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Topic: Phytoplankton

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	Phytoplankton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phytoplankton are the autotrophic component of the plankton that drift in the water column.
		Phytoplankton, like plants, obtain energy through a process called photosynthesis, and so must live in the well-lit surface layer (termed the euphotic zone) of an ocean, sea, or lake.
		This led scientists to advocate iron fertilization as a possible means to counteract the accumulation of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO) in the atmosphere.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phytoplankton (467 words)

	New Page
		Phytoplankton are microscopic photosynthetic organisms found suspended in water (Figure 1).
		Phytoplankton are found in most bodies of fresh and salt water, including channel catfish ponds.
		The relative severity of these changes is affected by a number of factors such as water temperature, phytoplankton density and the percent of the phytoplankton community that died.
	www.uaex.edu /aquaculture2/FSA/FSA9070.htm (1389 words)

	EO Library: What are phytoplankton? Fact Sheet
		Phytoplankton are microscopic plants that live in the ocean.
		Collectively, phytoplankton grow abundantly in oceans around the world and are the foundation of the marine food chain.
		Since phytoplankton depend upon certain conditions for growth, they are a good indicator of change in their environment.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Library/Phytoplankton (433 words)

	HABs and Biotoxins: Phytoplankton
		Virtually all marine phytoplankton are buoyant and live in the upper part of the water column called the photic zone.
		Two broad classes of phytoplankton that are of interest to researchers at the NWFSC are dinoflagellates and diatoms.The dinoflagellates typically have a flagella or whip-like tail that can move them through the water column.
		Phytoplankton, or algae, are normal components of all aquatic environments.
	www.nwfsc.noaa.gov /hab/habs_toxins/phytoplankton/index.html (748 words)

	Phytoplankton and the Biological Pump
		Most of the phytoplankton are eaten on the spot and the nutrients comprising their biomass are regenerated at the surface and are available for another round of production.
		As the phytoplankton pump is refueled by N and P to generate more organic carbon through photosynthesis, CO from the deep water is being supplied as well.
		Here the biological pump is inefficient: the phytoplankton standing stocks are not large enough to assimilate the N and P in the surface waters fast enough to deplete them at any time throughout the year.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/chisho00/node2.html (1023 words)

	Phytoplankton dark survival
		Phytoplankton cells were identified and distinguished from other particles by gating on 2-parameter-plots of Forward Angle Light Scatter (FSC) versus chlorophyll fluorescence gathered through a 650 nm longpass filter.
		Previous studies showed that phytoplankton at the lower boundary of the euphotic zone might supplement a part of their carbon requirement by osmotrophy (Vincent and Goldman 1980) or phagotrophy (Bird and Kalff 1989).
		Whereas live phytoplankton accumulations well below the euphotic zone seem to occur quite frequently in different parts of the world’s oceans, we still lack a profound knowledge of their origin, species composition and the physiological adaptations of the involved algae.
	www.jochemnet.de /fda3.html (4113 words)

	Phytoplankton - The Perfect Food
		Plankton is the source of nutrition for the majority of marine animals, from the smallest fish and crustacean hatchlings which compose the masses of tiny animal life called "krill", to the largest fish and mammals that live in the sea.
		The oysters and mussels and shrimp which eat the phytoplankton tend to concentrate the toxins in their bodies and must not be harvested and eaten during the time of a red tide.
		The nutrients in cultivated marine phytoplankton contain a wide range of trace elements, vitamins, organic minerals, amino acids, essential fatty acids, enzymes, carotenoids, chlorophyll, and cellular material not found in other super green foods, including many important elements that are now deficient in the human body, such as selenium and sulfur.
	www.astrologyzine.com /health/frequensea-phytoplankton.html (2919 words)

	ESA - Observing the Earth - Earth from Space: Bloom in the Baltic
		Phytoplankton are microscopic marine plants that drift on or near the surface of the sea, by far the most abundant type of life found in the ocean.
		Monitoring phytoplankton is important because they form the base of the marine food web – sometimes known as 'the grass of the sea'.
		Globally, phytoplankton are a major influence on the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, and hence need to be modelled into calculations of future climate change.
	www.esa.int /esaEO/SEMWXH808BE_index_0.html (438 words)

	The Phytoplankton Fertilization Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Phytoplankton Fertilization Project, sponsored by the Margaret Ann Isely Foundation, is a project aimed at retrieving the excess climate changing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and restoring higher health-inducing oxygen levels by fertilization of the ocean's phytoplankton.
		Phytoplankton, like tree leaves and pine needles, take in carbon dioxide from the air and use the carbon to make plant structure, which is the very beginning of the food chain.
		This is how the fertilization of phytoplankton, in conjunction with eliminating the burning of fossil fuels, can help solve both the problem of retrieving the excess carbon dioxide in the air, to restore climatic balance, and restore the needed oxygen to the air to prevent cancer and other ailments, all at the same time.
	members.aol.com /phytoproj (1403 words)

	Emiliania huxleyi Home Page
		Phytoplankton: Emiliania huxleyi is one of 5000 or so different species of phytoplankton - freely drifting, photosynthesising microscopic organisms that live in the upper, sunlit layers of the ocean.
		Phytoplankton are the oceanic equivalents of terrestrial plants, forming the basis of virtually all marine food webs.
		The total phytoplankton biomass outweighs that of all the marine animals (zooplankton, fish, whales) put together, and phytoplankton productivity is one of the primary forces in regulating our planetary climate - for instance via impacts on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels which are tightly linked to the oceanic concentrations.
	www.soes.soton.ac.uk /staff/tt (952 words)

	SMIG -- Sverdrup Critical Depth Model (article: Sept. 1998)
		In some regions of the world's oceans phytoplankton dynamics are dominated by the spring bloom, a period of rapid population growth that often begins after the water column becomes thermally stratified.
		The phytoplankton model is not calibrated or "tuned"; rather, it is based upon standard forms of equations for scalar transport and phytoplankton growth and employs parameter values representative of field measurements.
		The phytoplankton model is based upon a time- and depth-dependent advection-diffusion equation for transport, sources, and sinks of phytoplankton biomass in a one-dimensional vertical estuarine water column.
	smig.usgs.gov /SMIG/features_0998/scdm_inline.html (12346 words)

	NASA - Satellites See Ocean Plants Increase, Coasts Greening
		Phytoplankton amounts have increased by 10.4 percent along global coast regions, where the ocean floor is less than 200 meters (656 feet) deep.
		Phytoplankton growth is largely dependent on amounts of nutrients and light available to the plants.
		While declines in phytoplankton abundance in mid-ocean gyres appear related to warming oceans, a number of factors requiring more study to may be contributing to the coastal increases in plant life.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/goddard/news/topstory/chlorophyll.html (1127 words)

	HABs and Biotoxins: Phytoplankton - Algal Bloom Dynamics
		For some marine phytoplankton that produce marine biotoxins, the bulk of the toxins seem to be produced during this stationary period.
		In some instances, phytoplankton in the water can be swept into areas where nutrients are high, for example near coastal upwelling areas, where growth can be stimulated.
		Most phytoplankton, at least the non-flagellated kind, spend most of their existence on or near the surface and basically drift with currents and tides.
	www.nwfsc.noaa.gov /hab/habs_toxins/phytoplankton/algal_dynamics.html (1155 words)

	CNN - Scientists map evolution of phytoplankton - August 5, 1998
		These varied organisms, collectively known as phytoplankton, have not only generated and sustained most of the oxygen we breathe, but they also help regulate atmospheric carbon dioxide, in part by sequestering vast amounts of the gas deep in the ocean when they die, wrote oceanographers from Rutgers and Duke universities and a German institution.
		Whether or not phytoplankton grow in abundance depends on the availability of nutrients that arrive at the whim of ocean currents and seawater mixing that may turn on and off.
		That could provide a profound challenge to phytoplankton despite their billions of years of evolution, and exacerbate the release of carbon dioxide, the authors speculated.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/science/9808/05/plankton.yoto/index.html (1072 words)

	Beyond the Reef - Phytoplankton
		Phytoplankton typically range in size from 0.002 mm to 1 mm and include diatoms, dinoflagellates, Radiolaria, Ciliata and Cyanobacteria (better known as ‘blue-green algae’;).
		Phytoplankton produce more oxygen than all plant life on earth and are vital in maintaining the earth’s atmosphere.
		Scientists around the world are concerned that harmful rays from the sun could pass through the hole in the ozone layer and kill phytoplankton, which live mostly in the upper layers of the ocean.
	www.amonline.net.au /exhibitions/beyond/phytoplnkton (147 words)

	Allelopathy in phytoplankton - biochemical, ecological and evolutionary aspects Phycologia - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Phytoplankton have been shown to compete for light and nutrients through different physiological and biochemical adaptations, such as variation in surface area to volume ratio, production of specific enzymes, different nutrient requirements, luxury uptake, pigment composition, photosynthetic capacity, mixotrophy, and vertical migration.
		The concept of allelopathy is generally accepted among scientists, but because the mechanism is extremely difficult to demonstrate in the field, its importance in aquatic systems is still debated, and ecophysiological studies on allelopathy in microalgae and cyanobacteria (planktonic and benthic species) in aquatic systems are scarce (Rice 1984; Juttner 1999).
		In contrast to terrestrial plants, phytoplankton are unicellular and drift in the water, which implies that different physical and chemical constraints apply (Wolfe 2000).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3850/is_200307/ai_n9254034 (1075 words)

	Phytoplankton (of fresh waters)
		Phytoplankton are largely restricted to lentic ("standing") waters and large rivers with relatively low current velocities.
		Their development in the phytoplankton occurs most often in seasons, strata, or lake systems in which concentrations of ammonia and especially dissolved organic matter are high.
		The decline of the spring maximum of phytoplankton and onset of summer populations in temperate lakes also is associated with a complex interaction of physical and biotic parameters.
	lakes.chebucto.org /phyto.html (2734 words)

	Phytoplankton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		During photosynthesis phytoplankton absorb carbon dioxide from the ocean water and release oxygen.
		The biosphere is so dependent on phytoplankton that a drop off in their numbers can affect the earth's average temperature.
		A phytoplankton burial ground, the ocean floor is also earth's richest source of carbon.
	amos.indiana.edu /library/scripts/phytoplankton.html (282 words)

	News in Science - Phytoplankton implicated in global warming - 27/11/2002
		The ubiquitous one-celled ocean organisms, phytoplankton, play a significant and previously unknown role in warming the planet by capturing and absorbing the Sun's radiation, American researchers have found.
		The Scripps study found that the radiation absorbed by phytoplankton raises global average temperatures by 0.1 to 0.6 degrees Fahrenheit (0.06 to 0.33 degrees Celsius) compared with computer models without phytoplankton, according to the paper in the current issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research.
		Phytoplankton are microscopic plant-like organisms that free-float on the world's oceans, and are the major source of sustenance for animal life in the seas.
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/s735612.htm (640 words)

	Phytoplankton Production
		Phytoplankton: Single-cell "plants" Most of these are actually not plants at all, although all of them carry pigments containing chlorophyll molecules that allow them to harvest light and undertake photosynthesis.
		The amount of carbon incorporated into the cells is then measured by filtering the phytoplankton cells out of sea water and counting the sample radiometrically.
		Since phytoplankton also have a metabolism they use a portion of the organic matter gained through this reaction to undertake cell respiration (essentially the reverse reaction).
	fig.cox.miami.edu /~ddiresta/msc101/Lec3.htm (699 words)

	Phytoplankton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Phytoplankton are found throughout the world's oceans, even under polar ice, wherever light and nutrient requirements are satisfied.
		Because phytoplankton are photosynthetic organisms, they have the same essential requirements as land-based plants, i.e.
		Phytoplankton however are without roots, leaves, stems, etc. so have other adaptive strategies for meeting their requirements.
	www-ocean.tamu.edu /~wormuth/phytoplankton.html (449 words)

	ESA Portal - Envisat’s MERIS captures phytoplankton bloom
		The large, aquamarine-coloured patch visible in the image is a 300 x 200 km ocean area densely populated with phytoplankton, small aquatic organisms that form the basis of the ocean’s food chain and play a key role in the global ecosystem.
		The Canadian phytoplankton bloom was not associated with an upwelling and fell outside the normal springtime bloom pattern.
		Phytoplankton are able to convert inorganic compounds such as water, nitrogen and carbon into complex organic materials.
	www.esa.int /esaCP/ESA4VK8OS7D_index_0.html (1627 words)

	From the Top of the World...
		Phytoplankton carry out photosynthesis and are the base of the food chain in the ocean.
		Below we focus on the key phytoplankton groups that contribute to ocean color.
		Phytoflagellates are very abundant and often dominate the phytoplankton when larger forms -- i.e., diatoms and dinoflagellates -- are low in concentration.
	www.bigelow.org /foodweb/microbe0.html (443 words)

	Introduction to Phytoplankton Ecology
		Phytoplankton communities are surprisingly diverse (G. Evelyn Hutchinson's "paradox of the plankton").
		Phytoplankton are phylogenetically diverse, and have dramatically different physiological capabilities.
		Many phytoplankton can survive in very low nutrient environments, and some have elaborate adaptations to capturing and sequestering nutrients.
	www.life.umd.edu /labs/delwiche/PSlife/lectures/phytoplankton.html (953 words)

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