Phytophthora fruit rot typically starts on the underside of the fruit that is in contact with the ground (Fig.
	vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu /factsheets/Cucurbit_Phytoph2.htm (1703 words)

	Phytophthora capsici
		Phytophthora capsici is known to infect many species of pepper, tomato, and other members of the solanaceae family.
		Phytophthora capsici is frequently isolated from pepper and tomato on Oahu and is likely to be present on other islands as well.
		Epidemics of pepper fields are caused by Phytophthora capsici during disease conducive wet weather.
	www.extento.hawaii.edu /kbase/crop/Type/p_capsi.htm (676 words)

	Phytophthora Root Rot of Rhododendron and Azalea
		Wilt and root rot of rhododendron and azalea are symptoms of a disease caused by the soil-inhabiting water mold fungus Phytophthora.
		Chemical control of Phytophthora root rot in established plantings of rhododendrons and azaleas is difficult.
		In locations where plants have died from Phytophthora root rot in the home landscape, it would be advisable to replant with a cultivar that has resistance to the disease.
	www.ext.vt.edu /pubs/plantdiseasefs/450-615/450-615.html (1104 words)

	Phytophthora Blight of Pepper & Other Vegetables
		Phytophthora blight of pepper is caused by the fungus Phytophthora capsici.
		Phytophthora blight of peppers can attack the roots, stems, leaves, and fruit, depending upon which stage plants are infected.
		Because Phytophthora blight is soilborne and more prevalent on poorly drained soils, careful attention must be given to cultural practices, especially on fields with a history of the disease.
	vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu /factsheets/Cucurbit_Phytoph.htm (1130 words)

	UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Phytophthora Crown Rot on Strawberry
		Phytophthora species also produce resilient spores (chlamydospores, oospores) that enable them to survive in soil for long periods without a host or under adverse conditions.
		Phytophthora can be moved in water that has drained from infested fields, so avoid using runoff water for irrigation or for wetting down field roads for dust control.
		If drip fumigation is planned, good results have been obtained with a sequential application of chloropicrin (200 lb/acre) or 1,3-dichloropropene/chloropicrin (300 lb/acre) followed 7 days later with metam sodium (45 gal/acre) or metam potassium (37 gal/acre).
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/r734100911.html (802 words)

	issg Database: Ecology of Phytophthora cinnamomi
		Phytophthora cinnamomi is a destructive and widespread soil-borne pathogen that infects woody plant hosts.
		Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora cambivora, Phytophthora castaneae, Phytophthora citrophthora, Phytophthora colocasiae, Phytophthora drechsleri, Phytophthora infestans, Phytophthora katsurae, Phytophthora manoana, Phytophthora nicotianae var.
		Chief among the obstacles facing chestnut restoration are the oomycete pathogens of the genus Phytophthora.
	www.issg.org /database/species/ecology.asp?si=143&fr=1&sts= (2575 words)

	Phytophthora Bibliography, S.B. Goodwin, USDA-ARS
		Carter, G. A., Smith, R. M., and Brent, K. Sensitivity to metalaxyl of Phytophthora infestans populations in potato crops in south-west England in 1980 and 1981.
		Characterization of Phytophthora infestans in Wisconsin from 1993 to 1995.
		The genetics of Phytophthora infestans: Segregation of allozyme markers in F2 and backcross progeny and the inheritance of virulence against potato resistance genes R2 and R4 in F1 progeny.
	www.btny.purdue.edu /USDA-ARS/Goodwin_lab/results/Phytoph_biblio.html (4377 words)

	How 1996 scouting fares with Phytophthora races
		Soybean Phytophthora root rot is a significant disease in Iowa and its management relies on the use of resistant varieties.
		Phytophthora races in Iowa are identified by a disease-monitoring program at Iowa State University supported by check-off dollars.
		If your resistant soybean varieties are infected by Phytophthora, you may want to send the plants to us, especially those with the Rps1-k gene.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/icm/1996/7-1-1996/phytop96.html (272 words)

	Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By the 1911 census, the island of Ireland's population had fallen to 4.4 million, about the same as the population in 1800 and 2000 and only a half of its peak population.
		The same mould (Phytophthora infestans) was responsible for the 1847-51 and later famines.
		When people speak of "the Irish famine", or "an Gorta Mór", they nearly always mean the one of the 1840s, even though a similar Great Famine did in fact hit in the early 18th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irish_potato_famine (3828 words)

	Phytophthora ramorum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Recently, a new species Phytophthora ramorum has been found associated with the disease and is considered as the primary causal agent.
		However, it has also been observed that sporangia of the pathogen are deciduous which opened the possibility that they could be transported by air currents but this has not been demonstrated.
		As a consequence of tree mortality, it was felt in USA that the disease could also have a negative impact on the biological diversity of forests and lead to environmental problems (enhanced fire risk and damage to water catchments).
	www.eppo.org /QUARANTINE/Alert_List/fungi/oak_death.htm (1540 words)

	Potato late blight, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The disease is caused by a fungus-like organism, Phytophthora infestans, which is a specialised pathogen of potato and, to a lesser extent, tomato (another member of the plant family Solanaceae).
		The fungus is dispersed by wind-borne sporangia, which are produced on branched hyphae (sporangiophores) that emerge from the stomata of infected leaves in humid conditions (see diagram).
		In this type of germination the multinucleate protoplasm of the sporangium undergoes cleavage to form several zoospores, then the papilla is digested enzymatically and the individual zoospores squeeze through the opening.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/blight.htm (1277 words)

	Canadian Food Inspection Agency - Plant Pest Information - Phytophthora Ramorum - Sudden Oak Death (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Phytophthora may be isolated from soil samples using the pear fruit bait technique developed at the University of California (Davis) (Callan, 2001.
		This means of spread is unusual in Phytophthora although it is an important factor in the spread of potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans.
		A new Phytophthora canker disease as the probable cause of Sudden Oak Death in California.
	www.inspection.gc.ca /english/plaveg/protect/pestrava/sodmsc/sodfacte.shtml (4399 words)

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