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Topic: Phytophthora ramorum

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	Phytophthora ramorum
		Phytophthora ramorum belongs to kingdom Chromista and is classified as an oomycetes (water mould).
		Phytophthora ramorum is a plant pathogen that has been identified as the causative agent of sudden oak death.
		Phytophthora ramorum is an heterothallic fungus and produces the sexual spores, oospores by mating of two different types, A1 and A2.
	www.doctorfungus.org /thefungi/Phytophthora.htm (481 words)

	About Phytophthora ramorum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Phytophthora ramorum is found infecting beech, southern and northern red oak, Holm oak, and horse chestnut trees in the Netherlands and UK.
		Phytophthora ramorum is detected in four California nurseries in Stanislaus, Alameda, Santa Cruz, and Marin Counties.
		Phytophthora ramorum is recovered from madrone and bay laurel.
	www.cnr.berkeley.edu /comtf/html/about_phytophthora_ramorum.html (4092 words)

	Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
		Phytophthora ramorum is recovered from rhododendron plants in a Santa Cruz nursery.
		Phytophthora ramorum is isolated from a potted Pieris japonica, growing outdoors under an infested California bay laurel.
		Phytophthora ramorum is confirmed on containerized Viburnum bodanantense, Pieris japonica and Pieris japonica x formosa, Viburnum plicatum tomentosum, and Rhododendron 'Unique' at a nursery in Clackamas County, Oregon (near Portland).
	www.moore.org /stories/05_02/chronology.asp (1325 words)

	Bibliography
		Phytophthora ramorum on Calluna vulgaris, Photinia fraseri and Pieris japonica in Poland.
		Susceptibility of Vaccinium to Phytophthora ramorum, cause of the sudden oak death pathogen.
		Phytophthora ramorum canker (sudden oak death) in coast live oak and tanoak: Factors affecting disease risk, disease progression, and failure potential.
	nature.berkeley.edu /comtf/html/bibliography.html (7723 words)

	New Disease Reports - First outbreak of Phytophthora ramorum in England, on Viburnum tinus
		Phytophthora ramorum is a recently described pathogen causing oak mortality in California, USA and is commonly known as sudden oak death (Werres et al., 2001; Rizzo, et al., 2002).
		This is the first report of Phytophthora ramorum causing dieback of Viburnum tinus and the first record of the pathogen for England.
		Phytophthora ramorum as the cause of extensive mortality of Quercus spp.
	www.bspp.org.uk /ndr/jan2003/2002-39.asp (717 words)

	Phytophthora ramorum FAQ
		ramorum, or Sudden Oak Death, is a forest disease caused by a fungus-like pathogen.
		Phytophthora ramorum appears to thrive in cooler, wetter climates.
		ramorum, but can appear on the trunks of trees or logs that are dead or dying from any number of causes.
	www.vnla.org /Research/phytophthora_ramorum_faq.htm (569 words)

	2004 Meeting \| Persistence of Phytophthora ramorum in nursery plants and soil. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Persistence of Phytophthora ramorum in nursery plants and soil.
		Phytophthora ramorum causes cankers, dieback, and foliar symptoms on a number of hosts, but its behavior in soil has not been well examined.
		When leaf tissue containing chlamydospores was buried in mesh bags in pots containing nursery stock, incubated in the greenhouse and sampled monthly, chlamydospores formed colonies on selective media for at least 155 days after burial.
	www.apsnet.org /meetings/2004/abstracts/a04ma0649.htm (207 words)

	issg Database: Ecology of Phytophthora ramorum
		Until 2000 Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of Sudden Oak Death, was undiscovered and unnamed.
		ramorum, each of which are susceptible to the pathogen in different organs: bark canker hosts and foliar hosts.
		ramorum could be spread to new locations within a country by the sale of infected plants in garden centres.
	www.issg.org /database/species/ecology.asp?si=563&fr=1&sts= (2198 words)

	SOD Symposium-Paper Abstract
		Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of Sudden Oak Death syndrome in California, has been recently isolated from ornamental Rhododendron sp.
		ramorum from Mallorca nurseries to natural ecosystems, as it is believed has occurred before in California, we have tested the susceptibility of species from an assortment of local flora.
		ramorum similar to coelomycete acervuli, which we believe have not been previously reported for oomycetes, have been consistently observed after two weeks' inoculation on the adaxial side of leaves of O.
	danr.ucop.edu /ihrmp/sodsymp/paper/paper25.html (406 words)

	Plant Protection and Quarantine Service - Phytophthora ramorum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		At present, diagnostics for Phytophthora ramorum are a pyramidal design to accommodate the large number and variability of samples generated as a result of trace forwards and the national survey.
		It is an optional test because a ‘negative’ P. ramorum culture assay means that P. ramorum was not detected, but it cannot be interpreted to indicate that it is not present.
		This is due to the inefficiency of culturing P. ramorum because of host effects, environmental conditions, etc. Ideally, however, all samples should be tested by culturing and PCR, because it is desirable to have a diagnosis based on two or more independent tests.
	www.aphis.usda.gov /ppq/ispm/pramorum/diagnosticssummary.html (1145 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Phylogenetic Relationships of Phytophthora Ramorum and a Phytophthora Ilicis-Like Species ...
		Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of this disease, and a P. ilicis-like species that is recovered from some symptomatic plants were examined to determine their phylogenetic relationship with other species in the genus by sequence alignment of the mitochondrially-encoded cytochrome oxidase II gene and the nuclear encoded rDNA internal transcribed spacer region.
		P. ramorum, the causal agent of this disease, and a P. ilicis-like species were examined to determine their phylogenetic relationship with other species in the genus by sequence alignment of 667 bp of the mitochondrially-encoded cox II gene and the nuclear encoded rDNA internal transcribed spacer region.
		P. ramorum was most closely related to P. hibernalis and P. lateralis in both trees, although the specific relationship among species differed depending on the tree.
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=149951 (532 words)

	Phytophthora canker (sudden oak death) failure coast live oak
		Phytophthora ramorum canker (sudden oak death) was present at relatively high levels in these stands.
		ramorum infection, colonization by Hypoxylon thouarsianum and other decay fungi, beetle boring, and tree defects; and noted stand characteristics in the immediate vicinity of the failure.
		ramorum canker symptoms, in which the only sign of infection is bleeding cankers, were not associated with an increased likelihood of failure.
	www.phytosphere.com /publications/Phytophthora_failurel2003.htm (618 words)

	University of California Cooperative Extension Sudden Oak Death (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		This bleeding is a response to the Phytophthora ("Phy-TOFF-thoruh") pathogen, and is typically found from the root crown (the area where the trunk fans out to the roots) to a height of 6 feet.
		The species of Phytophthora isolated from dying oaks does not match any of the 60 previously known Phytophthora species in the world.
		On many of them, the infection is seen primarily on the leaves, and researchers have observed that in some cases the pathogen can reproduce rapidly on the leaf surface.
	cemarin.ucdavis.edu /symptoms.html (1031 words)

	Workshop on Sudden Oak Death - Risk Analysis Of Phytophthora ramorum Establishment In The Mediterranean Area (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		ramorum is a pathogen (introduced or native) recently emerging in California due to the concurrence of these three conditions at the right place and time.
		ramorum spreading to alternative potential hosts and from these back to the nurseries, where they are propagated.
		ramorum seems to produce a polycyclic plant disease with a 3 to 5 month overseason stage during the dry season.
	www.apsnet.org /online/sod/Papers/Moralejo_Descals/default.htm (1337 words)

	Invasion Biology Introduced Species Summary Project - Columbia University
		Mode(s) of Introduction: Phytophthora ramorum, the organism that causes Sudden Oak Death, is spread through spores and cysts.
		However, with Phytophthora ramorum, it does not appear that any pre-disposing stress is necessary for infection as the disease infects and kills healthy trees.
		Threat(s): As Phytophthora ramorum appears to be an introduced species with no known cure, the full ecological impact is yet unknown.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Phytophthora_ramorum.htm (1019 words)

	M2 Presswire : Phytophthora ramorum: More resources and new disease confirmations issued jointly by the Forestry ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Phytophthora ramorum: More resources and new disease confirmations issued jointly by the Forestry Commission and Defra.
		Confirmation of three new findings of Phytophthora ramorum in tree species has raised concerns about the recent spread of the disease to trees in Britain.
		Phytophthora ramorum is the pathogen causing death of oak trees on the west coast of America.
	static.highbeam.com /m/m2presswire/december042003/phytophthoraramorummoreresourcesandnewdiseaseconfi/index.html (256 words)

	2002 Meeting \| Susceptibility of Vaccinium to Phytophthora ramorum, cause of sudden oak death. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Susceptibility of Vaccinium to Phytophthora ramorum, cause of sudden oak death.
		Phytophthora ramorum, cause of sudden oak death in California and Oregon, also causes foliar infection and dieback on several understory species including evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum).
		The susceptibility of other wild Vaccinium species and of horticulturally important Vaccinium crops such as blueberry, cranberry, and lingonberry was tested in detached leaf assays using mycelial plugs or zoospore inoculum of P.
	apsnet.org /meetings/2002/abstracts/a02ma456.htm (178 words)

	Sudden Oak Death and Associated Diseases Caused by Phytophthora ramorum
		Phytophthora ramorum was first described as a pathogen of ornamental rhododendron (Rhododendron) and viburnum (Viburnum) in Germany and The Netherlands (24).
		Phytophthora ramorum canker disease of oak has been called “Sudden Oak Death” due to the rapid (2 to 4 weeks) and complete browning of the crown observed on numerous trees at their death (Fig.
		Cankers on the stems are dark and tend to be confined to the outer bark.
	www.plantmanagementnetwork.org /php/shared/sod (6308 words)

	[NAPIS] Phytophthora ramorum Sudden Oak Death PILOT National Survey Plan 2002/2003
		ramorum is developed, this method is only used as a pre-screen.
		Confirmation of Phytophthora ramorum isolates is to be completed by a diagnostic laboratory approved by APHIS to confirm the identity of this pathogen.
		NAPIS is an essential element in using P. ramorum survey data for national decision making and program support.
	www.ceris.purdue.edu /napis/pests/sod/natplan/nplan02.html (1303 words)

	Oak - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		On the other hand, many red oak acorns may be stratified for up to two years before sprouting.
		Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum) is a water mould fungus that can kill oaks within just a few weeks.
		Oak Wilt, caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum (a fungus closely related to Dutch Elm Disease), is also a lethal disease of some oaks, particularly the red oaks (the white oaks can be infected but resist the disease better, and are not usually killed).
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /oak.htm (1052 words)

	Phytophthora ramorum canker (sudden oak death) in Sonoma County
		Phytophthora ramorum canker (sudden oak death) in Sonoma County
		The recently described plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum causes extensive bark cankers in coast live oak, fl oak, and tanoak that are associated with premature mortality of these species.
		ramorum is less likely to affect trees that are already in decline due to other factors, the overall impact of SOD will be increased in stands with high background levels of decline and mortality.
	phytosphere.com /publications/Sonoma_SOD_study.htm (466 words)

	JGI P. ramorum v1.0 Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Phytophthora is a genus of the Oomycetes (water molds) which, through convergent evolution, have similarities to fungi.
		However, oomycetes are not fungi (as had been earlier thought), but are part of Stramenopiles, a kingdom distinct from plants, fungi, and animals that also includes diatoms and golden-brown and brown algae, such as kelp.
		ramorum is now destroying coastal oaks in California (causing "Sudden Oak Death"), attacks fl oak, shreve oak, and tan oak, as well as a variety of shrubs that inhabit the oak ecosystems, and threatens the oak forests in the Sierra Nevada and, potentially, the red oak forests of the east coast.
	genome.jgi-psf.org /ramorum1/ramorum1.home.html (182 words)

	Forestry Commission - News - phytophthora ramorum: more resources and new disease confirmations
		Buyers of host species – mainly rhododendrons, camellias and viburnum – are advised to check plants before purchase for symptoms of the disease and to contact their garden centres if these subsequently develop.
		The first confirmed UK case of disease on trees, found on a single southern red oak tree (an American species) was announced on 5 November.
		Emergency measures against the introduction and spread of P. ramorum were introduced throughout the EU in November 2002, replacing the UK's emergency legislation put in place in May 2002.
	www.forestry.gov.uk /newsrele.nsf/allbyunid/8b33cf958e5903c680256dea0058e619 (601 words)

	Sudden Oak Death
		Sudden Oak death (SOD) is a disease caused by Phytophthora ramorum, a serious fungal pathogen that has killed a large number of oak trees in California since it was first detected in 1995.
		The causal organism is the fungus Phytophthora ramorum.
		ramorum was first described as a pathogen of ornamental rhododendron and viburnum in Germany and The Netherlands.
	www.agf.gov.bc.ca /cropprot/sod.htm (1250 words)

	Sudden Oak Death - Washington State Dept. of Agriculture - WSDA
		Sudden oak death is caused by a pathogen called Phytophthora ramorum.
		In June 2003, Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak death was confirmed for the first time in Washington.
		Phytophthora ramorum was detected in 24 additional nurseries, all in western Washington.
	agr.wa.gov /PlantsInsects/Diseases/SOD/default.htm (796 words)

	The Plant Health (Forestry) ("Phytophthora ramorum") (Great Britain) (No. 2) Order 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		(2) Article 3 of the first Phytophthora ramorum Order shall apply in respect of susceptible material (as defined in article 2 of and in the Schedule to the first Phytophthora ramorum Order) which is despatched from the USA before 5th November 2002 and which enters Great Britain on or after 5th November 2002.
		The Order prohibits the introduction and spread of the plant pest, Phytophthora ramorum, a fungus identified as causing Sudden Oak Death syndrome in species of oak in the USA and harm to other species of plants (article 3).
		Such material despatched from the USA before 5th November 2002 is not subject to this Order (article 6), but the controls of the revoked Forestry Phytophthora ramorum Order will continue to apply to such material despatched from the USA before 5th November 2002 and which enters Great Britain after 5th November 2002 (article 13).
	www.scotland-legislation.hmso.gov.uk /si/si2002/20022589.htm (1883 words)

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